HOLA: 
COMPANK 


THE 


SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION 

CONTAINING 

EXERCISES 

IN    THE 

©rijragrapjjn,  gcnbation,  raft  Classification 

OF 

ENGLISH  WORDS. 

REVISED  EDITION, 
WITH 

AN  INTRODUCTION  AND  A  COPIOUS  INDEX, 

BY 

RUFUS   W.  BAILEY. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED  BY  E.  II.  BUTLER  &  CO. 
1862. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1841,  by  HEXRY  PERKINS,  In  the  Clerk's  OBice 
of  th«  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 

Entered,  afc'/cirj  :o  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1R54,  by  CLARK  &  HESSER,  in  the  Clerk's  OEc« 
of  the  District  Court  uf  the  Uuited  States,  in  and  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1854,  by 

K.  II.  IJUTLEK  &  CO., 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and  for  the  Eastern 
District  of  rennsylvania. 


PUBLISHERS'  NOTE. 

THE  publishers  of  the  Scholar's  Companion  desire  to  express 
their  thanks  to  the  teachers  and  friends  of  education  throughout 
the  United  States  for  the  very  liberal  patronage  extended  to  this 
•work.  To  make  it  still  more  worthy  of  favour,  it  has  been 
stereotyped  entirely  anew,  and  without,  it  is  hoped,  a  typogra- 
phical error. 

PHILADELPHIA,  July  4,  1859. 


INTRODUCTION. 


THE  "SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION"  has  been  too  long  before  the  public, 
and  too  widely  endorsed,  to  require  a  labored  defence  as  a  text-book  for 
schools.  The  sale  of  half  a  million  of  copies  in  more  than  a  hundred 
editions,  with  an  increasing  demand,  is  sufficient  indication  of  the  esti- 
mate in  which  it  is  held.  In  revising  it  for  a  new  edition,  it  has  not 
been  thought  best  to  attempt  any  alteration  in  the  plan  or  arrangement 
of  the  text.  This,  besides  the  doubtful  utility,  would  render  the  new 
edition  unfit  to  be  used  with  those  already  in  extensive  use  in  the  schools. 
Some  more  marked  distinctions  in  the  old  arrangement,  with  a  copious 
index  for  easy  reference,  with  an  improved  typography  aiid  style  of 
mechanical  execution,  is  all  the  Publishers  deem  necessary  to  meet 
the  wishes  of  its  numerous  patrons.  These  improvements  have  been 
effected  at  considerable  expense,  and  it  is  hoped  they  will  be  acceptable. 

Part  I.  embraces  a  large  and  judicious  selection  of  cognate  words, 
requiring  the  particular  attention  of  the  learner  to  their  orthography 
and  orthoepy  ;  also  a  list  of  equivocal  words,  or  words  spelled  and 
pronounced  alike,  but  used  in  different  significations,  and  a  corrected 
list  of  others  that  are  improperly  spelled  and  used.  These  selections 
are  not  unnecessarily  multiplied,  and  yet  they  are  fully  sufficient  for 
all  practical  purposes. 

Part  II.  treats  of  the  composition  and  the  derivation  of  words.  The 
learner  who  makes  himself  familiar  with  the  prefixes  and  suffixes,  as 
here  presented  in  a  few  pages,  will  hardly  need  more  for  all  practical 
purposes  to  enable  him  to  recognise  readily  their  proper  force  and 
effect. 

The  etymology  of  words  derived  from  the  Latin  and  the  Greek  is  of 
leading  importance,  because  such  words  are  the  most  numerous. 

Language,  in  its  principles  and  its  structure,  is  necessarily,  and 
everywhere,  the  same.  The  Latin  and  Greek  scholar  has  the  advantage 
of  the  mere  English  scholar  in  this  only,  a  facility  in  tracing  the  ety- 


202905 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

mology  of  a  large  class  of  our  words  which  hare  been  derived  from 
those  languages.  Yet  by  a  careful  study  of  the  etymology  of  the  words 
whose  derivation  is  traced  in  the  following  pages,  the  English  scholar 
will  find  his  only  compensation  for  the  lack  of  that  classical  learning 
which  can  be  obtained  only  by  a  long  course  of  study.  To  the  classi- 
cal scholar,  these  exercises  will  be  doubly  useful  and  interesting. 

Part  III.  embraces  the  important  study  of  synonyms.  The  import- 
ance of  this  branch  of  the  study  of  words  can  be  duly  appreciated  only 
by  those  who  have  pursued  it  critically.  It  is  indispensable  to  a  correct 
use  of  language,  and  has  contributed  essentially  to  place  the  few  who 
have  attained  the  highest  eminence  in  scholarship  above  the  others  of 
high  position.  Augustine  said  of  Cicero,  "  Ille  verborum  vigilantissimus 
appensor  ac  mensor" — a  skilful  mint-master,  a  subtle  watcher  and  weigher 
of  words.  Of  all  masters  of  the  English  language,  hone  perhaps  deserves 
so  nearly  a  comparison  with  Cicero  as  Daniel  Webster.  All  who  have 
ever  aided  him  in  placing  his  thoughts  upon  paper — and  he  was  often 
obliged  to  employ  amanuenses  —  can  testify  how  critically  he  watched 
and  weighed  his  words,  how  accurately  he  discriminated,  how  he  would 
discourse  on  the  nice  shades  of  distinction  when  he  required  the  change 
of  a  word,  how  he  was  capable  of  showing  clearly,  etymologically, 
historically,  eloquently,  and  convincingly,  a  difference  where  ordinary 
scholars  had  discerned  only  a  simple  synonym.  This  made  his  defini- 
tions and  opinions  of  authority,  and  will  for  ever  place  his  written  dis- 
cussions in  every  department  among  the  most  cherished  classics  of 
English  literature. 

The  subject  is  fairly  opened  in  these  pages,  and  enough  is  here  col- 
lated for  a  class-book;  enough,  too,  to  awaken  an  interest  which  may 
lead  the  inquiring  mind  to  pursue  the  subject  in  more  elaborate  treatises. 
These  may  be  found  at  hand  in  "  Roget's  Thesaurus  of  English  words," 
revised  and  edited  by  Dr.  Sears,  a  work  of  sterling  merit  and  priceless 
value  to  the  scholar  who  would  attain  to  accuracy  in  writing  or  speaking 
his  mother-tongue.  "  Trench  on  the  Study  of  Words"  may  also  be 
recommended  as  a  book  which  unites  the  interest  of  a  novel  with  a 
most  critical  and  discriminating  philological  discussion. 

"How  often,"  says  Trench,  "do  the  great  masters  of  style  in  every 
tongue,— perhaps  none  so  often  as  Cicero,  the  greatest  of  all, — pause  to 
discriminate  between  the  words  they  are  using ;  how  much  care  and 
labor,  how  much  subtlety  of  thought  they  have  counted  well  bestowed 
on  the  operation ;  how  much  importance  do  they  avowedly  attach  to  it ! 
Not  to  say  that  his  works,  even  where  he  does  not  intend  it,  will  be  a 
continual  lesson  in  this  respect,  a  great  writer,  merely  in  the  accuracy 
with  which  he  employs  words,  will  always  be  exercising  us  in  synony- 
mous discrimination. 


INTRODUCTION.  O 

"  Nor  is  this  habit  of  discrimination  valuable  only  as  a  part  of  our 
intellectual  training  ;  but  what  a  positive  increase  is  it  of  mental  wealth 
when  we  have  learned  to  discern  between  things  which  really  differ, 
but  have  been  hitherto  confused  in  our  minds ;  and  have  made  these 
distinctions  permanently  our  own  in  the  only  way  by  which  they  can  be 
secure,  that  is.  by  assigning  to  each  its  appropriate  word  and  peculiar 
sign. 

"  What  a  help,  moreover,  will  it  prove  to  the  writing  of  a  good  English 
style,  if  instead  of  having  many  words  before  us,  and  choosing  almost 
at  random  and  hap-hazard  from  among  them,  we  at  once  know  which, 
and  which  only,  we  ought  in  the  case  before  us  to  employ,  which  will 
be  the  exact  vesture  of  our  thoughts.  It  is  the  first  characteristic  of  a 
well-dressed  man  that  his  clothes  fit  him;  that  they  are  not  too  small 
and  shrunken  here,  too  large  and  loose  there.  Now  it  is  precisely  such 
a  prime  characteristic  of  a  good  style  that  the  words  fit  close  to  the 
thoughts:  they  will  not  be  too  big  here,  hanging  like  a  giant's  robe  on 
the  limbs  of  a  dwarf;  nor  too  small  there,  as  a  boy's  garment  into  which 
the  man  has  with  difficulty  and  ridiculously  thrust  himself.  We  do  not 
feel  in  one  place  that  the  writer  means  more  than  he  has  succeeded  in 
saying ;  in  another,  that  he  has  said  more  than  he  mqans ;  in  a  third, 
something  beside  what  his  intention  was  —  and  all  this  from  a  want  of 
dexterity  in  employing  the  instrument  of  language,  of  precision  ia 
knowing  what  words  would  be  the  exactest  correspondents  and  fittest 
exponents  of  his  thought." 

Words  are  to  be  considered  principally  in  two  relations,  viz. :  in  their 
definite  meaning,  and  in  their  grammatical  construction.  In  their  latter 
aspect,  we  learn  the  structure  of  language,  the  different  classes  of  words 
with  their  philosophical  uses  and  relative  importance  —  in  the  former, 
the  force  and  distinct  signification  of  each  separate  word.  This  requires 
an  accurate  knowledge  of  their  origin  and  authorized  use, 

In  tracing  the  etymology  of  words,  we  go  first  to  the  original  words 
in  the  language  where  they  have  been  first  employed,  or  to  their  first 
formation,  if  original,  in  our  own  language.  Thence  we  trace  their 
related  meanings,  the  modified  uses  to  which  they  have  been  applied, 
and  the  new  significations  which,  in  process  of  time,  have  been  assigned 
to  them.  Sometimes  a  Avord  is  entirely  changed  from  its  original  mean- 
ing, and  is  used  not  only  in  varied  but  in  opposite  senses.  Words  are 
constantly  manufactured  too  for  the  times,  for  the  new  things  that  are 
made  the  subject  of  thought,  or  for  the  new  modes  of  thought  that  are 
entertained.  They  are  also  formed  by  the  combination  of  different 
words ;  by  affixes  and  suffixes.  They  are  thus,  at  different  periods, 
changed  or  modified  in  meaning,  and  new  words  are  invented. 

Language,  the  first  necessity  of  the  mind,  is  not  only  the  instrument 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

but  the  nutriment  of  thought,  "  essential  to  the  activity  of  our  specu- 
lative powers,  modifying,  by  its  changes,  the  growth  and  complexion 
of  the  faculties  it  feeds." 

The  importance  of  language,  then,  is  readily  perceived  in  its  necessity, 
its  controlling  influence,  and  its  uses.  It  is  necessary  to  the  develop- 
ment of  mind  and  to  civilization.  The  language  of  a  nation  or  of  an 
individual  tests  the  character  as  accurately  as  the  thermometer  tests 
the  elevation  of  the  temperature,  or  as  the  consols  of  England  indicate 
the  value  of  money  in  the  market. 

Thought  is  the  capital  deposit  of  the  mind ;  Language  the  medium 
of  exchange  and  intercommunication.  The  consols  of  the  race  man 
consist  of  the  united  stock  of  all  these  separate  deposits,  where  the 
value  of  each  is  set  forth  and  certified  in  language,  the  instrument  of 
thought.  Books  written  become  the  indentures  of  a  common  partner- 
ship. Here,  the  treasures  "unhedged,  lie  open  in  one  common  field, 
and  bid  all  welcome  to  the  vital  feast." 

The  study  of  language  as  a  mental  discipline,  is,  perhaps,  of  greater 
influence  than  any  other  study  :  not  generally  so  considered,  only,  per- 
haps, because  like  everything  common,  its  true  position  and  true  influ- 
ence are  lost  in  the  subtle  involution  of  its  power  with  any  study  that 
is  new,  startling,  or  difficult.  We  must  analyze  the  mind's  operations 
in  the  solution  of  problems  in  science,  or  labored  results  in  philosophy, 
before  we  can  detect  the  nice  distinctions  required,  and  sought  out,  and 
discovered  in  the  words  and  forms  of  speech  which  we  use  to  define  our 
propositions  and  elucidate  our  arguments.  Here  is  a  field  for  philosophy, 
for  logic,  for  mental  enterprise,  for  keen  analysis,  and  nice  discrimina- 
tion. Here,  in  the  clear  exhibition  of  results  to  others  —  requiring  the 
logic,  the  philosophy,  the  illumination  of  language  —  a  mental  activity 
is  exercised  more  important  to  a  healthful  discipline  than  in  most,  per- 
haps than  in  any,  other  profound  investigations  prosecuted  in  thought. 
The  study  of  words  is  the  study  of  philosophy,  of  history,  of  morals. 
We  may  read  a  nation's  history  in  a  nation's  words.  Mind  is  there 
stereotyped  in  form  and  feature  like  the  reality  of  life.  There  is  often 
more  of  true  history  to  be  learned  in  a  Dictionary,  which  cannot  lie, 
than  in  written  annals,  which  may  be  framed  by  prejudice,  pride,  affec- 
tation, misconception,  or  intended  falsehood.  Tradition  is  shadowy ; 
memories  may  be  partial ;  history,  even,  is  often  poetic,  mixed  with 
fiction.  But  a  nation's  language  is  itself,  the  record  of  the  day  and 
the  hour,  and  the  honest  reality  of  its  acting,  thinking,  speaking. 
Words  are  things.  In  everything,  therefore,  which  they  fairly  indicate, 
they  are  reliable. 

The  study  of  words,  then,  becomes  something  more  than  a  detail  of 
vocables,  a  tissue  of  sounds  :  "  'Tis  food,  'tis  strength,  'tis  life." 


INTRODUCTION.  7 

The  study  of  words  has  never  yet  had  its  proper  place  in  the  educa- 
tional course.  If  pursued  at  all,  it  has  been  a  study  of  definitions 
merely,  disconnected  with  etymology.  We  here  trace  the  stream  to  its 
sources,  explore  its  fruitful  branches  and  its  delta,  where,  by  a  hundred 
mouths,  it  brings  down  accumulated  treasures  to  a  common  reservoir 
of  human  thought,  whence,  as  from  the  ocean,  is  exhaled  a  healthful 
influence  that  refreshes  the  whole  face  of  the  earth. 

'•  Word  warriors"  have  caused  more  bloodshed  and  misery  than  all 
the  executioners  of  martyrs  to  truth  and  principle.  Books  have  been 
written,  treasures  squandered,  controversies  exasperated,  eternal  hatred 
engendered,  armies  brought  into  deadly  conflict,  and  nations  revolu- 
tionized or  destroyed,  for  a  word:  more  than  this, — for  a  word  misun- 
derstood, for  an  illusion. 

"  One  word  interposed 
Makes  enemies  of  nations  that  had  else, 
Like  kindred  drops,  been  mingled  into  one." 

Theological  controversies,  political  asperities,  judicial  litigations,  per- 
sonal animosities,  have  their  origin  and  vitality  most  often  in  the  mis- 
understanding of  words.  This,  unperceived  by  the  contending  parties, 
is  often  obvious  to  the  disinterested  observer  —  sometimes  apparent  to 
the  combatants  themselves  after  all  the  mischief  has  been  done,  past 
remedy. 

That  which  is  so  often  fatal  to  truth  and  to  right  in  social  life,  is  also 
injurious  to  the  individual  mind  in  all  its  own  inquiries  and  activities. 
We  think  in  words.  Hence  these  words  must  truly  represent  their 
antitypes,  else  the  mind  deceives  itself,  and  is  at  war  with  its  own 
opinions.  Thus  the  mind  becomes  its  own  tormentor,  biting  and  devour- 
ing itself;  or  urged  on  to  conflict  without  an  object,  it  builds  a  man  of 
straw,  applies  the  faggot,  and  is  consumed  by  the  fire  it  has  wantonly 
kindled  ;  or  like  the  viper  bites  itself  to  death,  a  suicide  without  a 
cause. 

Thus  it  is  not  without  a  philosophical  reason  the  Saviour  said  to  the 
Pharisees:  "By  thy  words  thou  shalt  be  justified,  and  by  thy  •words 
thou  shalt  be  condemned."  The  connection  between  the  words  we  utter 
and  the  moral  emotions,  is  palpable  to  every  man  who  has  studied  the 
mental  processes  of  his  own  consciousness.  Physiologically,  the  con- 
nection between  the  vocal  organs  and  the  brain  is  known  to  be  delicately 
sensitive  and  powerfully  reciprocal.  The  same  may  be  true,  meta- 
physically, between  the  verbal  definitions  in  our  mental  activities  and 
the  permanent  impressions  of  principles  on  the  mental  and  moral  emo- 
tions. In  the  spiritual  state,  these  verbal  mental  processes  place  in 
permanent  forms  what  words,  uttered  or  written,  stereotype  in  vocables. 


INTRODUCTION. 

They  are  then  ours,  adopted,  attach  to  the  mind  as  a  part  of  itself,  and 
become  permanently  operative  A  man's  thoughts,  which  are  words 
uttered  in  himself,  are  the  record  by  which  he  may  read  himself  as 
truly  as  the  opinion,  written  or  spoken  and  defended,  reveals  him  to 
others.  Habits  of  thinking  are  as  important,  often  more  important,  on 
permanent  forms  of  character  than  habits  of  speaking.  Hence  the 
wisdom  of  that  caution,  "Be  careful  of  thy  words,  whether  in  thought 
or  utterance." 

Definitely,  the  study  of  words  is  the  object  of  this  treatise,  intended  to 
initiate  the  young  learner  early  into  the  habit  of  a  critical  definition  of 
the  language  he  uses.  Beyond  mere  orthography  and  correct  pronun- 
ciation, it  is  designed  to  introduce  the  young  mind  into  the  inner  life 
of  words,  and  thus  into  the  inner  life  of  the  soul  It  is  a  spelling- 
book,  but  that  is  not  all.  It  teaches  correct  pronunciation,  but  that  is 
not  all.  It  is  a  defining  Dictionary, — but  still  more,  it  discriminates 
the  nicest  shades  of  difference  in  words,  in  thought,  and  contributes 
eminently  to  form  the  mind  to  truth,  and  the  character  to  uprightness, 
and  the  soul  for  its  immortal  destiny. 

If  we  may  have  contributed  to  awaken  the  minds  of  Teachers  and 
educationists  to  the  true  dignity,  importance,  and  influence  of  the  study 
ofu-ords,  we  have  installed  our  subject  in  its  proper  place,  and  accom- 
plished the  object  of  this  brief  Introduction  to  the  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

K.  W.  BAILBY. 


CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 

CLASSIFICATION   OF   WORDS    ACCORDING    TO   ORTHOGRAPHY   AND 
PRONUNCIATION'. 

PAGS 

CHAP.  I. — Words  pronounced  exactly  alike,  but  spelled  differ- 
ently ;  arranged  according  to  the  sound  of  the  prin- 
cipal vowel, 9 

CHAP.  II. — Words  of  similar  pronunciation. 

1.  The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  *,  the  second 

ofz, 19 

2.  The  first  of  each  pair  ending  in  ts,  .         .         .         .20 

3.  ending  in  le,            ....  21 

4.  having  an  /,  the  latter  a  v,               .  21 

5.  ending  in  er  or  or,  the  second  in 

ure  or  eur,             ....  21 

6.  The  second  of  each  pair  aspirated,            ....  22 

7.  beginning  with  h,  .         .22 

8.  The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  a  in  mat ;  the 

second  of  e  in  met, 23 

9.  Several  sounds  of  a  and  e  compared,         ....  24 

10.  The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  e  in  mete,          .  24 

11.  Sounds  of  e  and  i  compared, 25 

12.  The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  o  in  more,         .  25 

13.  Several  sounds  of  o  and  other  vowels  compared,       .         .  26 

14.  The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  o  in  move,         .  26 

15.  Words  to  be  carefully  distinguished,         ....  26 

16.  Words  often  confounded  from  improperly  introducing  or 

omitting  the  sound  of  r, 29 

17.  Dissyllables  differing  in  accent, 30 

18.  Words  spelled  alike  but  pronounced  differently,        .         .  33 

CHAP.  III. — Equivocal  words, 35 

CHAP.  IV. — Improprieties  heard  in  conversation,           ...  44 

CHAP.  V. — Rule  in  orthography, 46 

(9) 


10  CONTEXTS. 

PART  II. 

DERIVATION'. 

CHAP.  I.  General  account  of  derivation  and  composition,      .         .  48 

Prefixes, 50 

Suffixes, 52 

CHAP.  II. — Words  derived  from  the  Latin, 55 

CHAP.  III.— Words  derived  from  the  Greek,  .         .         .         .169 

CHAP.  IV.— Miscellaneous  tables, 200 

1.  Corresponding  derivatives,          ....  200 

2.  Greek  and  Latin  plurals, 201 

3.  Latin  words  and  phrases,            ....  203 

4.  French  words  and  phrases,          ....  207 

5.  Abbreviations, 211 

6.  Words  derived  chiefly  from  classical  proper 

names,             214 

PART  III. 

ENGLISH   SYNONYMS,          .  .  .  .221 


THE 


SCHOLAR'S    COMPANION. 


PART  I. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  WORDS  ACCORDING  TO  ORTHOGRAPHY 
AND  PRONUNCIATION. 

To  the  Teacher. — In  using  Part  I.,  various  modes  of  study  and  recitation 
may  be  employed,  and  it  will  usually  be  found  best  to  pursue  no  oue  mode 
exclusively.  But  it  is  earnestly  recommended  to  the  teacher  to  employ  a 
variety  of  irritteit,  as  well  as  oral  exercises,  in  the  classes  which  are  studying 
this  Part.  Let  the  pupils  be  required  (for  instance),  to  form  sentences  which 
shall  contain  the  words  of  the  lesson;  and  let  the  plan  of  the  composition  be 
simple  or  more  difficult,  according  to  the  age  and  attainments  of  the  class. 
Written  exercises  of  this  kind  may  be  varied  to  almost  any  extent,  and  will 
be  found  on  many  accounts  advantageous  in  the  prosecution  of  such  studies- 


CHAPTER  I. 

Words  pronounced  exactly  alike,  but  spelled  differently;  arranged  according 
to  the  sound  of  the  principal  vowel. 


A  as  iu  mate. 
ALE,  a  malt  liquor. 

AIL,  to  affect  unpleasantly. 
ATE,  did  eat. 

AIT.  a  small  island  in  a  river. 

EIGHT,  a  number. 
A'TE,  the  goddess  of  mischief. 

EIGH'TY,  fourscore. 
BA'CON,  smoked  pork.   • 

BAK'EN,  cooked  in  an  oven. 
BALE,  a  pack  of  goods. 

BAIL,  a  surety. 
BATE,  to  deduct. 

BAIT,  an  allurement. 
BAY,  a  color;  a  tree. 

BEY,  a  Turkish  governor. 


BAYS,  [pi.  of  Bay]  a  garland. 

BAIZE,  a  kind  of  cloth. 
j  BRAID,  to  plait. 

BRAYED,  did  bray. 
BRAKE,  fern ;  a  thicket. 

BREAK,  to  part  by  force. 
CANE,  a  walking  stick. 

CAIN,  a  man's  name. 
CHASTE,  pure. 

CHASED,  pursued. 
DANE,  a  native  of  Denmark. 

DEIGN,  to  condescend. 
DAY,  a  period  of  time. 

DEY,  the  governor  of  Algiers. 
FAINT,  languid;  weak. 

FEINT,  a  pretence. 

(9) 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


(1  AST'ER,  a  small  bottle.          ^ 

CAST'OR,  a  beaver.         [tioflT 
DRAUGHT,  a  drink ;  a  delinea- 

DRAFT,  an  order  for  money. 
HART,  a  sort  of  stag. 

HEART,  the  seat  of  life. 
MAIIK,  a  line;  an  impression. 

MARQUE,  license  for  reprisals. 
MAR'SHAL,  to  arrange. 

MARE'SCHAL,  a   chief  com- 
mander. 

MAR'TIAL,  warlike. 

-1  as  in  all. 

ALL,  every  one. 

AWL,  a  sharp  pointed  tool. 
AL'TER.  to  change. 

AL'TAR,  that  on  which  sacri- 
fices were  offered. 
AU'GUR,  a  soothsayer. 

AU'GER,  a  boring  tool. 
AUGHT,  anything. 

OUGHT,  should. 
BALL,  a  spherical  body. 

BAWL,  to  cry  out. 
BALD,  without  hair. 

BAWLED,  did  bawl. 
CALL,  to  name. 

CAUL,  a  membrane. 
CAUK,  a  sulphate  of  barytes. 

CAULK,  to  stop  leaks. 
CAUF.  a  box  for  live  fish. 

COUGH,  a  convulsion  of  the 

lungs. 
CLAWS,  talons. 

CLAUSE,  part  of  a  sentence. 
CORD,  a  small  rope. 

CHORD,  a  musical  harmony. 
GALL,  bile ;  bitterness. 

GAUL,  a  Frenchman. 
HALL,  a  large  room. 

HAUL,  to  pull. 
MALI,,  a  wooden  hammer. 

MAUL,  to  beat;  to  bruise. 


NAUGHT,  bad ;  worthless. 

NOUGHT,  or    NAUGHT,    no- 
thing. 
PAUL,  a  man's  name. 

PALL,  a  covering  for  the  dead. 
PAWS,  a  beast's  feet. 

PAUSE,  a  stop. 
PSAL'TER,  a  psalm  book. 

SALT'ER,  more  salt. 
WALL,  a  partition. 

WAWL,  to  cry  as  a  cat. 

E  as  in  mete. 

ARREAR',  what  is  unpaid. 

ARRIERE',  last  body   of  an 

army. 
BE,  to  exist. 

BEE,  a  stinging  insect. 
BEECH,  a  tree. 

BEACH,  the  sea  shore. 
BEER,  malt  liquor. 

BIER,  a  carriage  for  the  dead. 
BEET,  an  eatable  root. 

BEAT,  to  strike. 
BREACH,  a  breaking. 

BREECH,  of  a  gun. 
DEER,  an  animal. 

DEAR,  beloved ;  expensive. 
DISCREET',  prudent. 

DISCRETE',  separate. 
FEET,  plural  of  foot. 

FEAT,  an  exploit. 
FLEE,  to  run  away. 

FLEA,  a  biting  insect. 
FREEZE,  to  congeal  with  cold. 

FRIEZE,  coarse  woollen  cloth 
GREECE,  a  country  of  Europe. 

GREASE,  soft  fat. 
HEEL,  of  the  foot. 

HEAL,  to  cure. 
HEAR,  to  hearken. 

HERE,  in  this  place. 
KEY,  for  a  lock. 

QUAY,  a  mole,  or  wharf. 


WORDS    PRONOUNCED    ALIKE. 


13 


LEA,  or  LEY,  a  meadow. 

LEE,  opposite  to  the  wind. 
LE^F,  part  of  a  plant. 

LIEF,  willingly. 
LEEK,  a  sort  of  onion. 

LEAK,  a  slow  escape  of  fluid. 
MEED,  reward. 

MEDE,  a  native  of  Media. 

MEAD,  a   liquor  made  from 

honey. 
MEAN,  paltry;  low.  [pect. 

Mi  EX,  air;  deportment;   as- 
MEET,  to  come  together. 

MEAT,  animal  food. 

METE,  to  measure. 
ME'TER,  one  who  measures. 

ME'TRE,  or  METER,  measure; 

verse. 
NEED,  want;  necessity. 

KNEAD,  to  work  dough. 
PEACE,  quiet;  tranquillity. 

PIECE,  a  part. 
PEAK,  a  point;  the  top. 

PIQUE,  a  grudge. 
PEEL,  a  rind,  or  skin. 

PEAL,  a  loud  sound. 
PEER,  a  nobleman. 

PIER,  the  support  of  an  arch 

or  bridge. 
PLEAS,  excuses. 

PLEASE,  to  gratify;  to  delight. 
QUEEN,  a  king's  wife. 

QUEAN,  a  worthless  woman. 
REED,  a  plant. 

HEAD,  to  peruse. 
REEK,  to  emit  vapor. 

WREAK,  to  inflict. 
SEE,  to  view ;  to  behold. 

SEA,  the  ocean. 
SEAL,  an  impression. 

CEIL,  to  make  a  ceiling. 
SEAL' I  NO,  fixing  a  seal. 

CEII/IXO,  of  a  room. 
SKKD,  of  a  plant. 

CEDE,  to  give  up;  to  resign. 


SJSEM,  to  appear. 
^SEAM,  a  joint. 
SEEN,  viewed;  beheld. 

SEINE,  a  fishing  net. 

SCENE,  a  sight ;  a  view. 
SEER,  a  prophet. 

SEAR,  to  burn ;  to  wither. 

CERE,  to  cover  with  wax. 

SEIR,  name  of  a  mountain. 
SEAS,  great  waters. 

SEES,  views;  beholds. 

SEIZE,  to  lay  hold  of. 
SEN'IOR,  elder. 

SEIGN'OR,  a  lord. 
SHAGREEN',  a  sort  of  fish  skin. 

CHAGRIN',  vexation. 
SHEER,  pure ;  unmixed. 

SHEAR,  to  clip. 

SHIRE,  a  county. 
SLEEVE,  covering  of  the  arm. 

SLEAVE,  untwisted  silk. 
STEEL,  carbonized  iron. 

STEAL,  to  thieve ;  to  pilfer. 
SWEET,   fitted   to    gratify   the 
taste. 

SUITE,     [generally     written 
and  pronounced  SUIT]  re- 
tinue. 
TEAL,  a  water  fowl. 

TEIL,  a  kind  of  tree. 
TEAR,  water  from  the  eye. 

TIER,  a  rank ;  a  row. 
TEAS,  plural  of  tea. 

TEASE,  to  torment. 
TEEM,  to  abound. 

TEAM,  animals  harnessed  to- 
gether. 
THE,  the  definite  article. 

THEE,  thyself. 
WEEK,  seven  days. 

WEAK,  feeble;  infirm. 
WEEN,  to  think. . 

WEAN,  to  alienate. 
WHEEL,  a  circular  body. 

\YHEAL,  a  pustule. 


14 


ASSENT',  .agreement. 

ASCENT',  a  going  up. 
BELL,  a  hollow  sounding  body. 

BELLE,  a  gay  young  lady. 
BER'RY,  a  small  fruit. 

BUR'Y,  to  put  under  ground. 
BET'TER,  superior.  [gers. 

BET'TOR,  one  who  lays  wa- 
BRED,  brought  up. 

BREAD,  food  made  from  corn. 
CEN'SOR,  a  critic. 

CEN'SER,  a  vessel  for  incense. 
CONSES'SION,  a  sitting  together. 

CONCES'SION,  a  yielding. 
FER'RULE,  a  metallic  band. 

FER'ULE,  a  wooden  pallet. 
GUESSED,  conjectured. 

GUEST,  a  visitor. 
HERD,  a  drove. 

HEARD,  did  hear. 
INTEN'TION,  design;  purpose. 

INTEN'SION,  the  act  of  strain- 
JES'SY,  a  woman's  name.    [ing. 

JES'SE,  a  man's  name. 
LED,  conducted. 

LEAD,  a  metal. 
LES'SEN,  to  make  less. 

LES'SON,  a  task ;  a  lecture. 
LEV'Y,  to  raise  money,  &c. 

LEV'EE,  a  concourse ;  a  bank. 
PEN'CIL,  for  writing. 

PEN'SILE,  hanging. 
PENDENT,  hanging. 

PENDANT,  a  small  flag. 
RED.  a  color. 

READ,  did  read. 
REST,  repose. 

WREST,  to  take  violently. 
SELL,  to  deliver  for  a  price. 

CELL,  a  small  cavity;  a  hut. 
SEL'LER,  one  who  sells. 

CEL'LAR,     a     room     under 
ground. 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


SENSE,  feeling ;  perception. 

CENSE,  a  public  tax. 
SENT,  participle  of  send. 

CENT,  a  coin. 

SCENT,  odor. 
SES'SION,  a  sitting. 

CES'SION,  a  yielding. 
WETH'ER,  a  sheep. 

WEATHER,  state  of  the  air. 
WRETCH,  a  worthless  person. 

RETCH,  to  attempt  to  vomit 

/as  in  pine. 

BITE,  to  seize  with  the  teeth. 

BIGHT,  one  round  of  a  cable. 
BY,  with ;  near. 

BUY,  to  purchase. 
CLIME,  a  climate. 

CLIMB,  to  mount  up. 
DIE,  to  expire ;  a  stamp. 

DYE,  to  color. 
FIND,  to  discover. 

FINED,  punished  by  fine. 
GUISE,  appearance. 

GUYS,  ropes. 
HIDE,  to  conceal. 

HIED,  did  hie. 
HIGH,  lofty. 

HIE,  to  make  haste. 
I,  myself. 

EYE,  the  organ  of  sight. 

I'LL,  I  Will. 

ISLE,  an  island. 

AISLE,  passage  in  a  church. 
INDITE',  to  compose ;  to  write. 

INDICT',  to  accuse. 
LIE,  a  wilful  falsehood. 

LYE,  liquor  from  wood  ashes. 
LI'ER,  one  who  lies  down. 

'Li'AR,  one  who  tells  lies. 
MI'NER,  a  worker  in  a  mine. 

MI'NOR,  one  under  age. 
MITE,  a  little  insect. 

MIGHT,  power;  ability. 


WORDS    PRONOUNCED   ALIKE. 


15 


NlGHT,  darkness. 

KNIGHT,  a  title  of  honor. 
PRI'ER.  a  close  inquirer. 

PRI'OR.  former;  previous. 
PRIES,  inquires  into. 

PRIZE,  a  reward  ;  a  premium. 
PRIDE,  self-esteem. 

PRIED,  past  tense  of  pry. 
QUIRE,  24  sheets  of  paper. 

CHOIR,  a  hand  of  singers. 
RICE,  a  species  of  grain. 

RISE,  elevation. 
RIME,  hoar  frost. 

RHYME,  agreement  of  sound. 
RITE,  a  ceremony. 

WRITE,  to  form  letters. 

RIGHT,  straight;  correct. 

WRIGHT,  a  workman. 
RYE,  a  kind  of  grain. 

WRY,  crooked;  distorted. 
SIDE,  the  margin. 

SIGHED,  did  sigh. 
SINE,  a  geometrical  line. 

fSlGN,  a  mark;  a  token. 
SI'ON,  name  of  a  mountain.. 

CI'ON,  or  SCI'ON,  a  sprout. 
SITE,  a  situation. 

CITE,  to  summon  ;  to  quote. 

SIGHT,  a  view  ;  a  vision. 
SIZE,  bulk,  magnitude. 

SIGHS,  expressions  of  grief. 
SLIGHT,  to  neglect, 

SLEIGHT,  an  artful  trick. 
STILE,  a  stairway  over  a  wall. 

STYLE,  manner  of  writing. 
TIDE,  rush  of  water. 

TIED,  fastened. 
TIME,  duration  ;  season. 

THYME,  an  aromatic  herb. 
TIRE,  of  a  wheel;   to  weary. 

TYRE,  an  ancient  city. 
VI'AL,  or  PHIAL,  a  small  bottle. 

VI'OL,  a  musical  instrument. 
VICE,  sin. 

VISE,  a  kind  of  press. 
2 


/  as  in  pin. 

BEEN,  participle  of  be, 

BIN,  a  large  box. 
BRTT'ON,  a  native  of  Britain. 

BRIT'AIN,  England  and  Scot- 
land. 
Dis'cous,  broad  and  flat. 

Dis'cus,  a  quoit. 
FIL'LIP,  to  hit  with  the  finger. 

PHIL'IP,  a  man's  name. 
FIL'TER,  to  strain  liquors. 

PHIL'TER,  a  love  charm. 
FIS'SURE,  a  cleft ;  a  crack. 

FISH'ER,  one  who  catches  fish. 
GILD,  to  adorn  with  gold. 

GUILD,  the  name  of  an  asso- 
ciation. 
GILT,  adorned  with  gold. 

GUILT,  wickedness;  sin. 
GRIS'LY,  frightful;  hideous. 

GRIZZ'LY,  somewhat  gray. 
HIM,  that  man. 

HYMN,  a  sacred  song. 
IN,  within. 

INN,  a  public-house. 
KILL,  to  take  away  life. 

KILN,  a  sort  of  stove. 
LIMB,  a  member. 

LIMN,  to  draw  or  paint. 
LINKS,  connecting  rings. 

LYNX,  an  animal. 
MIL'LINERY.  goods  of  a  milliner. 

MIL'LENARY,  consisting  of  a 

thousand. 
MIST,  a  fine  rain. 

MISSED,  did  miss. 
NIT,  an  insect's  egg. 

KNIT,  to  weave  with  needles. 
RIG'GER.  one  who  rigs. 

RIG'OR.  severity ;  sternness. 
RING,  a  circle;  to  sound. 

WRING,  to  twist. 
SIG'NET,  a  seal. 

CYG'NET,  a  young  swan. 


1C 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


SlLl'ciOUS,  flinty. 

CILI'CIOUS,  made  of  hair. 
SIL'LY.  simple ;   foolish. 

SCIL'LY.  name  of  islands. 
SIN'GLE.  alone. 

CIN'GLE,  a  girth. 
SINK,  to  fall  down. 

CINQUE,  five. 
SIT,  to  rest  on  a  seat. 

CIT,  a  citizen. 
STICKS,  small  pieces  of  wood. 

STYX,  a  fabulous  river. 

0  as  in  no. 

BLOTE,  to  dry  by  smoke. 

BLOAT,  to  swelL 
BOLL,  a  pod. 

BOLE,  a  kind  of  earth. 

BOWL,  a  basin. 
BORE,  to  make  a  hole. 

BOAR,  a  male  swine. 
BORED,  pierced. 

BOARD,  a  thin  plank. 
BORNE,  carried;  supported. 

BOURNE,  a  limit;  a  boundary. 
Bow,  an  instrument. 

BEAU,  a  gay  gentleman. 
BROACH,  to  open  ;  to  utter. 

BROOCH,  a  jewel. 
COLE,  a  sort  of  cabbage. 

COAL,  a  kind  of  fuel. 
COARSE,  rough ;  gross. 

COURSE,  order;  progress. 
CORE,  the  inner  part. 

CORPS,  a  body  of  troops. 
DOE,  a  female  deer. 

DOUGH,  unbaked  bread. 
DOZE,  to  slumber. 

DOES,  female  deer. 
FORE,  preceding. 

FOUR,  twice  two. 
FORTH,  forward. 

FOURTH,  next  after  the  third. 
GOURD,  a  vegetable  production. 

GORED,  pierced  with  a  horn. 


GROAN,  to  sigh  deeply. 

GROWN,  increased. 
GRO'CER,  a  dealer  in  groceries, 

GROSS'ER,  coarser. 
Ho,  a  cry  to  attend. 

HOE,  a  garden  tool. 
HOARD,  to  lay  up. 

HORDE,  a  tribe. 
HOLE,  a  hollow  place. 

WHOLE,  entire;  unbroken. 
HOME,  one's  dwelling. 

HOLM,  the  evergreen  oak. 
Lo,  behold. 

Low,  not  high. 
LONE,  retired ;  solitary. 

LOAN,  to  lend. 
MOAN,  to  lament. 

MOWN,  cut  down. 
MODE,  manner. 

MOWED,  cut  down. 
j  MOTE,  a  particle  of  dust. 

MOAT,  a  ditch. 
|  Xo,  not  so. 

KNOW,  to  understand.     • 
XOSE,  a  part  of  the  face. 

KNOWS,  understands. 
!  0  !  or  OH  !  alas  ! 

OWE,  to  be  indebted. 
:ODE,  a  poem. 

OWED,  did  owe. 
j  ORE,  unrefined  metal. 

OAR,  a  pole  to  row  with. 

O'ER,  over. 
j  POLE,  a  long  stick. 

POLL,  the  head. 
PORE,  a  minute  tube. 

POUR,  to  cause  to  flow. 
PORT,  a  harbor. 

PORTE,  the  Turkish  court. 
ROAN,  a  color. 

ROWN,  impelled  by  oars. 

RHONE,  a  river  in  France. 
ROADS,  highways. 

RHODES,  an  island  in  the  Le*. 
vant. 


WORDS    PRONOUNCED   ALIKE. 


17 


KODE,  did  ride. 

ROWED,  did  row. 

ROAD,  a  way. 
ROE,  a  female  deer. 

Row,  to  impel  with  oars. 
ROES,  female  deer. 

ROSE,  a  flower. 
ROME,  a  city  of  Italy. 

ROAM,  to  wander;  to  rove. 
ROTE,  a  round  of  words. 

WROTE,  did  write. 
SHONE,  did  shine. 

SHOWN,  exhibited. 
SLOE,  an  animal ;  sort  of  plum. 

SLOW,  tardy ;  not  quick. 
So,  in  such  manner. 

Sow,  to  scatter  seed. 

SEW,  to  work  with  a  needle. 
SOLD,  did  sell. 

SOLED,  furnished  with  a  sole. 
SOLE,  only.  [man. 

SOUL,  the  immortal  part  of 
SORE,  tender;  painful. 

§OAR,  to  rise  high. 
SWORD,  a  weapon. 

SOARED,  did  sour. 
THROE,  extreme  agony. 

THROW,  to  cast ;  to  heave. 
THRONE,  a  seat  of  state. 

THROWN,  cast. 
TOE,  part  of  the  foot. 

Tow,  dressed  hemp ;  to  drag. 
TOLD,  did  tell. 

TOLLED,  rung. 
TOLE,  to  allure. 

TOLL,  a  kind  of  tax. 

0  as  in  not. 

COD'LING,  a  sort  of  apple. 

COD'DLINQ,  parboiling. 
COL'LAR,  covering  for  the  neck. 

CHO'LKK,  aimer;   rage. 
CoM'pLlMENT,a  token  of  respect. 

COMPLEMENT,  the  full  num- 
ber. 


j  LOCK,  a  tuft  of  hair;  a  fastening, 
LOCH,  or  LOUGH,  a  lake. 

I  NOT,  a  word  of  negation. 
KNOT,  a  tie. 
i  ON'ERARY,  fit  for  burdens. 

HoN'oRARY,conferring  honor, 
PROPH'ET,  a  foreteller. 

PROF'IT,  gain;  advantage. 
SOR'REL,  a  color. 

SOR'EL,  a  buck  in  the  third 
year. 

0  as  in  move. 

COOM,  a  species  of  soot. 

COOMB,  a  measure. 
To,  unto ;  towards. 

Too,  likewise. 

Two,  a  couple. 


Oo 


book. 


HOOP,  of  a  barrel. 

WHOOP,  a  shout. 
WOOD,  the  substance  of  trees. 

WOULD,  was  willing. 

6Tas  in  tube. 

BLUE,  a  color. 

BLEW,  did  blow. 
BREWS,  does  brew. 

BRUISE,  to  hurt. 
BRUTE,  a  beast. 

BRUIT,  noise ;  a  report. 
CREWS,  ships'  companies. 

CRUISE,  to  sail  up  and  down. 
CREW'EL,  a  ball  of  yarn. 

CRUEL,  savage;  inhuman. 
DUE,  owed. 

DEW,  moisture. 
j  EWE,  a  female  sheep. 

YEW,  an  evergreen  tree. 
j  FEUD,  a  quarrel. 

FEOD,  a  tenure. 
FLUE,  a  chimney  pipe. 

FLEW,  did  fly. 


18 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


HUE,  a  color,  or  tint. 

HEW,  to  cut  down. 

HUGH,  a  man's  name. 
JU'RY,  a  set  of  men  sworn  to 
give  a  true  verdict 

JEW'RY,  the  land  of  Judea. 
LU'SERN,  a  lynx. 

LU'CERNE,  a  sort  of  clover. 
Mu'cous,  slimy. 

Mu'cus,  a  viscid  fluid. 
MUE,  or  MEW,  to  moult. 

MEW,  a  fowl ;  an  enclosure. 
MULE,  a  beast. 

MEWL,  to  cry  like  an  infant. 
NEW,  fresh;  novel. 

KNEW,  understood. 
SU'ER,  one  who  entreats. 

SEW'ER,  a  drain. 
THREW,  did  throw. 

THROUGH,  from  end  to  end. 
USE,  to  employ. 

EWES,  female  sheep. 

fas  in  tub. 

BUR'ROW,  the  cell  of  an  ani- 
mal. 

BOR'OUGH,  a  corporation. 
BUT,  except. 

BUTT,  to  push  with  the  head. 
CHUFF,  a  blunt  clown. 

CHOUGH,  a  sea  bird. 
COUS'IN,  a  relative. 

COZ'EN,  to  defraud;  to  cheat. 
CULL'ER,  a  selector. 

COL' OR,  hue. 
CUR'RENT,  a  stream ;  flowing. 

CUR'RANT,  a  fruit. 
DUN,  to  ask  for  a  debt. 

DONE,  finished. 
DUST,  powdered  dirt. 

DOST,  contraction  of  doest. 
FUN'GOUS,  growing  as  a  fungus. 


FURS,  skins  of  beasts. 

FURZE,  a  wild  shrub. 
JUST,  honest;  upright. 

JOUST,    or    JUST,    a    mock 

fight. 
LUMP,  a  shapeless  mass. 

LOMP,  a  roundish  fish. 
PLUM,  a  fruit. 

PLUMB,  a  leaden  weight. 
RUFF,  a  plaited  collar. 

ROUGH,  coarse;  uneven. 
RUNG,  did  ring. 

WRUNG,  twisted. 
SKULL,  the  bone  of  the  head. 

SCULL,  a  small  boat. 
SUCK'ER,  a  young  shoot. 

SUC'COR,  relief;  help. 
SUM,  the  whole ;  the  total. 

SOME,  a  part. 
SUN,  the  fountain  of  light. 

SON,  a  male  child. 
SUT'LER.  a  seller  of  provisions. 

SUBT'LER,  more  cunning. 
SUT'TLE,  neat  weight.          • 

SUBT'LE,  cunning;  artful. 
TUN,  a  large  cask. 

TON,  20  hundred  weight. 
WON,  gained. 

ONE,  a  single  thing. 

Sound  of  u  in  turn. 


BERTH,  a  sleeping  place  in  a 
vessel. 

BIRTH,  coming  into  life. 
I  COL'ONEL,  a  military  officer. 

KER'NEL,  the  seed. 
FUR,  soft  hair. 

FIR,  a  tree. 
HERD,  a  drove  or  flock. 

HEARD,  did  hear. 
PEARL,  a  precious  substance. 

PURL,  to  murmur. 


FUN'GUS,  a  spongy  excres-  CIR'CLE,' a  round  figure. 
cence-  ,     SUR'CLE,  a  shoot',  a  twig. 


WORDS   OF   SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


13 


SERGE,  a  kind  of  cloth. 

SURGE,  a  swelling  sea. 
URN,  a  vessel. 

p]ARN",  to  gain  by  labor. 
WERT,  past  tense  of  be. 

WORT,  an  herb. 

Sound  of  ou  in  out. 

Bow,  to  bend. 
BOUGH,  a  branch. 


BROWS,  brinks,  or  edges. 

BROWSE,  to  eat  shrubs. 
FOUL,  unclean. 

FOWL,  a  large  bird. 
OUR,  belonging  to  us. 

HOUR,  part  of  the  day. 
ROUT,  a  rabble ;  to  defeat. 

ROUTE,  a  way. 
TOUS'ER,  one  who  tears. 

TOW'SER,  the  name  of  a  dog. 


WORDS  OF  SIMILAR  PRONUNCIATION. 

1.  In  this  section,  the  first  of  each  pair  has  the  sound  ofs,  and  the  other 
that  of  z. 


ADVICE',  counsel. 

ADVISE',  to  give  advice. 
BOD'ICE,  a  kind  of  waistcoat 

BOD'IES,  material  substances. 
CEASE,  to  leave  off. 

SEIZE,  to  take  hold  of. 
COP'PICE,    a    wood    of     small 
growth. 

COP'IES,  imitations. 
DACE,  a  kind  of  fish. 

DAYS,  plural  of  day. 
DECEASE',  death. 

DISSEIZE',  to  dispossess. 

DISEASE',  sickness. 
DEVICE',  contrivance. 

DEVISE',  to  contrive. 
DICE,  small  cubes. 

DIES,  expires. 
DIVERSE',  different. 

DI'VERS,  seve'ral. 
DOSE,  a  portion  of  medicine. 

DOZE,  to  slumber. 
Fuss,  a  bustle. 

Fuzz,  to  fly  off  in  particles. 


FRAN'CIS,  a  man's  name. 

FRAN'CES,  a  woman's  name. 
GLA'CIERS,  fields  of  ice.  [glass. 

GLA'ZIERS,  workmen  wno  set 
GRACE,  favor;  elegance. 

GRAZE,  to  eat  grass. 
GREECE,  a  country  of  Europe. 

GREASE,  to  smear  with  fat. 
GRIST'LY,  cartilaginous. 

GRIZZ'LY,  somewhat  gray. 
HEARSE,  a  carriage  for  the  dead. 

HERS,  belonging  to  her. 
Hiss,  the  noise  of  a  serpent. 

His,  belonging  to  him. 
INSI'TION,  a  grafting,      [thing. 

INCIS'ION,    a    cut    into    any 
JUICE,  the  fluid  part. 

JEWS,  Hebrews. 
LEASE,  a  contract  for  houses,  &c. 

LEES,  dregs. 
LOOSE,  slack ;  untied. 

LOSE,  to  be  deprived  of. 
MACE,  a  sort  of  spice. 

MAZE,  an  intricate  place. 


20 


THE   SCHOLAR  S   COMPANION. 


MUS'CLE,  a  shell  fish. 

3Iuz'zLE,  to  bind  the  mouth. 
PEACE,  quiet;  tranquillity. 

PEAS,  a  kind  of  pulse. 
PENCE,  coins;  pennies. 

PENS,  writing  implements. 
PRE'CEDENT,  an  example. 

PRES'IDENT,  a  governor. 
PRICE,    the    estimated   equiva- 
lent. 

PRIZE,  reward. 

PRIN'CESS,  the   daughter  of  aj 
king. 

PRIN'CES,  plural  of  prince.     \ 


RACE,  a  contest  in  running. 

RAISE,  to  elevate. 
RA'CER,  a  racing  horse. 

RA'ZOR,  a  tool  for  shaving. 
RICE,  a  sort  of  grain. 

RISE,  to  get  up. 
SINK,  a  drain. 

ZINC,  a  metal. 


SIGN, 


the  name  of  a  mount. 


ZION, ^ 
TRUTH'S,"  belonging  to  truth. 

TRUTHS,  plural  of  truth. 
TREATISE,  an  essay. 

TREATIES,  plural  of  treaty. 


2.   The  first  of  each  pair  ending  in  ts. 


AC'CIDENTS,  unexpected  events. 

AC'CIDENCE,    rudiments    of 

grammar. 
ACTS,  deeds. 

AXE,  a  chopping  tool. 
ADHE'RENTS,  partisans. 

ADHE'RENCE,  fidelity. 
ASSISTANTS,  helpers. 

ASSIST'ANCE,  help. 
ATTEND' ANTS,  those  who  attend,  j 

ATTEND' ANCE,  attention;  ser- 
vice. 
CHANTS,  sacred  melodies. 

CHANCE,  fortune ;  accident. 
CORRESPONDENTS,  persons  who| 
correspond.  [ment. ! 

CORRESPONDENCE,      agree- 
COURTS,  halls  of  justice. 

COURSE,  race ;  career. 
DENTS,  hollow  marks. 

DENSE,  thick ;  close. 
DEPEND'ENTS,  subordinates. 

DEPEND'ENCE,     connection ; 
reliance. 


FAULTS,  defects;  errors. 

FALSE,  untrue. 
IN'NOCENTS,  harmless  beings. 

IN'NOCENCE,  purity. 
IN'STANTS,  moments. 

IN'STANCE,  example. 
INTENTS',  purposes. 

INTENSE',  powerful. 
PARTS',  portions. 

PARSE,  to  analyse  sentences. 
PA'TIENTS,  sick  people. 

PA'TIENCE,  forbearance. 
PRES'ENTS,  gifts. 

PRES'ENCE,  immediate  view. 
PRINTS,  impressions. 

PRINCE,  a  sovereign,  or  chief. 
SCENTS,  perfumes. 

SENSE,  feeling ;  reason. 
SECTS,  parties  in  religion. 

SEX,  male,  or  female: 
TAL'ENTS,  natural  powers. 

TALONS,  claws. 
TENTS,  canvas  houses. 

TENSE,  strained  to  stiffness. 


WORDS    OP   SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


21 


3.   The  first  of  each  pair  ending  in  le. 


A'BLE,  of  sufficient  power. 

A'BEL,  a  man's  name. 
BRI'DLE,  a  curb. 

BRI'DAL,  relating  to  marriage. 
CHRON'ICLE,  a  record ;  history. 

CHRON'ICAL,  of  long  duration. 
GENTLE,  mild. 

GENTILE,  one  who  is  not  a 

Jew. 
I'DLE,  unemployed. 

I'DOL,  an  image. 


MED'DLE,  to  interfere. 

MED'AL,   a    piece   of    metal 

stamped  like  a  coin. 
MET'TLE,  spirit ;  courage. 

MET'AL,  iron,  silver,  &c. ' 
PED'DLE,  to  sell  as  a  pedler. 

PED'AL,  a  part  of  an  organ. 
PRIN'CIPLE,  elementary  part. 

PRIN'CIPAL,  chief. 
RAB'ICLE,  a  young  root.    [root. 

RAD'ICAL,  pertaining  to  the 


4.   The  first  of  each  pair  having  an  f,  the  latter  a  \. 


BEHOOF',  advantage. 

BEHOOVE',  to  be  fit. 
HALF,  one  of  two  equal  parts. 

HALVE,  to  part  equally. 
LEAF,  green  part  of  a  plant. 

LEAVE,  permission. 


OFF,  at  a  distance. 

OF,  [sound  of  «;,]  concerning. 
PLAIN'TIFF,  the  complainant. 

PLAIN'TIVE,  complaining. 
REFEREE',  one  referred  to. 

REV'ERIE,  irregular  musing. 


5.   The  first  ending  in  er  or  or ;  the  latter  in  ur 


CAP'TOR,  one  who  seizes. 

CAP'TURE,  a  seizure. 
CEN'SOR,  a  critic. 

CEN'SURE,  blame. 
COUL'TER,  a  plough  iron. 

CUL'TURE,  cultivation. 

DICTA'TOR,  one  with   absolute 

authority.  [dictator,  i 

DIC'TATURE,  the  office  of  a] 
FLEX'OR,  a  contracting  muscle. 

FLEX'URE,  a  bending. 
GRAND'ER,  more  grand. 

GRAND'EUR,  magnificence. 
IMPOS'TOR,  a  deceiver. 

IMPOS'TURE,  a  cheat. 
JEST'KR,  one  who  jokes,    [tion. 

GES'TURE,  a  significant  mo- 


JOINT'ER,  a  long  plane. 

JOINT'URE,  a  wife's  estate. 
LEGISLA'TOR,  a  law  giver. 

LEGISLA'TURE,  the  assembly 

which  enacts  laws. 
LIQ'UOR,  a  fluid. 

LIQ'UEUR,   a  spirituous  cor- 
dial. 
OR'DER,  method. 

OR'DURE,  filth. 
PAS'TOR,  a  shepherd. 

PAST'URE,  grazing  land. 
SCULP'TOR,  a  carver. 

SCULPT'URE,  carved  work. 
TEN'OR,  part  in  music;  purport. 

TEN'URE,  manner  of  holding 
land. 


22 


THE   SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


6.   Words  pronounced  alike,  excepting  (hat  the  latter  of  each  pair  is  aspirated. 


AR'DOR,  zeal. 

HARD'ER,  firmer. 
AR'RAS,  tapestry. 

HAR'ASS,  to  vex  ;  to  plague. 
ART'LESS,  without  art.      [rage. 

HEART'LESS,    wanting    cou- 
AWE.  reverence. 

HAW,  fruit  of  the  hawthorn. 
AWL,  a  sharp  pointed  tool. 

HAUL,  to  pull. 
AXE,  a  chopping  tool. 

HACKS,  plural  of  hack. 
Cow'ARD,  a  fearful  person. 

COW'HERD,   one   who    tends 
ED'DY,  a  whirlpool.          [cows. 

HEAD'Y,  rash;  heedless. 
EIGHT,  a  number. 

HATE,  to  dislike. 
E'THER,  a  volatile  fluid. 

HEATII'ER.  the  plant  heath. 
ERR,  to  mistake. 

HER,  that  woman. 
EYE,  the  or^ran  of  sight. 

HIGH,  tall ;  lofty. 
ISL'ANDS,  lands  in  the  sea. 

HIGII'LANDS,     elevated    re- 
gions. 


[OwE,  to  be  indebted. 

HOE,  a  gardening  tool. 
I  OWES,  is  indebted. 

HOSE,  stockings,  &c. 
OWN.  to  acknowledge. 
HONE,  a  whetstone. 
WALES,  part  of  Great  Britain. 
WHALES,  large  sea  animals. 
jWARE,  merchandise. 

WHERE,  in  what  place. 
j  WAY,  a  road. 

WHEY,  the  thin  part  of  cur- 
dled milk. 
WEAL,  prosperity. 

WHEEL,  of  a  machine. 
I  WEATH'ER.  state  of  the  air. 

WHETH'ER,  which  of  the  two. 
WEN,  a  fleshy  excrescence. 

WHEN,  at  what  time. 
WET,  moist. 

WHET,  to  sharpen. 
j  WILE,  a  trick. 

WHILE,  as  long  as. 
WINE,  a  fermented  liquor. 

WHINE,  to  moan. 
'WiT,  shrewdness;  humor. 
,     WHIT,  a  bit. 


7.   Words  spelled  and  pronounced  alike,  excepting  that  the  latter  of  each  pair 
begins  with  the  sound  of  II. 


AIL,  to  affect  unpleasantly. 

HAIL,  frozen  rain. 
AIR.  the  atmosphere. 

HAIR,  covering  of  the  head. 
AFT.  behind. 

HAFT,  a  handle. 
ALE.  a  malt  liquor. 

HALE,  strong;  healthy. 
ALL.  every  one! 

HALL,  a  large  room. 


AL'TER.  to  change. 

HAL'TER,  a  rope. 
AM,  I  am. 

HAM,  a  kind  of  smoked  meat. 
AND,  also. 

HAND,  part  of  the  body. 
ANK'ER.  a  liquid  measure. 

HANK'ER,  to  long  after. 
AR'BOR,  a  bower. 
,     HAR'BOR,  a  shelter. 


WORDS    OF   SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


23 


ARK,  a  chest. 

HARK  !  listen. 
ARM,  a  limb;  a  branch. 

HARM,  hurt;  mischief. 
AR'ROW,  a  pointed  weapon. 

HAR'ROW,  a  farming  imple- 
ment. 
ART,  skill ;  a  trade. 

HART,  a  male  deer. 
As,  like. 

HAS,  possesses. 
ASH,  a  timber  tree. 

HASH,  minced  meat. 
ASP,  a  serpent. 

HASP,  a  fastening. 
AT,  in  ;  near  to. 

HAT,  cover  for  the  head. 
ATE,  did  eat. 

HATE,  to  dislike. 
AUNT,  a  relative. 

HAUNT,  to  frequent. 
EAR,  the  organ  of  hearing. 

HEAR,  to  hearken. 
EAT,  to  consume. 

HEAT,  warmth. 
EAVES,  the  edges  of  the  roof. 

HEAVES,  throws. 
EDGE,  the  sharp  border. 

HEDGE,  a  fence  of  bushes. 
EEL,  a  fish. 

HEEL,  part  of  the  foot. 


ELL,  a  measure  of  length. 

HELL,  the  eternal  abode  of 

the  wicked. 
ELM,  a  tree. 

HELM,  that  by  which  a  vessel 

is  steered. 
EW'ER,  a  kind  of  pitcher. 

HEW'ER,  one  who  cuts  down. 
IDES,  a  Roman  term  of  time. 

HIDES,  skins  of  animals. 
ILL,  badly;  unwell. 

HILL,  a  mount. 
IRE,  rage;  anger. 

HIRE,  wages. 
Is,  it  is. 

His,  belonging  to  him. 
IT,  that  thing. 

HIT,  to  strike. 
OAR,  a  pole  to  row  with. 

HOAR,  white. 
OLD,  aged  ;  ancient. 

HOLD,  to  keep ;  to  possess. 
O'RAL,  delivered  by  mouth. 

HO'RAL,     relating     to    the 

hour. 
O'siER,  a  sort  of  willow. 

HO'SIER,  a  dealer  in  hosiery. 
OT'TER,  an  amphibious  animal. 

HOT'TER,  warmer. 
OWL,  a  bird. 

HOWL,  to  cry  as  a  dog. 


8.   The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  a  in  mat;  the  second  that  of  it 
in  met. 


ABOLI'TION,  an  abolishing. 

EBULLI'TION,  a  boiling. 
ACCEPT',  to  take  ;  to  receive. 

EXCEPT',  to  leave  out. 
ACCESS',  an  approach. 

EXCESS',  more  than  enough. 
AF'FABLF,,  ready  to  converse. 

EF'FABLE,  utterable. 


AFFECT',  to  move  the  passions. 

EFFECT',  consequence. 
ASSAY',  to  test  or  try. 

ESSAY',  to  attempt. 
AR'RANT,  infamous. 

ER'RANT,  wandering. 
CAR'AT,  a  small  weight. 

CA'RET,  a  mark  in  writing. 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


CATCH,  to  seize. 

KETCH,  a  kiud  of  vessel. 
EXPANSE',  an  extension. 

EXPENSE',  cost;  charge. 
EXTANT',  in  being. 

EXTENT',  space;  length. 
MUS'CAT,  a  sweet  grape. 

MUS'KET,  a  small  gun. 


PAR'ISH,  a  district. 

PERISH,  to  die. 
RAD'ISH,  an  eatable  root. 

RED'DISH,  somewhat  red. 
SAL'ARY.  wages. 

CEL'ERY,  a  vegetable. 
TAR'RIER,  a  delayer. 

TER'RIER,  a  sort  of  dog. 


9.  Several  sounds  of  a  and  e  compared. 


A.PPRIZE',  to  set  a  price  on. 

APPRISE',  to  give  notice. 
CAR'AT,  a  small  weight. 

CA'RET,  a  mark  in  writing. 
CHAIR,  a  movable  seat. 

CHEER,  to  encourage. 
COMMAND',  to  order. 

COMMEND',  to  praise. 
DU'AL,  expressing  two. 

DU'EL,  combat  between  two. 
FAIR,  beautiful. 

FEAR,  dread. 
HA'LO,  a  bright  circle. 

HAL'LOW,  to  make  holy. 
HA' YEN,  a  harbor. 

HE  A' YEN,  the   state  of  the 

blessed. 
MED'LAR,  a  fruit. 

MED'DLER,  a  busy-body. 


MO'DAL,  formal. 

MOD'EL,  a  pattern. 
PAL'ACE,  a  princely  house. 

PAL'LAS,  a  heathen  deity. 
PAL' ATE,  the  roof  of  the  mouth. 

PAL'LET,  a  little  bed.      [son. 
PAR'SONAGE,  the  house  of  a  par- 

PER'SONAGE,    an    important 

person. 
RAI'SIN,  a  dried  grape. 

REA'SON,  a  faculty;  a  cause. 
RARE,  scarce. 

REAR,  the  hinder  troop. 
STAR'LING,  a  bird. 

STER'LING,  genuine. 
WEAR,  to  consume  by  use. 

WERE,  past  tense  of  be. 
YARN,  spun  wool.  [thy- 

YEAHN;  to  feel  strong  syrnpa- 


10.   The  first  of  each  pair  having  the  sound  ofe  in  mete. 


BEA'CON,  a  kind  of  signal. 

BECK'ON,  to  make  signs. 
CAVALIER',  a  horseman. 

CAV'ILLER,  a  captious  person. 
CK'RATE,  salve  made  of  wax. 

SER'RATE,  formed  like  a  «aw. 
CLEAV'ER,  a  butcher's  tool. 

CLEV'ER,  suitable. 


CREEK,  a  small  bay. 

CRICK,  a  cramp. 
CRITIQUE',  a  criticism. 

CRIT'IC,  a  judge  of  literature. 
DEFORM'ITY,  unsightly  shape. 

DIFFORM'ITY,  variety  of  form. 
DESCENT',  a  going  down. 

DIS'SENT,  disagreement. 


WORDS    OF    SIMILAR    PROXUXCIATIOX. 


25 


EAS'TER,  the  anniversary  of  our 
Lord's  resurrection. 

ES'THER,  a  woman's  name. 
ELIC'IT,  to  draw  out. 

ILLIC'IT,  unlawful. 
ELUDE',  to  escape  from. 

ILLUDE',  to  deceive. 
EKUP'TION,  a  breaking  out. 

IRRUP'TION,  a  breaking  into. 
IMPE'RIAL,  of  an  emperor. 

EMPYR'EAL,  pure;  aerial. 


INGE'NIOUS,  skilful. 

INGEN'UOUS,  open;  candid. 
LEAST,  smallest. 

LEST,  for  fear. 
LEAP'ER,  a  jumper. 

LEP'ER,  a  leprous  person. 
NEI'THER,  not  either. 

NETH'ER,  lower. 
TIERCE,  [sometimes  pronounced 
like  terse,]  a  kind  of  cask. 

TERSE,  neat;  elegant. 


11.  Sounds  oft 

COUN'SEL,  advice. 

COUNCIL,  an  assembly. 
DEF'ERENCE,  respect. 

DIFFERENCE,  disagreement. 
EM'INENT,  conspicuous;  noted. 

IM'MINENT,  threatening. 
POSSES'SION,  property. 

POSI'TION,  situation. 


and  i  compared. 

RAB'BET,  a  joint  in  carpentry. 

RAB'BIT,  a  small  animal. 
SET,  to  place. 

SIT,  to  take  seat. 
SHELL'ING,  taking  off  shells. 

SHIL'LING,  twelve  pence. 
WHETH'ER,  which  of  the  two. 

WIIITH'ER,  to  what  place. 


12.   The  first  in  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  o  in  more. 


BOARD'ER,  one  who  boards. 

BOR'DER,  a  boundary. 
BOAT,  a  small  vessel. 

BOUGHT,  purchased. 
BORNE,  carried ;  supported. 

BORN,  brought  into  life. 
BIN'OCLE,  a  kind  of  telescope. 

BIN'NACLE,  a  compass  box. 
BOAR,  a  male  swine. 

BOOR,  a  clownish  person. 
COLA'TION,  the  act  of  straining. 

COLLA'TION,  a  repast,    [hair. 
COMB,   an    instrument  for  the 

COOMB,  a  corn  measure. 
DOE,  a  female  deer. 

Do,  to  perform. 
DOGE,  a  magistrate  of  Venice. 

DODGE,  to  start  aside. 


DO'LOR,  grief. 

DOL'LAR,  a  coin. 
DOME,  an  arched  roof. 

DOOM,  a  sentence. 
FOLKS,  people. 

Fox,  a  cunning  animal. 
GROPE,  to  feel  about. 

GROUP,  a  cluster. 
GROVE,  a  small  wood. 

GROOVE,  a  channel. 
HOARSE,  having  a  rough  voice. 

HORSE,  an  animal. 
LOAM,  a  rich  earth. 

LOOM,  a  weaver's  frame. 
MOURN,  to  lament. 

MORN,  morning. 
POUL'TRY,  fowls. 

PAL'TRY,  mean. 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


13.  Several  sounds  ofo  and  other  vowels  compared. 


BAR'ON,  a  nobleman. 

BAR'REX,  uut'ruitful. 
CAR'ROT,  a  root. 

CAR' AT,  a  weight. 
COF'FER,  a  chest. 

COUOH'ER,  one  who  coughs. 


GLUT'TONOUS,  greedy. 

GLU'TIXOUS,  sticky. 
GROT,  a  pleasant  cave. 

GROAT,  four  pence. 
GAM'BOL,  a  frolic. 

GAM'BLE,  to  practise  gaming. 


COX'SORT,  a  companion,    [tion.   Ho  L' LOW,  a  cavity;  not  solid. 
COX'CERT,  union;    combina-|      HAL' LOW,  to  make  holy. 


CAP'ITOL,  a  public  edifice. 

CAP'ITAL,  principal ;  chief. 
CONFORM A'TION,  shape. 

CONFIRMATION,  strengthen- 
ing. 

DEPOSITORY,  a  place  of  safe 
keeping 


I'DOL,  an  image ;  a  favorite. 

I'DLE,  not  industrious. 
OP'POSITE,  contrary. 

AP'POSITE,  suitable;  proper. 
OR'ACLE,  counsel  supernaturally 
given. 

AU'RICLE,  the  external  ear. 


DEPOSITARY,   a    person    to'Pi'LOT,  he  who  guides  a  ship, 
whom  any  thing   is   com-  j      PI'LATE,  a  man's  name, 
niitted.  [spirits,  i  ROT.  to  decay. 

EX'ORCISE,   to    cast    out    evil)      WROUGHT,  worked. 


EX'ERCISE,  employment. 
FOND'LING,  one  caressed. 
FOUND'LING,  an  infant  found. 


SYM'BOL,  a  sign ;  a  type. 
CYM'BAL,  a  musical  instru- 


ment. 


14.   The  first  in  each  pair  having  the  sound  of  o  in  move. 


BROOD,  to  sit  over. 

BREWED,  did  brew. 
CHOOSE,  to  select. 

CHEWS,  masticates. 
Do,  to  perform. 

DUE,  owed.  [knot. 

NOOSE,  to  catch  with  a  running 

NEWS,  tidings. 


POOR,  not  rich;  lean. 

PURE,  clear;  innocent. 
ROOD,  a  measure  of  land. 

RUDE,  rustic. 
BOOT'Y,  plunder.  [ance. 

BEAU'TY,    pleasing    appear- 
SHO'ER,  a  fastener  of  shoes. 

SURE,  certain. 


15.    Words  which  have  some  similarity  in  pronunciation,  but  which  ought  to 
be  carefully  distinguished. 

ARRAIGN',  to  bring  to  trial.        IAE'EANT,  infamous;   bad  in  a 
ARRANGE',  to  put  in  order.     |         high  degree. 
HARANGUE',  a  formal  oration. ]     ER'RAND,^  message. 


WORDS   OF   SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


27 


BAL'LAD,  a  song. 

BAL'LOT,  secret  voting. 
BEE'TLE,  an  insect. 

BEA'DLE,  a  parish  officer. 

BEA'GLE,  a  small  hound. 
BILE,  a  liquid  substance. 

BOIL,  to  bubble  by  heat. 
BREATH,  respiration.         j 

BREADTH,  width. 
CAREER',  a  course. 

CAR'RIER,  one  who  carries. 
CEN'TAURY,  a  plant. 

CEN'TURY,  a  hundred  years. 

SEN'TRY,  a  guard. 
CHOKE,  to  suffocate. 

JOKE,  a  jest. 
CLOSE,  to  shut ;  to  end. 

CLOTHES,  garments. 
CLOTH,  a  texture  of  wool,  &c. 

CLOTHE,  to  dress. 
COALS,  plural  of  coal. 

COLDS,  plural  of  cold. 
COAT,  a  garment. 

QUOTE,  to  cite. 
COL'ORS,  plural  of  color,     [cles. 

COLURES',  geographical   cir- 
COM'EDY,  a  play. 

COM'ITY,  civility. 

COMMIT'TEE,  a  body  of  man- 
agers. 
COM'FORT,  convenience;  ease. 

COM'FIT,  a  dry  sweetmeat. 
CONCUR',  to  agree. 

CON'QUER,  to  overcome. 
COR'PORAL,  an  officer. 

CORPO'REAL,  not  spiritual. 
CUR'RIER,  a  leather-dresser. 

COU'RIER,  a  messenger. 
CUR'RANT,  a  small  berry. 

COURANT',  a  newspaper. 
DESCENT',  going  down. 

DE'CENT,  becoming. 
DESERT',  to  forsake. 

DESSERT',  fruit,  &c.  after  diu- 


DILU'TION,  making  weaker. 

DELU'SION,  a  deception. 
DIRE,  dismal. 

DY'ER,  one  who  dyes. 
DISEASE',  a  disorder. 

DECEASE',  death. 
DISA'BLE,  to  weaken. 

DISHABILLE',  an  undress. 
DOE,  a  female  deer. 

DAW,  a  chattering  bird. 
DRONE,  an  idle  bee. 

DROWN,  to  suffocate  in  water. 

DRAWN,  pulled. 
EAR,  a  member. 

YEAR,  a  twelvemonth. 
EAST,  where  the  sun  rises. 

YEAST,  barm. 
EI'THER,  one  of  the  two. 

E'THER,  a  volatile  fluid. 
E'RA,  a  fixed  point  of  time. 

HEAR'ER,  one  who  hears. 
EX'ECUTER.  one  who  performs. 

EXEC'UTOR,  a  trustee. 
ELIS'ION,  act  of  cutting  off. 

ELYS'IAN,  very  delightful. 
EW'ER,  a  kind  of  pitcher. 

YOUR,  belonging  to  you. 
EM' AN  ANT,  flowing  from. 

EM'INENT,  high ;  exalted. 
FILE,  a  rasping  tool. 

FOIL,  to  defeat. 

VILE,  base;  wicked. 
FLOUR,  meal. 

FLOWER,  a  blossom. 
FOUGHT,  contended. 

FAULT,  error;  mistake. 
GAUL,  a  Frenchman. 

GOAL,  a  starting  place. 

GAOL,  a  prison. 
GE'NIUS,  a  peculiar  talent. 

GE'NUS,  a  kind. 
HIRE,  wages. 

HIGH'ER,  loftier. 
HOAR,  white. 

HO'ER,  one  who  hoes. 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


HO'LY,  free  from  sin. 

WHOL'LY,  entirely. 

HOL'LY,  an  evergreen  tree. 
I'DOL,  an  image. 

FDLE,  unemployed. 

I'DYL,  a  pastoral  poem. 
IM'POTEXT,  weak;  powerless. 

IM'PUDEXT,  insolent. 

IMPER'TIXEXT,  intrusive. 
ISLE,  an  island. 

OIL,  an  unctuous  matter. 
INCIDE',  to  cut  into. 

IN'SIDE,  within. 
INCITE',  to  urge. 

IN'SIGHT,  discernment, 
JEST,  a  joke. " 

JUST,  nearly. 

KlNE,  COWS. 

COIN,  stamped  money. 

QUOIN,  a  kind  of  wedge. 
LEASE,  a  kind  of  contract. 

LEASH,  a  line,  or  strap. 

LEECH,  a  bloodsucker, 
LICK'ERISH,  dainty;  nice. 

LIC'ORICE,  a  sweet  root. 
LIXE,  a  string;  a  row. 

LOIN,  partTof  the  body. 
LIX'KAMEXT.  a  feature. 

LIN'IMEXT,  an  ointment. 
LIGHT'NIXG,   the   flash   which 
precedes  thunder. 

LIGHT'ENIXG,  unloading. 
LIV'ER,  one  of  the  entrails. 

LI'VRE,  a  French  coin. 
LOATH,  unwilling. 

LOATHE,  to  dislike. 
LUKE,  a  man's  name. 

LCOK,  to  see. 

LUCK,  chance  or  fortune. 
LORE,  learning. 

LOW'ER,  deeper. 
LYRE,  a  musical  instrument. 

LI'AR,  a  teller  of  lies. 
MARSH,  a  swamp. 

.MASH,  to  crush. 

MESH,  the  opening  in  a  net. 


MAR'VEL,  to  wonder. 

MAR'BLE,  a  sort  of  stone. 
MAT'IX,  belonging  to  the  morn- 
ing. 

MAT'TING,  stuff  for  mats. 
MES'SAGE,  an  errand. 

MESS'UAGE,    a    house    and 

grounds. 
ME'TRE,  verse. 

ME'TEOR,  a  fiery  body. 
MIX'ISTER,  an  agent. 

MIX'STER,  a  monastery. 
MIS'SILE,  thrown  by  hand. 

MIS'SAL,  a  mass  book. 

MIS'LE,  to  rain  in  small  drops. 
MORE,  a  greater  quantity. 

MOW'ER,  one  who  mows. 
MOUXT'AIN,  a  great  hill. 

MOUX'TING,  rising. 
MUS'LIX,  fine  linen.       [mouth. 

3Iuz'zLiNG,    tying    up    the 
MUS'CAT,  a  sweet  grape. 

MUSK'CAT,  an  animal. 
NICK,  a  notch. 

XICHE,  a  hollow  for  a  statue. 

OFT'EX,  frequently. 

OR'PHAN,  a  parentless  child. 
OR'DIXAXCE,  a  law. 

ORD'XAXCE,  cannon. 

OR'DOXXAXCE,  disposition  of 

figures  in  a  picture. 
OR'ISOX,  a  prayer. 

HORI'ZOX,    the    line    which 

bounds  the  sight. 
PELISSE',  a  coat,  or  habit. 

POLICE,  internal  government. 
PETRIFAC'TION.  conversion  into 
stone. 

PUTREFAC'TION,  decomposi- 
tion. 
PIXT,  a  measure. 

POIXT,  the  small  end. 
PISTOLE',  a  Spanish  coin. 

PIS'TOL,  a  small  hand  gun. 
POP'ULACE,  the  common  people. 

POP'ULOUS,  full  of  people. 


WORDS    UF    SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


29 


PRE'SCIOUS,  foreknowing. 

PREC'IOUS,  of  great  value. 
PROPH'ECY,  a  prediction. 

PROPH'ESY,  to  predict. 
PUMACE,  ground  apples. 

PUMICE,  a  kind  of  cinder. 
RE'AL,  true;  genuine. 

RAIL,  a  bar. 

REEL,  to  stagger. 
REL/ICT,  a  widow. 

REL'IC,  that  which  remains. 
RID'ICULE,  derision. 

RET'ICULE,  a  net  bag. 
ROAR,  to  cry  with  great  voice. 

ROW'ER,  one  who  rows, 
RUM,  an  alcoholic  liquor. 

RHOMB,  a  quadrangular  figure. 
SAT'YR,  a  sylvan  god. 

SAT'IRE,  pointed  remark. 
SE'RIES,  succession;  order. 

SE'RIOUS,  solemn ;  grave. 

SIR'IUS,  the  dog-star. 
SHAWL,  a  garment. 

SHALL,  will. 
SMILE,  a  look  of  pleasure. 

SIM'ILE,  a  comparison. 
SOAR,  to  rise. 

SOW'ER,  one  who  sows. 


STAT/UTE,  a  law. 

STAT'UE,  an  image. 

STAT'URE,  height  of  a  per- 
son. 
SUR'PLUS,  remainder. 

SUR'PLICE,  a  white  robe. 
TALC,  a  transparent  mineral. 

TALK,  to  converse. 
TOWER,  a  strong  building. 

TOUR,  a  journey. 
TRACK,  a  path. 

TRACT,  a  short  treatise. 
TIN'CAL,  a  mineral. 

TIN'KLE,     a     sharp     quick 

noise. 
TREBLE,  a  part  in  harmony. 

TRIPLE,  or  TREBLE,  consist- 
ing of  three. 
TROUGH,  a  long  vessel. 

TROTH,  faith;  fidelity. 
THROUGH,  from  side  to  side. 

THOR'OUGH,  complete. 
VER'DURE,  greenness. 

VER'GER,  a  mace  bearer. 
VIR'GIN,  a  girl. 

VERG'ING,  tending. 
You,  thyself. 

YEW,  a  tree. 


16.  Words  often  confounded  either  from  giving  the  sound  of  r  where  it  does 
not  belong,  or  omitting  it  where  it  should  be  given. 


AH  !  an  exclamation. 

ARE,  plural  of  is. 
ALMS,  gifts  to  the  poor. 

ARMS,  weapons. 
AWE,  reverence. 

OR,  a  conjunction. 
BAA,  the  cry  of  a  sheep. 

BAR,  an  obstacle. 
BALM,  a  plant. 

BARM,  yeast. 
BO'A,  a  sort  of  serpent. 

BOAR,  a  male  swine. 


BUST,  a  half-length  statue. 

BURST,  to  break  open. 
CALVE,  to  bring  forth  a  calf. 

CARVE,  to  cut. 
CIN'NA,  a  Roman  consul. 

SIN'NER,  an  evil  doer. 
DUST,  powdered  substances. 

DURST,  dared. 
FA'THER,  a  male  parent. 

FAR'THER,  more  distant. 
FEL'LOW,  a  companion. 

FELL'ER,  one  who  cuts  down. 


30 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


FOMENT',  to  excite. 

FERMENT',  to  work  as  beer. 
FOR' M ALLY,  ceremoniously. 

FOR'MERLY,  in  times  past. 
FUST,  a  mouldy  smell. 

FIRST,  foremost. 
GNAW,  to  eat  by  degrees. 

NOR,  neither. 
GO'A,  an  Indian  island. 

GORE,  clotted  blood. 
LAUD,  to  praise. 

LORD,  a  nobleman. 
LA' VA,  discharge  from  a  volcano. 

LA'YER,  a  washing  vessel. 
LAWN,  fine  linen. 

LORN,  forsaken. 
MA,  mamma. 

MAR,  to  spoil. 
MAN'NA,  a  kind  of  gum. 

MAN'NER,  method. 
Moss,  a  vegetable. 

MORSE,  a  sea-horse. 
NO'AH,  a  man's  name. 

NORE,   the   entrance   of  the 
Thames. 


PA,  papa, 
PAR,  equality. 
PALM'EK,  a  pilgrim. 

PAR'MA,  a  city  of  Italy. 
PASS,  a  passage.  "[cally. 

PARSE,  to  analyse  grammati 
PETI'TION,  supplication. 

PARTI'TION,  separation. 
PIL'LOW,  a  cushion  for  the  head. 

PIL'LAR,  a  column. 
Pus.  purulent  matter. 

PURSE,  a  money  bag. 
QUAR'TAN,  fourth  day  ague. 

QUAR'TERX,   a   fourth   of  a 

pint. 
QUO'TA,  a  proper  share. 

QUO'TER,  one  who  quotes. 
SOUGHT,  searched  after. 

SORT,  a  kind. 
STALK,  a  stem. 

STORK,  a  bird. 
STRA'TA,  layers. 

STRAIGHT'ER,  less  crooked. 
TAUGHT,  instructed. 

TORT,  mischief. 


There  is  an  error,  which  may  be  noticed  in  this  connection,  that  should  be 
carefully  avoided;  it  consists  in  inserting  an  r  between  words,  when  the  former 
ends  and  the  latter  begins  with  a  vowel.  Thus  the  sentence,  "a  boa  is  a  sort 
of  serpent,"  would  be  read  by  some  as  if  it  were,  "a  boar  is  a  sort  of  serpent." 


17.  Dissyllables  spelled  alike,  but  differing  in  accent. 


Signification  when  the  accent  is 
on  the  first  syllable. 

Not  present. 
An  abridgment. 
Stress  of  voice. 
A  particle  added  to  a  | 
word .  | 

An  increase. 
The  eighth  month. 
A  great  gun. 
A  partner. 
A  short  prayer. 


Signification  when  the  accent  is 
on  the  second  syllable. 

ABSENT,  To  keep  away. 
ABSTRACT,  To  take  from. 
ACCENT,  To  mark  the  accents. 

AFFIX,          To  subjoin. 

AUGMENT,     To  increase. 
AUGUST.        Grand. 
BOMBARD,     To  attack  with  bombs. 
COLLEAGUE,  To  unite  with. 
COLLECT,       To  gather. 


WORDS    OF    SIMILAR    PRONUNCIATION. 


31 


Signification  when  the  accent  is 
on  the  first  syllable. 


An  agreement. 

COMPACT, 

A  confederacy. 

COMPLOT, 

fiehnvior. 

COMPORT, 

A  mixture. 

COMPOUND, 

A  bolster  of  linen  used 
in  surgery. 
A  musical  performance. 

I  COMPRESS, 
CONCERT, 

A  mass  formed  of  parts. 

CONCRETE, 

Behavior. 

CONDUCT, 

A  boundary. 

CONFINE, 

A  struggle. 

CONFLICT, 

A  sweetmeat. 

CONSERVE, 

Companion. 

CONSORT, 

Thing  contained. 

CONTENT, 

A  dispute. 

CONTEST, 

A  bargain. 

CONTRACT, 

Opposition. 

CONTRAST, 

Discourse. 

CONVERSE, 

One    who    embraces    a 

>•  CONVERT, 

new  opinion. 

A  person  found  guilty. 

CONVICT, 

Attendance  for  defence. 

CONVOY, 

A  tune. 

DESCANT, 

A  compend. 

DIGEST, 

A  body  guard. 

ESCORT, 

An  attempt. 

ESSAY, 

Commodity  sent  out. 

EXPORT, 

Essence  drawn  out. 

EXTRACT, 

A  tumult. 

FERMENT, 

Contrivance. 

FORECAST, 

Anticipation. 

FORETASTE, 

Happening  often. 
Signification. 

FREQUENT, 
IMPORT, 

Mark  ;  stamp. 

IMPRESS, 

Printer's  name  in  the 
title  of  a  book. 

I  IMPRINT, 

A  kind  of  perfume. 

INCENSE, 

Wood  formed  to  inlay. 

INLAY, 

Natural  impulse. 

INSTINCT, 

Insolence. 

INSULT, 

A  thing  acted  on. 

OBJECT, 

Complete. 

PERFECT, 

3 

Signification  when  the  accent  I* 
on  the  second  syllable. 

Firm ;  solid. 
To  conspire. 
To  suit. 
To  mingle. 

To  force  together. 

To  contrive  together. 

To  unite  into  one  body. 

To  manage ;  to  guide. 

To  limit;  to  restrain. 

To  contest. 

To  candy  fruit. 

To  associate  with. 

Satisfied. 

To  dispute. 

To  shorten ;  to  bargain. 

To  put  in  opposition. 

To  talk. 

To  turn  from  one  con- 
dition to  another. 

To  prove  guilty. 

To  accompany  by  sea. 

To  discourse. 

To  concoct. 

To  guard  on  a  journey. 

To  endeavor. 

To  carry  out  of  the 
country. 

To  draw  out. 

To  be  in  commotion. 

To  form  schemes. 

To  taste  before. 

To  visit  often. 

To  bring  into. 

To  print. 

To  fix  in  the  mind. 

To  enrage. 

To  insert. 

Animated. 

To  treat  with  contempt. 

To  oppose. 

To  finish ;  to  complete. 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


Signification  when  the  accent  is 
on  the  first  syllable. 


A  particle  put  before  a 
word. 

I  PREFIX, 

An  introduction. 

PRELUDE, 

A  prognostic. 

PRESAGE, 

A  declaration  against. 

PROTEST, 

Passage  back. 

REGRESS, 

Sale  by  small  lots. 

RETAIL, 

One  under  dominion. 

SUBJECT, 

A  kind  of  verbal  noun. 

SUPINE, 

The  family  name. 

SURNAME, 

A  view  ;  measure. 

SURVEY, 

Pain  ;   anguish. 

TORMENT, 

A  conveyance. 

TRANSFER, 

A  vessel  of  carriage. 

TRANSPORT, 

A  negligent  dress. 

UNDRESS, 

aification  when  the  accent  is 
on  the  second  syllable. 


To  put  before. 

To  introduce. 

To  forbode. 

To  declare  solemnly. 

To  go  back. 

To  sell  in  small  lots. 

To  put  under. 

Negligent;  careless. 

To  add  another  name. 

To  overlook. 

To  vex ;  to  torture. 

To  convey ;   to  remove. 

To  banish;  to  enrapture. 

To  take  off  the  clothes. 


Words  spelled  alike,  but  different  both  in  accent  and  sound. 


CEM'ENT,  sticky  matter. 

CEMENT',  to  agglutinate. 
CON'JURE,  to  practise  charms. 

CONJURE',  to  intreat. 
DES'ERT,  a  wilderness. 

DESERT',  to  forsake. 
EN'TRANCE,  place  of  entering. 

ENTRANCE',  to  put  into  an 

ecstasy. 
EX'ILE,  banishment. 

EXILE',  slender. 
GAL'LANT,  high  spirited. 

GALLANT',   attentive   to    la- 
dies. 
MIN'UTE,  a  short  space  of  time. 

MINUTE',  small. 


PRES'ENT,  a  gift. 

PRESENT',  to  offer. 
PROD'UCE,  product. 

PRODUCE',  to  bring  forth. 
PROG'RESS,  motion  forward. 

PROGRESS',  to  advance. 
PROJ'ECT,  a  scheme. 

PROJECT',  to  jut  out. 
REB'*L,  a  revolver.        [thority. 

REBEL',  to  rise  against   au- 
REC'ORD,  a  register. 

RECORD',  to  put  on  record. 
REV'EL,  a  noisy  feast. 

REVEL',  to  retract. 
TRAJ'ECT,  a  ferry. 

TRAJECT',  to  east  through. 


AT'TRIBUTE,  quality. 

ATTRIB'UTE,  to  ascribe. 
INVAL'ID,  weak. 

IN'VALID,  a  sick  person. 
O'VERCHARGE,  too  high  a  charge. 

OVERCHARGE',  to  oppress. 


PREC'EDENT,  an  example. 

PRECE'DENT,  going  before. 
PREM'ISES,  positions  assumed. 

PREMI'SES,  explains  before. 
SEV'ERER,  one  who  separates, 

SEVER'ER,  more  rigorous 


WORDS    OF    SIMILAR   PRONUNCIATION. 

18.    Words  spelled  alike  but  pronounced  differently. 

1st.  In  which  ow  has  the  sound  of  o  in  so,  or  of  ou  in  thou. 

Bow,  an   instrument   to   shoot  j  Mow,  to  cut  down. 

arrows.  Mow,  a  heap  of  hay  or  grain- 

Bow,  to  bend ;  to  stoop.          I  Row,  a  rank  or  file. 
LOWER,  to  bring  down.  Row,  a  tumult;  an  uproar. 

LOWER,  to  appear  dark.          I  Sow,  to  scatter  seed. 

!      Sow,  a  female  swine. 


2d.  In  which  s  has  the  sound  of  s  or  of  z. 


ABUSE',  the  ill  use  of  a  thing. 

ABUSE',  to  use  ill. 
As,  a  Roman  coin. 

As,  so;  like. 
CLOSE,  shut  fast ;  narrow. 

CLOSE,  the  conclusion. 
CRUISE,  a  small  cup. 

CRUISE,  a  voyage  for  plunder. 
DIF'FUSE,  scattered. 

DIFFUSE',  to  spread. 
EXCUSE',  an  apology. 

EXCUSE',  to  pardon. 
GREASE,  soft  fat. 

GREASE,     to     smear     with 
grease. 


HOUSE,  a  place  of  abode. 

HOUSE,  to  shelter. 
LEASE,  a  kind  of  contract. 

LEASE,  to  glean. 
MISUSE',  a  bad  use. 

MISUSE',  to  misemploy. 
MOUSE,  a  little  animal. 

MOUSE,  to  catch  mice. 
REF'USE,  that  which  is  rejected. 

REFUSE',  to  reject;  to  deny. 
RESIGN*,  to  sign  again. 

RESIGN',  to  relinquish. 
RISE,  beginning ;  increase. 

RISE,  to  ascend. 
USE,  purpose ;  convenience. 

USE,  to  employ. 


3d.  Various. 


A'TE,  the  goddess  of  mischief. 

ATE,  devoured. 
AX'ES,  plural  of  axe. 

AX'ES,  plural  of  axis. 
COURTESY,  civility. 

COURTESY,     the     reverence 

made  by  women. 
DENI'ER,  one  who  denies. 

DENIER',  a  French  coin. 


DOES,  female  deer. 

DOES,  [duz]  doth. 
DOVE,  did  dive. 
DOVE,  a  bird. 
I  GILL,  a  quarter  of  a  pint. 

GILL,  a  fish's  organ  of  respi- 
ration. 

GOUT,  a  disease. 
GOUT,  [.700]  taste. 


34 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


HIN'DER,  to  prevent. 

HIND'ER,  backward. 
IN'TIMATE,  to  hint. 

IN'TIMATE,  familiar. 
I'RONY,  contrary  meaning. 

IR'ONY,  partaking  Of  iron. 
JOB,  a  piece  of  work. 

JOB,  a  man's  name. 
LEAD,  to  conduct. 

LEAD,  a  metal. 
LEARN'ED,  intelligent;   skilful. 

LEARNED,  did  learn. 
LIVE,  alive. 

LIVE,  to  exist. 
LIVES,  plural  of  life. 

LIVES,  does  live. 
MANES,  plural  of  mane. 

MA'NES,  departed  spirits. 
MOD'ERATE,  to  regulate. 

MOD'ERATE,  temperate. 
NUM'BER,  reckoning. 

XUMB'ER,  more  torpid. 
POL'ISH,  to  brighten. 

PO'LISH,  belonging  to  Poland. 
POLL,  the  head ;  a  tax. 

POLL,  a  parrot's  name. 
PUT,  to  place. 

PUT,  a  clown. 


II A' YEN,  a  large  black  bird. 

RAV'EN.  to  devour  greedily. 
READ,  to  peruse. 

READ,  perused. 
JREAD'ING,  perusing. 

READ'INO,  a  town. 
SEP'ARATE,  to  part. 

SEP'ARATE,  disjoined. 
SEW'ER,  one  who  sews. 

SEW'ER,  a  drain. 
SING'ER,  one  who  sings. 

SIN'GER,  one  who  singes. 
SLOUGH,  a  deep  rniry  place. 

SLOUGH,  to  tall  off. 
STATES,  plural  of  staff. 

STAVES,  parts  of  a  cask. 
TAR'RY,  to  wait ;  to  stay. 

TAR'RY,  smeared  with  tar. 
TEAR,  water  from  the  eye. 

TEAR,  to  rend. 
TI'ER,  one  who  ties. 

TIER,  a  long  row. 
WIND,  air  in  motion. 

WIND,  to  twist. 
WOUND,  twisted. 

WOUND,  a  hurt. 
AVORS'TED,  woollen  yarn. 

WORST'ED,  defeated. 


EQUIVOoAL    WORDS.  35 


CHAPTER  III. 

EQUIVOCAL  WORDS  :  or  words  whose  different  significations  have  either  no 
connection  with  each  other,  or  none  which  can  be  easily  traced. 

NOTE. — As  the  words  of  our  language  have  been  derived  from  various  other 
languages,  it  has  often  happened  that  two  or  more  words  entirely  distinct  in 
their  origin  and  signification,  have  taken  the  same  spelling  and  pronunciation 
in  English.  Thus,  from  the  Saxon  word  beorcan,  is  derived  the  English  word 
lark,  signifying  to  make  the  noise  of  dogs ;  from  the  French  word  barque,  is 
derived  bark,  a  vessel ;  and  from  the  Danish  word  bark,  is  derived  bark,  the 
covering  of  a  tree.  Words  which  thus  have  the  same  form  while  they  are 
of  different  derivation  and  signification,  are  sometimes  called  parnnymous. 
Many  of  the  words  in  the  following  chapter  are  of  this  class.  The  remaining 
words  are  such  as  have  significations  which  are  very  different,  although  they 
are  to  be  traced  to  a  common  origin. 

^£9*  The  abbreviation  a.  before  a  word,  stands  for  adjective ;  adv.  for 
adverb ;  con/,  for  conjunction ;  part,  for  participle  ;  prep,  for  preposition ; 
pron.  for  pronoun ;  «.  for  substantive ;  and  v.  for  verb. 

ADDRESS',  v.  to  accost. — s.  deportment ;  dexterity,  direction  of  a 

letter;  a  speech. 

AIR,  a  melody ;  that  which  we  breathe ;  appearance. 
AN'GLE,  s.  a  corner. — v.  to  fish  with  a  rod  and  hook. 
APPA'RENT,  plain,  visible;  seeming,  not  real. 
ARCH,  s.  a  curved  roof. — a.  mirthful;  chief. 
ART,  s.  skill. — v.  thou  art. 

Ax'lS,  that  on  which  any  thing  revolves ;  an  animal. 
BACH'ELOR,  an  unmarried  man ;  a  university  degree. 
BAIL,  a  surety ;  the  handle  of  a  bucket,  or  kettle. 
BAIT,  s.  a  temptation ;  refreshment. — v.  to  worry  with  dogs. 
BALL,  a  sphere ;  an  entertainment  of  dancing. 
BANK,  a  heap  of  earth;  a  financial  institution. 
BAR,  a  rail  used  to  stop  a  passage ;  the  place  where  the  criminal 

stands  in  court. 
BARK,  s.  the  rind  of  a  tree ;  a  stout  vessel. — v.  to  make  the  noise 

of  dogs. 

BASTE,  to  pour  the  dripping  over  roasting  meat ;  to  sew  slightly. 
BASE,  a.  vile,  worthless;  s.  the  foundation. 
BAT,  a  stick  to  strike  a  ball;  a  flying  animal. 
BAY,  s.  a  tree;  a  small  gulf;  a  color. — v.  to  bark. 
UEAM,  a  large  piece  of  timber;  a  ray  of  light. 
BEAR,  v.  to  carry. — s.  a  rough  savage  animal. 
BECOME',  to  enter  into  a  new  condition ;  to  befit. 


36  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

BEE'TLE,  an  insect;  a  heavy  mallet. 

BILL,  the  beak  of  a  bird  ;  an  account  of  money. 

BIL'LET,  a  small  stick  of  wood ;  a  note. 

BIT,  a  small  piece ;  the  iron  put  into  a  horse's  mouth ;  a  boring 

tool. 

BLADE,  the  cutting  part  of  a  tool ;  a  leaf  of  grass. 
BLOW,  s.  a  stroke. — v.  to  puff;  to  blossom. 

BOARD,  s.  a  thin  plank. — v.  to  live  with  another  for  a  certain  price. 
BOOT,  covering  for  the  leg;  pro6t;  advantage. 
BOUND,  s.  a  limit;  a  leap. — v.  did  bind. 
BOWL,  s.  a  concave  dish ;  a  ball. — v.  to  roll. 
Box,  s.  a  tree;  a  case,  or  chest;  a  slap  on  the  ear. — v.  to  fight 

with  the  fists. 

BRACE,  v.  to  strengthen,  to  make  firm. — s.  a  couple. 
BRAKE,  a  fern;  a  thicket;  an  instrument  for  breaking  flax,  or 

hemp ;  the  lever  by  which  a  pump  is  worked ;  the  lever  by 

which  the  wheels  of  a  carriage,  or  railway  cur,  are  checked. 
BRAZIER,  or  BRASIER,  a  worker  in  copper;  a  pan  to  hold  coals. 
BROOK,  s.  a  rivulet. — v.  to  endure. 
BUTT,  s.  a  liquid  vessel;  a  kind  of  hinge;  a  person  made  the 

object  of  sport. — v.  to  strike  with  the  head. 
CALF,  the  young  of  a  cow ;  the  thick  part  of  the  leg. 
CAN,  s.  a  metallic  cup,  or  bottle. — v.  to  be  able. 
CAPE,  a  headland ;  a  collar-piece. 
CA'PER,  r.  to  skip  and  jump. — s.  a  bud  of  a  plant. 
CARD,  s.  a  piece  of  stiff  parser;  a  kind  of  advertisement — v.  to 

comb  wool. 

CASE,  a  covering ;  state  of  things ;  variation  of  nouns. 
CAST,  v.  to  throw;  to  form  in  a  mould. — s.  a  moulded  form. 
CAT'ARACT,  a  waterfall ;  a  disease  of  the  eye. 
CHARGE,  care;  command;  accusation;  expense;  attack. 
CHASE,  to  hunt. — [ENCHASE]  to  engrave  with  punches. 
CHORD,  aline  connecting  the  extremities  of  an  arch;  harmony 

of  sounds;  the  string  of  a  musical  instrument. 
CLEAVE,  to  adhere;  to  separate;  to  split  off. 
CLUB,  a  heavy  stick;  an  association. 
COCK'LE,  a  shell  fish ;  a  weed. 

COLLA'TION,  comparison  ;  a  repast  between  full  meals. 
COMB,  an  instrument  for  the  Aair;  the  crest  of  a  cock;  tne -waxen 

structure  in  jrfiich  bees  put  honey. 

COMMIT*,  to  intrust;  to  be  guilty  of  a  crime;  to  send  to  prison. 
CONCORDANCE,  agreement;  an  index  to  words  in  the  Bible. 
CONSISTENCY,  agreement  with  one's  self;  thickness. 
COP'Y,  a  model  to  be  imitated;  an  imitation. 
CORD,  a  small  rope;  a  measure  of  wood. 


EQUIVOCAL   WORDS,  87 

CORN,  s.  grain;  a  hard  substance  on  the  foot. — v.  to  salt. 
COUNT,  v.  to  reckon. — s.  an  earl;  a  point  in  an  indictment. 
-COUNTER,  s.  a  table  in  a  shop. — a.  contrary. 
COURT,  v.  to  solicit. — s.  seat  of  justice;  space  before  a  house; 

residence  of  a  prince;  a  little  street. 
CRAB,  a  shell  fish;  a  wild  apple. 
CRAFT,  cunning;  small  sailing  vessels. 
CRANE,  a  long  legged  bird;  an  engine  to  raise  weights;  a  bent 

tube  to  draw  liquor  out  of  a  cask. 

CRICK'ET,  a  chirping  insect;  a  game  with  bat  and  ball. 
CROP,  s.  the  harvest;  the  craw  of  a  bird. — v.  to  cut  short. 
CROSS,  s.  a  straight  body  laid  at  right  angles  over  another. — a. 

peevish. — v.  to  thwart;  to  pass  over. 

CROW,  a  larsre  black  bird  ;  an  iron  lever ;  the  voice  of  a  cock. 
CRY,  v.  to  proclaim  loudly ;  to  lament  aloud. — s.  the  call  of  an 

animal. 

CUE,  a  braid  of  hair;  a  suggestion;  a  turn  of  mind. 
DAM,  the  mother  of  an  animal;  a  bank  to  confine  water. 
DATE,  a  time;  the  fruit  of  the  date  tree. 
DEAL,  s.  quantity;  a  kind  of  timber. — v.  to  traffic;  to  treat  with; 

to  distribute. 

DEAR,  beloved;  expensive. 
DECK,  s.  the  floor  of  a  ship. — v.  to  dress. 
DESERT',  s.  merit. — v.  to  forsake. 
DESPATCH',  s.  hasty  execution. — v.  to  put  to  death. 
DIE,  v.  to  pass  from  life ;  to  tinge. — s.  a  stamp  ;  a  little  cube. 
DI'ET,  course  of  food  ;  an  assembly  of  states. 
DI'VERS,  s.  they  who  plunge  under  water. — a.  several. 
DOCK,  s.  a  place  where  ships  are  built,  or  moored;  an  herb. — v. 

to  cut  off. 

DOWN,  s.  soft  feathers;  an  open  plain. — ado.  not  up. 
DRAW,  to  drag;  to  let  out  a  liquid;  to  delineate. 
DRILL,  to  bore  holes;  to  exercise  recruits. 
DRUG,  a  medicinal  substance;  an  unsaleable  thing. 
DUN,  a.  dark  colored. — v.  to  call  for  payment. 
EAR,  the  organ  of  hearing;  a  spike  of  corn. 
ELD'ER,  a.  older. — s.  the  name  of  a  shrub. 
ELLIP'SIS,  an  omission  of  words;  an  oval. 
ENGROSS',  to  occupy  the  whole ;  to  copy  law  writings. 
ENTERTAIN',  to  amuse;  to  hold  in  the  mind. 
E'VEN,  a.  level;  equal. — s,  evening. — adv.  so  much  as. 
EXACT',  a.  accurate. — v.  to  require  authoritatively. 
EXPRESS',  v.  to  utter ;  to  squeeze  out. — a.  definite. 
FAIR,  a.  beautiful;  just;  favorable. — s.  a  sale. 
FARE,  price  of  passage  by  land,  or  water ;  provisions. 

/ 


38  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

FAST,  a.  firm;  swift. — s.  abstinence  from  food. 

FAWN,  s.  a  young  deer. — v.  to  court  servilely. 

FEED,  v.  to  supply  with  food. — part,  rewarded. 

FELL,  v.  did  fall;  to  cut  down. — a.  cruel. 

FEL'LOW,  an  associate ;  one  of  a  pair ;  a  mean  wretch ;  a  trustee 

of  a  college. 

FELON,  a  criminal ;  a  whitlow. 

FELT,  v.  perceived. — s.  a  substance  of  which  hats  are  made. 
FER'RET,  a  sort  of  weasel;  a  kind  of  narrow  ribbon. — v.  to  drive 

out  of  a  lurking  place. 

FIG'URE,  shape;  a  statue;  a  numerical  character;  a  kind  of  simile. 
FILE,  a  rasping  tool;  a  line  on  which  papers  are  put;  a  line  of 

soldiers ;  a  series. — v.  to  exhibit  officially. 
FIL'LET,  a  band ;  the  thick  part  of  a  leg  of  veal. 
FINE,  a.  thin;  clear;  splendid. — s.  a  forfeit;  the  end. 
FIRM,  a.  strong;  steady. — s.  the  name  of  a  house  of  trade. 
FIT,  a.  proper;  suitable. — s.  a  paroxysm. — v.  to  suit. 
FLAG,  s.  a  water  plant;  a  paving  stone;  an  ensign,  or  standard. 

— v.  to  hang  loose;  to  grow  spiritless. 
FLAT'TER,  a.  more  flat. — v.  to  praise  falsely. 
FLEET,  s.  a  navy. — a.  nimble. 

FLOCK,  a  company  of  birds,  or  beasts ;  a  lock  of  wool. 
FLUE,  a  chimney;  soft  fur,  or  down. 
FOIL,  leaf  metal;  a  blunt  sword — v.  to  defeat. 
FOLD,  an  enclosure  for  sheep ;  a  double. 
FOOT,  a  member  of  the  body ;  a  measure  of  twelve  inches. 
FOR.  prep,  instead  of;  on  account  of. — conj.  because. 
FORGE,  v.  to  form  by  the  hammer ;  to  counterfeit. — s.  a  furnace 
FOR'MER,  a.  before  in  time. — s.  a  maker. 
FORT,  a  fortified  place ;  a  strong  side. 
FOUND'ER,  s.  one  who  establishes;  a  caster. — v.  to  sink  to  the 

bottom;  to  fall. 

FRIEZE,  a  term. in  architecture;  the  nap  on  cloth. 
FRET,  to  be  peevish ;  to  wear  away  by  rubbing. 
FRY,  s.  a  swarm  of  young  fishes. — v.  to  cook  food  in  a  pan. 
FULL'ER,  a.  nearer  full. — s.  a  cleanser  of  cloth. 
GALL,  an  excrescence  on  the  oak;  a  secretion  of  the  body;  104. 

lignity. 

GAME,  sport;  a  single  match  of  play;  animals  chased. 
GIN,  a  snare  ;  an  alcoholic  liquor. 
GLOSS,  superficial  lustre;  a  comment. 
GORE,  s.  clotted  blood. — v.  to  pierce  with  a  horn. 
GRAIN,  corn ;  any  minute  particle;  a  small  weight. 
GRATE,  s.  a  range  of  bars. — v.  to  wear  away  by  rasping;  to  make 
a  harsh  noise. 


EQUIVOCAL   WORDS. 

GTRATE'FUL,  thankful;  agreeable,  pleasing. 

GRAVE,  s.  the  place  of  burial. — a.  not  acute  in  sound ;  serious. — 

v.  to  carve  figures. 

GRAZE,  to  feed  ou  grass;  to  touch  lightly  in  passing. 
GREEN,  colored  like  grass ;  fresh  ;  immature. 
GROSS,  a.  large;  coarse. — s.  the  chief  part;  twelve  dozen. 
GROUND,  s.  earth  ;  the  first  coat  of  paint. — v.  to  found. — part. 

sharpened  by  grinding;  reduced  to  powder. 
HAB'IT,  state  of  a  thing;  custom;  dress. 
HAIL,  s.  frozen  rain;  an  exclamation. — v.  to  salute. 
HAM'PER,  s.  a  large  packing  basket. — v.  to  perplex. 
HAUT'BOY,  a  wind  instrument ;  a  sort  of  strawberry. 
HEAV'EN,  the  eternal  abode  of  the  good ;  the  sky. 
HELP,  to  assist ;  to  avoid. 
HIDE,  v.  to  conceal. — s.  the  skin  of  an  animal. 
HIND,  a.  backward. — s.  a  female  deer;  a  peasant. 
HOP,  v.  to  jump. — s.  a  climbing  plant. 
HOST,  the  master  of  a  feast;  landlord  of  an  inn;  an  army;  any 

great  number  ;  the  sacrifice  of  the  mass. 
HUE,  a  color ;  a  clamor. 

IN'STANCE,  a  case  occurring ;  suggestion ;  urgency. 
IN'STANT,  a.  urgent ;  immediate ;  s.  a  moment. 
JAM,  s.  a  conserve  of  fruits. — v.  to  wedge  in. 
JAR,  a  kind  of  vessel ;  a  rattling  sound ;  discord ;  the  state  of  a 

door  not  quite  shut. 

JET,  s.  a  black  fossil ;  a  spout  of  water. — v.  to  jut  out. 
JUST,  a.  right. — adv.  exactly;  nearly. 
KEN'NEL,  a  cot  for  dogs;  a  watercourse  of  a  street. 
KEY,  an  instrument  to  open  a  lock ;  that  which  solves  a  dimculty; 

a  finger-piece  on  a  musical  instrument. 
KIND,  a.  ready  to  confer  favors. — s.  a  sort. 
KITE,  a  bird  of  prey ;  a  paper  toy  to  fly. 
LACE,  a  string ;  fine  net  work. 
LAKE,  a  large  body  of  inland  water;  a  color. 
LAP,  v.  to  lick  up;  to  fold. — s.  the  part  formed  by  the  knees  in 

a  sitting  posture. 
LAST,  a.  latest. — v.  to  endure. — s.  the  mould  on  which  shoes  are 

made  ;  a  corn  measure. 

LAWN,  an  open  space  between  woods ;  a  linen  fabric. 
LAY,  v.  to  place  down;  to  wager;  did  lie. — s.  a  song. — a.  not 

clerical. 

LEAGUE,  a  confederacy;  a  distance  of  three  miles. 
LEAN,  v.  to  incline. — s.  muscular  part  of  flesh. — a.  thin. 
LEAVE,  s.  permission. — v.  to  forsake;    to  suffer  to  remain;  to 

intrust;  to  refer  for  decision. 


4()  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

LEFT,  a.  pertaining  to  the  left  hand. — part,  not  taken. 

LET,  v.  to  permit;  to  lease. — s.  hindrance. 

LKT'TER,  a  vowel,  or  consonant;  an  epistle;  one  who  lets. 

LIE,  v.  to  rest;  to  utter  wilful  falsehoods. — s.  a  fiction,     [settle. 

LIGHT,  s.  illumination. — a.  not  heavy;  bright. — v.  to  kindle;  to 

LIKE,  a.  resembling. — v.  to  approve. — adv.  as. 

LIME,  an  alkali ;  a  sort  of  lemon  ;  a  sticky  substance. 

LINE,  s.  a  string ;  a  single  verse. — v.  to  cover  inside. 

LINK,  s.  a  single  ring  of  a  chain  ;  a  torch. — v.  to  connect. 

LIT'TER,  a  portable  bed;  straw  laid  under  animals;  a  number  of 

things  in  disorder ;  a  birth  of  animals. 
LOCK,  a  complicated  fastening ;  a  quantity  of  hair,  or  wool ;  a 

contrivance  to  raise  barges  in  canals. 
LONG,  a.  protracted. — v.  to  desire  earnestly. 
LOT,  fortune ;  a  parcel ;  a  field. 

LUTE,  a  stringed  musical  instrument ;  a  sort  of  cement. 
MACE,  an  ensign  of  authority;  a  kind  of  spice. 
MAIL,  armor ;  a  post-bag. 

MAIN,  a.  chief. — s.  strength  ;  the  ocean ;  the  continent. 
MALL,  a  heavy  beetle  ;  a  public  walk. 
MAN'GLE,  to  smooth  linen ;  to  cut  and  tear. 
MARCH,  s.  the  third  month. — v.  to  walk  in  procession. 
MASS,  a  lump  ;  the  service  of  the  Latin  church. 
MAST,  the  pole  to  which  the  sails  of  a  ship  are  fixed ;  the  fruit 

of  the  oak  or  beach. 
MATCH,  a  thing  that  easily  inflames;   an  equal;    a  thing  that 

suits ;  a  marriage  alliance. 

MAT'TER,  material  substance;  subject  of  discourse;  consequence. 
MEAD,  a  meadow ;  honey-wine. 

MEAL,  a  repast;  the  flour  of  corn.  [to  signify. 

MEAN,  a.  base;  niggardly;  middling. — s.  medium. — v.  to  intend; 
MEET,  v.  to  encounter. — a.  proper,  suitable. 
MEW,  s.  a  sea-fowl. — v.  to  cry  as  a  cat ;  to  shut  up ;  to  change 

the  appearance. 

MINE,  s.  a  cavern  dug  for  minerals. — -pron.  belonging  to  me. 
MINT,  a  plant ;  -the  place  where  money  is  coined. 
MIN'UTE,  the  sixtieth  part  of  an  hour;  a  short  record. 
MOLE,  a  little  animal;  a  spot  on  the  skin ;  a  mound. 
MOOR,  s.  a  marsh,  or  fen ;  a  negro. — v.  to  make  fast  a  vessel  to 

the  shore. 
MOR'TAR,  a  vessel  in  which  substances  are  pulverized ;  cement 

for  bricks ;  a  short  wide  cannon  for  bombs. 
MOULD,  the  ground  in  which  plants  grow;  the  shape  in  which 

things   are  cast;    a  substance  which   gathers  on  bodies  in  a 

damp  place. 


EQUIVOCAL    WORDS.  41 

MUST,  v.  to  be  compelled;  to  grow  musty. — s.  new  wine. 
NAIL,  the  horny  substance  at  the  end  of  the  fingers  and  toes ;  a 

metal  spike ;  two  inches  and  a  quarter. 
NAP,  a  short  sleep ;   the  down  on  cloth,  &c. 
NEAT,  s.  an  ox,  or  cow. — a.  elegant ;  cleanly. 
NERV'OUS,  vigorous ;  having  weak  nerves. 
No,  a.  not  any. — adv.  the  word  of  refusal,  or  denial. 
OBLIGE',  to  compel ;  to  please. 
OR'DER,  regularity;  a  command;  a  class. 

OR'GAN,  a  natural  instrument  of  sense ;  a  musical  wind  instrument. 
OUNCE,  a  small  weight;  an  animal  like  a  panther. 
PAGE,  one  side  of  a  leaf;  a  young  attendant  on  a  prince. 
PALE,  a.  wanting  color;  dim. — s.  a  rail  to  enclose  grounds;  a  space 

enclosed,  or  limited.  [insipid. 

PALL,  s.  a  mantle  of  state;  a  covering  for  the  dead;  v.  to  become 
PAL'LET,  a  small  bed ;  a  painter's  board. 

PALM,  s.  a  tree ;  victory;  the  inner  part  of  the  hand. — -v.  to  im- 
pose upon  by  fraud. 

PANEL,  a  small  board  set  in  a  frame;  a  list  of  jurors. 
PANIC,  sudden  fright;  a  plant. 

PAR'TIAL,  biassed  to  one  side,  or  individual ;  affecting  only  a  part. 
PASTE,  a  mixture  of  flour  and  water;  imitations  of  precious  stones. 
PA'TIENT,  a.  enduring. — s.  a  sick  person. 
PECK,  s.  a  quarter  of  a  bushel. — v.  to  pick  up  food  with  the  beak ; 

to  strike  with  a  pointed  instrument. 
PEER,  an  equal ;  a  nobleman. 
PEN,  a  writing  instrument;  a  small  enclosure. 
PERCH,  a  kind  of  fish ;  a  roosting  place;  5£  yards. 
PET,  a  slight  passion  ;  a  favorite. 
PIKE,  a  fish;  a  long  lance. 
PILE,  a  beam  driven  into  the  ground;  aheap;  nap;  the  head 

of  an  arrow. 

PINE,  s.  a  tree. — v.  to  languish. 
Pi  N'ION,  s.  a  wing ;  fetters  for  the  arms ;  a  small  toothed- wheel 

on  the  same  axis  with  a  larger  one. — v.  to  shackle. 
PINK,  s.  a  flower ;  a  color ;  the  highest  quality. 
PITCH,  s.  thickened  tar ;  degree  of  elevation. — o.  to  fix;  to  throw; 

to  fall  headlong ;  to  alight. 

PLATE,  a  shallow  dish;  wrought  silver;  flatted  metal. 
POACH,  to  boil  slightly;  to  steal  game;  to  tread  soft  ground. 
POLE,  a  long  piece  of  timber;  5£  yards  in  length;  the  extremity 

of  the  earth's  axis;  a  native  of  Poland. 
POL'LARD,  a  tree  lopped;  a  mixture  of  bran  and  meal. 
PORT,  a  harbor ;  a  gate ;  the  gun-hole  in  a  ship ;  a  sort  of  wino 

from  Oporto. 


42  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

POR'TER,  a  door-keeper;  one  who  carries  loads;  strong  beer. 

POST,  s.  a  piece  of  timber  set  upright;  a  messenger;  office;  a 
station. — v.  to  travel  quickly;  to  transcribe  into  a  leger. 

POUND,  s.  twenty  shillings;  a  weight;  a  prison  for  stray  beasts. — 
v.  to  reduce  to  powder. 

PREFER',  to  choose  before  another;  to  advance. 

PRETEND',  to  represent  falsely;  to  lay  claim. 

PRI'OR,  former;  the  chief  monk  of  a  convent. 

PRUNE,  v.  to  lop  trees. — s.  a  dried  plum. 

PULSE,  the  throbbing  of  an  artery;  leguminous  plants. 

PUMP,  an  engine  to  raise  water;  a  light  shoe. 

PUNCH,  an  instrument  for  cutting  holes;  a  mixed  liquor. 

PU'PIL,  the  apple  of  the  eye;  a  scholar;  a  ward. 

PUR'CHASE,  v.  to  buy. — s.  convenience  for  using  force. 

QUAR'TER,  s.  fourth  part;  mercy  shown  by  a  conqueror;  eight 
bushels. — v.  to  lodge  soldiers. 

RACE,  a  generation  ;  a  contest  in  running. 

RAIL,  s.  a  bar. — v.  to  speak  contemptuously. 

RAM,  s.  a  male  sheep. — v.  to  drive  in  violently. 

RANK,  o.  luxuriant;  rancid. — s.  a  row;  dignity. 

RASH,  a.  hasty;  s.  a  breaking  out. 

REAR,  s.  the  hinder  part. — v.  to  raise  up;  to  educate. 

REFU'SAL,  a  denial ;  the  right  of  choice. 

RENDER,  s.  one  who  tears. — v.  to  restore;  to  yield. 

RENT,  s.  a  tear;  revenue. — v.  tore. — part.  torn. 

RESOLU'TION,  act  of  separating  into  parts ;  determination. 

REST,  repose;  remainder. 

RIGHT,  a.  correct;  straight;  not  left. — s.  justice;  just  claim. 

RING,  s.  a  circle. — v.  to  sound;  to  fit  with  rings. 

ROAD,  a  way;  a  place  where  ships  may  anchor  at  a  distance  from 
the  land. 

ROCK,  s.  a  vast  mass  of  stone. — v.  to  move  backwards  and  for- 
wards. 

ROE,  a  female  deer;  the  eggs  of  fish. 

ROSE,  s.  a  sweet  scented  flower. — v.  did  rise. 

Row,  v.  to  impel  with  the  oar;  a  rank,  or  file. 

RUE,  s.  a  plant. — v.  to  regret. 

RUSH,  s.  a  plant. — v.  to  move  with  violence. 

SACK,  s.  a  bag;  a  sort  of  wine. — v.  to  pillage. 

SAGE,  s.  a  plant. — a.  wise. 

SASH,  a  silken  band  ;  a  window  frame. 

SAW,  *.  a  toothed  instrument  for  cutting;  a  proverb. — v.  did  see. 

SCALE,  s.  the  dish  of  a  balance ;  graduation ;  a  little  shell  on  a 
fish's  skin. — v.  to  climb ;  to  peel  off  in  thin  pieces. 

SEAL,  the  sea-calf;  a  stamp. 


EQUIVOCAL   WORDS.  43 

SEA'SON,  s.  one  of  the  four  parts  of  the  year;  a  fit  time. — v.  to 
give  a  relish  to. 

SEE,  s.  the  jurisdiction  of  a  bishop. — v.  to  view. 

SET,  v.  to  place ;  to  bring  to  a  fine  edge ;  to  fall  below  the  hori- 
zon.— s.  a  number  of  things  suited  to  each  other.  [riage. 

SHAFT,  an  arrow;  a  narrow  perpendicular  pit;  the  pole  of  a  car- 

SHED,  s.  a  slight  covered  building. — v.  to  let  fall,  to  spill. 

SHEER,  a.  unuiingled. — v.  to  deviate. 

SHOAL,  s.  a  great  multitude ;  a  sand  bank. — a.  shallow. 

SHORE,  the  coast;  a  prop  or  support  under  a  building. 

SHRUB,  a  bush ;  an  alcoholic  mixture. 

SINK,  s.  a  drain ;  a  reservoir. — v.  to  go  down. 

SIZE,  bulk ;  a  sticky  substance. 

SMELT,  s.  a  small  sea-fish. — v.  to  melt  ore ;  did  smell. 

SOLE,  s.  the  bottom  of  the  foot;  a  small  sea-fish. — a.  only. 

SOUND,  s.  a  noise;  a  shallow  sea;  a  probe. — a.  hearty;  unin- 
jured.— v.  to  try  depth. 

SPIR'IT,  the  soul  of  man;  courage;  an  inflammable  distilled  liquor. 

SPRING,  s.  one  of  the  four  seasons;  an  elastic  body;  a  leap;  a 
fountain. — ».-  to  arise ;  to  grow. 

STEEP,  a.  precipitous. — v.  to  soak. 

STEER,  s.  a  young  bullock. — v.  to  direct  a  course. 

STEM,  s.  a  stalk. — v.  to  oppose  a  current. 

STERN,  a.  severe. — s.  the  hind  part  of  a  ship. 

STICK,  s.  a  slender  piece  of  wood. — v.  to  adhere ;  to  stab. 

STILL,  a.  quiet. — v.  to  calm. — s.  a  vessel  for  distilling. — adv.  to 
this  time. — conj.  notwithstanding. 

STRAIN,  v.  to  filter;  to  sprain;  to  force. — s.  style;  a  passage  of 
music. 

SUCCEED,  to  follow ;  to  prosper. 

SUF'FER,  to  permit,  to  allow  ;  to  endure,  to  bear. 

SUIT,  s.  a  set;  courtship;  prosecution. — v.  to  fit. 

SWAL'LOW,  s.  a  bird. — v.  to  take  down  the  throat. 

TA'BLE,  an  article  of  furniture ;  an  index,  or  list  of  particulars 
methodically  arranged. 

TACK,  v.  to  join ;  to  turn  a  ship. — s.  a  little  nail. 

TAIL,  the  extremity ;  a  limited  estate. 

TA'PER,  s.  a  wax  candle ;  conical  form. 

TENDER,  s.  an  attendant. — a.  soft. — v.  to  offer. 

TILL,  v.  to  cultivate. — s.  a  money  box. — conj.  to  the  time. 

TIRE,  s.  a  head  dress;  the  hoop  of  a  wheel. — v.  to  weary. 

TOLL,  s.  a  tax  on  passengers,  &c. — v.  to  ring  a  bell. 

TONE,  sound ;  elasticity,  or  vigor. 

TOP,  the  highest  part  of  any  thing;  a  toy. 

TREAT,  v.  to  negotiate ;  to  discourse. — s.  a  feast. 


44 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


TUM'BLER,  a  posture  master;  a  large  drinking  glass. 

TUR'TLE,  a  species  of  dove ;  the  sea  tortoise. 

USH'ER,  v.  to  introduce.—  s.  an  under-teaeher. 

UT'TER,  v.  to  speak ;  to  put  forth. — a.  entire. 

VAULT,  s.  a  cellar. — v.  to  leap. 

VICE,  wickedness. — as  a  prefix,  in  the  place  of. 

WA'GES,  s.  stipulated  compensation  for  labor. — v.  carries  on. 

WEAR,  s.  the  act  of  wearing;  a  kind  of  dam. — v.  to  impair  by 

friction ;  to  carry  upon  the  person. 

WELL,  s.  a  deep  narrow  pit  of  water. — a.  in  good  health. 
YARD,  an  enclosure  by  the  side  of  a  building;  a  measure  of  three 

feet ;  the  support  of  the  sails  of  a  ship. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


IMPROPRIETIES  HEARD  IX  COXVERSATIOX. 


Some  of  the  following  improprieties  are  heard  in  the  conversation  of  those 
who  are  regarded  as  persons  of  refinement ;  while  others  of  them  are  heard 
only  among  the  most  uneducated  classes.  Improprieties  of  the  latter  kind  are 
often  imitated  by  children  who  do  not  hear  them  from  the  lips  of  their  parents. 


ACROST,  for  across. 
AcTYVE,  for  active. 
AFEARD,  for  afraid. 
'i.GiN,  for  again  [agen]. 
AGUR,  for  ague. 
AINT,  for  are  not. 
ALL'EZ,  for  always. 
ARETHMETIC,  for  arithmetic. 
ARRIV,  for  arrived. 
ARTER,  for  after. 
Ax,  for  ask. 

BACHELDER,  for  bachelor. 
BAGONET,  for  bayonet. 
BEGRTJTCH,  for  grudge. 
BELLUSSES,  for  bellows. 
BETTERMOST,  for  best. 
BEYEND,  for  beyond. 
BILE,  for  boil. 
BlMEBY,  for  ly  and-by. 
BLOWKD,  for  blew. 


BRAN,  for  brand. 
BRUSTLE,  for  bristle. 
BUST,  or  BUSTED,  for  burst. 
CATECHISE,  for  catechism. 
CAUSE,  for  because. 
ClIAW,  for  chew. 
CHEER,  for  chair. 
CHIMBLY,  for  chimney. 
CHIST,  for  chest. 
CHUSE,  for  choose. 
CLY,  for  cloy. 
CLUMB,  for  climbed. 
CORNISH,  for  cornice. 
COWCUMBER,  for  cucumber. 
CRITTER,  for  creature. 
CUPELOW,  for  cupola. 
DARE'SNT,  for  dare  not. 
DATER,    [a    as    in    ,/ctr]    for 

daughter. 
DONE,  for  did. 


IMPROPRIETIES. 


45 


DRAWED,  for  drew. 
DREAN,  for  drain. 
DROWNDED,  for  drowned. 
EEND,  for  end. 
EEN-A-MOST,  for  almost. 
FAIRM,  for  Jinn. 
FELLER,  for  fellow. 
FIFT,  for  fifth. 
FORRUD,  for  forward. 
FOR'T-!-NUR,  for  for  aught 

know. 

FRIND,  for  friend. 
FUR,  for/a?-. 
FURDER,  for  further. 
FUST,  for  first. 
GAL,  for  girl.  .    '• 

GETHER,  for  gather. 
GIN,  for  gave. 
GlNERAL,  for  general. 
GlNSANG,  for  ginseng. 
GIM-ME,  for  give  me. 
GIT,  for  get. 
GOWND,  for  gown. 
GUARDEEN',  for  guar'dlan. 
HAINT,  for  have  not. 
HANDIRON,  for  andiron. 


HEXDER,  for  hinder. 

HERN,  for  hers. 

HERTH,  for  hearth  [harth.] 

HIS'N,  for  his.  ~~ 

Hoss,  for  horse. 

HOUSEN,  for  houses. 

HOWSOMEVER,  fat  however. 

HUM;  for  ho'me. 

HUMBLY,  for  homely. 

HUSBANT,  for  husband. 

IDEE,  for  idea. 

ILE,  for  oil. 

INGIN,  for  Indian  [Ind'yan.] 

IXGINE,  for  engine. 

INWITE,  for  invite. 

J ANDERS,  for  jaundice. 

JEST,  for  just. 

JlCE,  for  joists. 


JINE,  for  join. 

JINUARY,  for  January. 

KETCH,  for  catch. 

KITTLE,  for  kettle. 

KlVER,  for  cover. 

KNOWED,  for  knew. 

LARNING,  for  learning. 

LEAST,  for  lest. 

LEM-ME,  for  let  me. 

LESS,  for  let  us. 

LETTIS,  for  lettuce. 

LEVEN,  for  eleven. 

LICKERISH,  for  licorice. 

LINE,  for  lion. 

LINNING,  for  linen. 

LUTH'ER,  for  leather. 

LOOM,  for  loam. 

MAINT,  for  may  not. 

MASSACREE,  for  massacre. 

MEDDLE,  for  medal. 

MILED,  for  mile. 

MORE'N,  for  more  than. 

MORNIN,  for  morning. 

MOST,  for  almost.  [ous. 

MOUNTANEOUS,  for  mountain- 

MOUNTING,  for  mountain. 

MUSH  MELON,  for  muskmelon. 

NARY,  for  neither. 

NlGGER,  for  negro. 

NORWEST,  for  northwest,     [ous. 

OBSTROPOLOUS,   for   obstreper- 

ONCE'T,  for  once. 

ORNERY,  for  ordinary. 
':  OURN,  for  ours. 
!  OUTCH,  for  Oh  ! 
;PARDNER,  for  partner. 
\  PLETE,  for  plait. 

POME,  for  poem. 

POOTY,  for  pretty. 

POPPLE,  for  poplar.      [ciation. 

PRONOUNCEATION,  for  pronun- 

QUATE,  for  quoit. 

RALY,  for  really. 

REMARKABLE,  for  remarkalh/. 

RENSE,  for  rinae. 


46 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


RHEUM  ATIZ,  for  rheumatism. 

RlBBET,  for  rivet. 

RlZ,  for  risen. 

ROZZUM,  for  rosin. 

RUTHER,  for  rather. 

SAFT,  for  soft. 

SARCER,  for  saucer. 

SARMON,  for  sermon . 

S  ASS  AGE,  for  sausage. 

SAXAFRAX,  for  sassafras. 

SCURSE,  for  scarce. 

SECT,  for  sex. 

SEEN,  for  saw. 

SENCE,  or  SEN,  for  since. 

SET,  for  sit. 

SHAWL,  for  shall. 

SHAY,  for  chaise. 

SHEER,  for  share. 

SHET,  or  SHOT,  for  shut. 

SHUE,  for  shoe. 

SICH,  for  such. 

SILE,  for  soil. 

SITHE,  for  sigh.  ' 

SIXT,  for  sixth. 

SKEERED,  for  scared. 

SKROUGE,  for  crowd. 

SMUDDER,  for  smother. 

SOME'RS,  for  somewhere.  . 

SPARROW-GRASS,  for  asparagus. 

SPERE,  for  spire. 

SPERIT,  for  spirit. 

SQUINCE,  for  quince. 

STIDDY,  or  STUDY,  for  steady. 

STUN,  for  stone. 


STUNTED,  for  stinted. 

SULLER,  for  cellar. 

SURRINGE,  for  syringe. 

SUT,  soot. 

SUTHING,  for  something. 

TAINT,  for  it  is  not. 

TENANT,  for  tenon. 

THAT- ARE,  for  that. 

THEIRN,  for  theirs. 

THIS-ERE,  for  this. 

TOTHER,  for  the  other. 

TOWER,  for  tour. 

TuRCLE,  or  TORTLE,  for  turtle 

TWICE'T,  for  twice. 

UMBERIL,  or  UMBERILLA,  for 
umbrella. 

VYAGE,  for  voyage. 

WANT,  for  was  not. 

WARNUT,  for  walnut. 

WATERMILLION,  for  water- 
melon. 

WEAL,  for  veal. 

WEEK,  for  wick. 

WEN,  for  when. 

WlCH,  for  which. 

WIDDER,  for  widow. 

WILLER,  for  willow. 

WINDER,  for  window. 

\  WINE,  for  vine. 

|  WlXEGAR,  for  vinegar. 

WINEPIPE,  for  windpipe. 

I  WRASTLE,  for  wrestle. 

|  TENDER,  for  yonder. 

jYouRN,  for  yours. 


CHAPTER  V. 

RULE  IN  ORTHOGRAPHY. 

WORDS  of  one  syllable,  ending  with  a  single  consonant  preceded 
by  a  single  vowel,  double  that  consonant  when  they  take  an  addi- 
tional syllable  beginning  with"  a  vowel.  Words  of  more  than  one 


RULE   IN   ORTHOGRAPHY. 


47 


syllable,  ending  in  the  same  manner,  follow  the  same  rule,  when 
they  are  accented  on  the  last  syllable.  General  usage  allows 
some  words  to  double  the  final  consonant  on  taking  an  additional 
syllable,  though  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  syllable  :  as  travel, 
traveller  ;  worship,  worshipping,  &c. 

In  the  following  table,  the  several  columns  contain  specimens  of  the  several 
classes  of  words  which  do,  or  do  not  double  their  final  consonant. 


BAR, 

Bare, 

Bait, 

Bark, 

BEFIT', 

Bal'lot. 

BARRED, 

Bared, 

Baited, 

Barking, 

BEFITTING, 

Balloting. 

CHIP, 

Chime, 

Cheat, 

Cart, 

COMMIT', 

Car'pet. 

CHIPPING 

,     Chiming, 

Cheating 

,     Carting, 

COMMITTED, 

Carpeted. 

DIP, 

Dire, 

Dear, 

Damp, 

DEFER', 

Differ. 

DIPPING, 

Direr, 

Dearer, 

Damper, 

DEFERRING, 

Differing. 

DIG, 

Dive, 

Deal, 

Dark, 

DISTIL', 

Diseom'fit. 

DIGGER, 

Diver, 

Dealer, 

Darker, 

DISTILLER, 

Discomfited. 

DOT, 

Date, 

Deaf, 

Dart, 

DETER', 

Dis'mal. 

DOTTED, 

Dated, 

Deafer, 

Darting, 

DETERRING, 

Dismally. 

FAT, 

Fade, 

Jail, 

Ink, 

IMPEL', 

Inhab'it 

FATTED, 

Faded, 

Jailer. 

Inky, 

IMPELLING, 

Inhabiting. 

IN, 

Ice, 

Fail, 

Find, 

FORGET', 

Fer'ret, 

INNER, 

Iced, 

Failing. 

Finder, 

FORGETTING, 

Ferreting. 

JUT. 

Jade, 

Join, 

Jolt, 

JAPAN', 

Jab'ber. 

JlTTING, 

Jaded, 

Joiner, 

Jolted, 

JAPANNING, 

Jab'berer. 

RCN, 

Race, 

Rain, 

Rend, 

REBEL', 

Ripen. 

RUNNER, 

Racer, 

Raining, 

Rending, 

REBELLING, 

Ripening. 

RED, 

Ride, 

Rail, 

Rest, 

REMIT', 

Rea'son. 

REDDER, 

Riding, 

Railing, 

Rested, 

REMITTED, 

Reasoner. 

RAP, 

Rise, 

Roar, 

Rust, 

REBUT', 

Recov'er. 

RAPPING, 

Rising, 

Roaring, 

Rusted, 

REBUTTING, 

Recovering 

RAG, 

Rage, 

Read, 

Right, 

REFER', 

Rob'ber. 

RAGGED, 

Raging, 

Reading, 

Righter, 

REFERRING, 

Robbery. 

TAN, 

Tune, 

Tear, 

Tight, 

TREPAN', 

Tam'per. 

TANNER, 

Tuner, 

Tearing, 

Tighter, 

TRKPANNIXG, 

Tam'pering. 

UP, 

Use, 

Vain, 

Urn, 

Ussnip', 

Ut'ter. 

UPPER, 

Using, 

Vainer, 

Urned, 

UNSDIP'PED, 

Uttering. 

When  cd  is  added  to  those  words  which  double  the  consonant,  the  e  may 
be  omitted  in  writing,  and  an  apostrophe  supply  its  place;  but  when  the 
consonant  is  not  doubled,  the  e  should  be  written;  thus,  robl'd  for  robbed; 
but  not  rob'd  for  robed. 

4 


PART  II. 


DERIVATION. 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  CSISG  PART  II. — The  pupil  should  study  Chapter  I.,  so  as 
Io  be  able  to  recite  it  readily,  (i.  e.  to  state  the  substance  of  each  of  the  prelimi- 
nary observations,  and  to  give  an  account  of  each  of  the  Prefixes  and  Suffixes, 
with  the  examples  which  illustrate  their  use,)  before  proceeding  further. 

The  figures  included  in  parentheses  refer  to  the  paragraphs  of  Chapters  II. 
and  III. ;  and  in  Chapter  I.,  the  references  to  Latin  and  Greek  words  are 
distinguished  by  the  letters  L.  and  G. 

It  is  desirable  that  Part  II.  should  be  studied,  as  a  distinct  exercise,  before 
it  is  used  as  a  reference  book.  The  pupils  will  thus  become  accustomed  to 
tracing  the  etymology  of  words,  and  will  be  prepared  to  discover,  without 
referring  to  the  book,  the  derivation  and  signification  of  many  words,  on 
meeting  with  them  for  the  first  time.  Not  only  should  the  practice  of  tracing 
English  words  to  their  Latin  or  Greek  primitives  be  continued  by  all  pupils 
who  have  studied  this  Part,  but  those  who  are  studying  Latin  or  Greek  should 
be  in  the  habit  of  ascertaining,  and  stating  in  their  recitations,  what  English 
words  are  derived  from  the  Latin  or  Greek  words  which  occur  in  their  lessons. 


CHAPTER  I. 

GENERAL  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  DERIVATION  AND  COMPOSITION 
OF  ENGLISH  WORDS. 

1.  THE  words  of  the  English-  language  may  be  separated  into 
two  principal  classes,  viz. :  icords  of  -Saxon  oriyin,  and  words  of 
Latin  origin.     Words  derived  from  the  ancient  Greek,  belong, 
in  this  general  division,  to  the  latter  of  the  two  classes ;  although 
they  will  be  arranged  by  themselves,  for  the  sake  of  convenience, 
in  the  following  pages. 

Note.  For  an  account  of  such  words  as  are  neither  of  Saxon  nor  Latin 
origin,  let  the  student  consult  Dr.  Webster's  large  Dictionary. 

2.  A  great  part  of  the  words  which  are  classed  as  words  of 
Latin  origin,  were  introduced  into  the  English,  not  directly  from 
the  Latin  itself,  but  from  the  French,  or  from  some  other  of  those 
modern  languages  which  sprung  from  the  Latin,  and  strongly 
resemble  it.     For  example,  the  word  finish  may  have  come  into 
our  language  from  the  French  word  ftnlr ;  but  both  are  to  be 
traced  back  to  the  Latin  word  finis,  (L.  176),  signifying  an  end 
or  limit. 

(48) 


DERIVATION    AND    COMPOSITION.  49 

3.  By  learning  the  derivation  of  a  word,  we  often  obtain  a 
clearer  notion  of  its  signification  than  we  could  obtain  in  any 
other  way.    This  is  true  of  the  following  examples,  viz.:  contact, 
which  is  from  the  Latin  particle  con,  together,  and  the  verb  tango, 
(participle  tactus),  (L.  5->6),  to  touch;  Federal,  fromfoedus,  (L. 
162,)  a  league,  or  treaty;    Gradual  from  gradus,   (L.  207),  a 
step;  Induce  from  in,  into,  and  duco,  (L.  133),  to  lead. 

4.  As  Latin  and  Greek  words  often  vary  considerably  in  form, 
in  their  different  cases,  tenses,  &c.,  and  as  the  English  word  is 
not  always  formed  from  that  case  or  tense  which  is  considered 
the  foundation  of  the  others,  it  is  often  necessary  to  know  more 
than  one  of  the  forms  which  the  Latin  or  Greek  word  may  assume. 
Thus,  the  word  fluent  is  derived  from  the  Latin  verb  fluo,  (L. 
185),  to  flow;  while  influx  is  from  fluxum,  the  supine  of  the 
same  verb,  and  the  preposition  in.     So  the  Latin  adjective  felix, 
(L.  163),  which  has  in  its  genitive  casefelicis,  gives  rise  to  the 
English  word  felicity. 

5.  In  arranging  English  words  in  families  under  the  Latin  or 
Greek  words  from  which  they  are  derived,  it  is  proper  to  place 
under  the  several  Latin  or  Greek  words,  not  only  the  English 
words  derived  immediately  from  them,  but  also  those  derived  from 
their  derivatives.     For  example,  under  the  Latin  word  nascor, 
(L.  324),  (part,  natm},  to  be  born,  should  be  classed  the  English 
words  nascent,  natal,  natural,  nativity,  and  nation;  although, 
with  the  exception  of  the  first,  they  are  derived  more  immediately 
from  words  in  the  Latin  which  are  derivatives  of  nascor,  viz. : — 
natalis,  naturalis,  nativitas,  and  natio. 

6.  Many  English  words  are  formed  from  other  English  words, 
by  means  of  prefixes  and  suffixes.     A  letter,  syllable,  or  word 
joined  to  the  beginning  of  a  word  is  called  a  prefix;  a  letter  or 
syllable  joined  to  the  end  is  called  a  suffix.     Thus,  from  tell  is 
formed  foretell,  by  joining  a  prefix;  and  from  do  is  formed  doer, 
by  joining  a  suffix.     A  word  may  take  two  or  more  prefixes  or 
suffixes  at  the  same  time.    Thus,  reproduce  contains  two  prefixes, 
re  and  pro ;    wonder/'«Z(y   contains   two   suffixes,  ful  and  ly ; 
rognu&nea  two  suffixes,  ish  and  ness. 

1.  Some  of  the  prefixes  and  suffixes  are  of  Saxon  origin,  and 
others  are  of  Latin  origin.  Some  of  them  are  words  which  may 
be  used  separately,  while  the  greater  part  are  inseparable,  i.  e.  are 
never  used  by  themselves.  Many  of  the  prefixes  which  are  in- 
separable in  English,  are  separable  in  the  languages  from  which 
they  are  derived. 

8.  In  learning  our  own  language,  we  become  so  familiar  with 
the  signification  of  most  of  the  prefixes  and  suffixes,  (although  it 
is  not  always  easy  to  state  that  signification),  that  as  soon  as  we 


50  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

have  ascertained  the  meaning  of  any  word  which  is  new  to  us,  we 
can  tell  what  would  be  the  meaning  of  the  several  words  formed 
from  it  by  such  additions.  Thus,  after  learning  the  meaning  of 
the  word  confirm,  we  know  what  must  be  the  meaning  of  the 
words  confirmed,  confirmation,  confirmatory,  confirms,  con- 
firmed^, unconfirmed,  &c.,  from  the  manner  in  which  they  are 
varied  from  the  word  confirm.  In  some  cases,  the  prefixes  or 
suffixes  seem  not  to  affect  the  signification  of  the  word  to  which 
they  are  joined. 

9.  When  a  prefix  ends  with  a  consonant,  that  consonant  is 
often  changed  or  omitted,  in  order  that  the  prefix  may  unite  easily 
with  the  word  to  which  it  is  to  be  joined.  In  the  words  a/fix, 
cohere,  (L.  217),  implant,  and  sw/nx,  (for  example),  the  prefixes 
ad,  con,  in,  and  sub,  are  changed,  for  the  sake  of  producing  a 
more  agreeable  sound. 


PKEFIXES. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  most  important  prefixes  used  in  forming 
English  words.  The  abbreviation  (Lat.)  shows  that  the  prefix  is  from  the 
Latin;  (Grr.)  that  it  is  from  the  Greek.  Prefixes  which  are  inseparable  in 
the  languages  from  which  they  are  derived,  (as  above  explained,  $  7,)  are 
denoted  by  the  abbreviation  (insep.) 

A,  (when  of  English  or  Saxon  origin),  signifies  in,  on,  or  at; 
as  in  the  words  abed,  aboard,  aloft,  ashore,  aside. 

A,  or  As,  (Lat.) /ram;  as,  avert,  (L.  579),  to  turn  from;  ab- 
solve, (L.  497),  to  release  from. 

A,  or  AN,  (G-r.  insep.)  destitute  of;  as,  atheist,  (G.  216),  one 
without  a  God;  anarchy,  (GK  18),  want  of  government. 

AD,  (Lat.)  which  may  become,  in  composition,  (§  9),  a,  ac,  af, 
ag,  al,  an,  ap,  ar,  as,  or  at,  signifies  to;  as,  adhere,  (L.  217),  to 
stick  to;  ascend,  (L.  465),  to  mount  to;  allot,  to  assign  to;  at- 
test, (L.  538),  to  bear  witness  to. 

ANTE,  (Lat.),  before;  as  antecedent,  (L.  57),  going  before. 

ANTI,  (Gr.,)  against;  as,  a/^tchristian,  opposed  to  Christian- 
ity; an^'spasmodic,  (G.  203),  adapted  to  prevent  convulsions. 

APO,  (Gr.),/rom;  as,  apostle,  (G.  205),  one  sent  out;  aphe- 
lion, (G.  105),  greatest  distance  from  the  sun. 

BE,  (from  the  word  6y),  signifies  upon,  over,  about ;  as,  be- 
sprinkle,  to  sprinkle  on  or  over.  In  some  words,  the  prefix  be 
seems  to  be  one  of  a  different  origin ;  as  in  oehead,  besiege. 

ClRCUM,  (Lat.),  around,  or  about;  as,  circumnavigate,  (L. 
326),  to  sail  around ;  ciVcwmjacent,  (L.  238),  lying  around. 


PREFIXES.  51 

CON,  (in  Lat.,  CUM),  with,  or  together.  It  takes  several  forms, 
viz.,  co,  coy,  col,  com,  and  cor;  as,  connect,  (L,  327),  to  bind  to- 
gether; cohere,  (L.  217),  to  stick  together;  compress,  (L.  410), 
to  press  together. 

CONTRA,  (Lat.)  against ;  as,  contradict,  (L.  117),  to  speak  in 
opposition.  In  many  words  it  takes  the  form  counter;  as,  coun- 
teract, (L.  3),  to  act  against. 

DE,  (Lat.), /row,  or  down  from;  as,  deduct,  (L.  133),  to  take 
from ;  o^scend,  to  go  down  from. 

Dis,  and  the  forms  di  and  dif,  (Lat.  insep.),  asunder,  apart, 
away  ;  as,  cZtssent,  (L.  476),  to  be  of  a  different  opinion;  oJivert, 
to  turn  one  aside.  This  prefix  often  has  a  kind  of  negative  mean- 
ing ;  as  in  disadvantageous. 

"E,  or  Ex,  (Lat.  &  Gr.),  out,  or  out  of;  as,  eject,  (L.  239),  to 
cast  out;*  exclude,  (L.  77),  to  shut  out.  It  also  takes  the  forms 
cc,  and  efc  as,  eccentric,  out  of  the  centre;  e/flux,  (L.  185),  a 
flowing  out..  *• 

EN,  or'EM.     See  IN. 

ExTRA^Lat.^,  beyond;  as,  extraordinary,  (L.  351),  beyond 
what  is  ord3jpai^»  ^ 

FORE,  $/ok'e'*%s,  /oretell,  to  tell  beforehand. 

HYPER,  (Gr.^'aoo^e,  beyond;  as,  nypercritical,  (G.  61),  critical 
beyond  reason. 

HYPO,  (Gr.),  under ;  as,  %pothesis,  (G.  215),  a  supposition 
taken  as  the  basis  of  a  theory. 

IN,  or  EN,  (Lat.  &  Gr.),  in,  on,  or  into  ;  as,  insert,  (L.  480), 
to  put  in;  incubation,  (L.  99),  sitting  on;  induce,  to  lead  into; 
engrave,  (L.  211),  to  cut  upon,  or  in.  In  may  become  ig,  il,  im, 
or  ir;  and  en  may  become  em.  In  and  its  equivalents  often  de- 
note privation  or  negation;  as,  indecent,  (L.  110),  not  decent; 
i/legal,  (L.  256),  not  legal.  Some  words  are  written  with  in  or 
en  indifferently;  as,  enclose,  or  inclose. 

INTER,  (Lat.),  between,  or  among;  as,  interpose,  (L.  399),  to 
place  between.  It  sometimes  takes  the  form  enter. 

INTRO,  (Lat.),  within;  as,  introduce,  (L.  133),  to  lead  within. 

Mis,  signifies  wrong,  erroneous,  defective;  as,  misconduct, 
wrong  conduct;  misconception,  (L.  47),  an  erroneous  notion. 

NON,  (Lat.),  not ;  as,  nondescript,  (L.  468),  not  described. 

OB,  (Lat.)  denotes  opposition;  as  ooject,  to  cast  against.  In 
composition  it  may  become  oc,  of,  or  op. 

OUT,  beyond ;  as,  outdo,  to  surpass. 

PARA,  (Gr.),  by  the  side  of;  as,  parasite,  (G.  201),  that  which 
grows  or  feeds  at  the  side  of  something. 

PER,  (Lat),  through;  as,  pervade,  (L.  565),  to  extend 
through. 


52  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

PERI,  (Gr.),  around;  as,  perimeter,  (G.  137),  the  outer  line, 
or  measure  around  anything. 

PRE,  (Lat.),  before;  as, precede,  to  go  before;  prejudge,  (L. 
241),  to  judge  before. 

PRETER,  (Lat.),  beyond;  as,  preternatural,  beyond  nature. 
PRO,  (Lat), for,  forth,  forward;  as, pronoun,  (L. 334),  a  word 
used  instead  of  a  noun;  provoke,  (L.  596),  to  call  forth;  propel, 
to  drive  forward. 

RE,  (Lat.  insep.),  back  again,  anew;  as,  recall,  to  call  back; 
recommence,  to  begin  anew. 

RETRO,  (Lat.),  backward;  as,  ?-efr-ospect,  (L.  504),  a  looking 
backwards. 

SE,  (Lat.  insep.),  aside,  apart;  as,  secede,  to  withdraw;  .se- 
clude, to  shut  away,  or  apart. 

SUB,  (Lat.),  under ;  as,  subscribe,  to  write  under.  It  also  takes 
the  forms  sue,  suf,  sug,  sup,  and  sus;  as  in  succor,  (L.  103),  suf- 
fer, (L.  167),  swgest,  (L.  203),  stmport,  (L.  402),  sustain,  (L. 
530). 

SUPER,  (Lat.),  above,  over,  more  than  enough ; *as,  superna- 
tural, above  nature;  supervision,  (L.  586),  oV<erj»:eeirig.  It  often 
takes  the  form  sur;  as,  surcharge,  to  overload/  ' 

SYN,  (Gr.),  icith,  together;  as,  synthesis,  putting  together.  It 
also  takes  the  forms  sy,  syl,  and  sym. 

TRANS,  (Lat.),  over,  through,  beyond  ;  as,  transgress,  (L.  207), 
to  go  over  a  law,  or  rule;  transparent,  (L.  362),  clear  like  glass; 
fretns- Atlantic,  beyond  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

UN,  denotes  privation  or  negation,  (see  IN);  as,  ?<nbind,  to 
take  off  a  band;  uncertain,  (L.  67),  not  certain. 
UNDER,  as,  undermine',  underrate,  (L.  439). 
WITH,  as  a  prefix,  usually  denotes  opposition,  or  separation; 
as,  tciVAstand,  (L.  491),  to  stand  against;  withdraw,  to  retire. 


SUFFIXES. 

IN  the  following  list  of  suffixes,  examples  are  given,  under  each 
suffix,  of  the  several  parts  of  speech  which  that  suffix  is  used  to 
form.  Thus,  under  Ate,  the  example  preceded  by  the  abbrevia- 
tion a.  illustrates  the  manner  in  which  ate  is  used  to  form  adjec- 
tives; the  example  marked  s.  illustrates  its  use  in  forming  sub- 
stantives. 

The  signification  of  the  suffixes  must  be  learned  by  observation.  In  many 
cases,  it  is  impossible  so  to  state  it,  that  the  pupil  can  use  the  statement  as  a 
general  definition,  in  analyzing  words.  Should  the  teacher  desire  something 


SUFFIXES.  53 

like  a  general  definition,  the  words  italicized  in  the  explanations  of  tho 
examples  given  in  this  list,  may  be  used  for  this  purpose,  as  the  sentences  are 
constructed  with  a  view  to  such  a  use  of  the  italicized  portion.  In  analyzing 
words,  with  reference  to  their  derivation,  the  pupil  should  be  accustomed  to 
state  what  part  of  the  word  constitutes  the  suffix,— what  part  or  parts  of  speech 
it  is  used  to  form — and  how  it  affects  the  signification  of  the  word  in  question. 
A  careful  study  of  the  examples  here  adduced  and  explained  will  give  the 
pupil  facility  in  expressing  the  signification  of  the  suffixes  in  other  cases. 

Ac;  a.  demoniac,  like  a  demon;  cardiac,  (Gr.  43),  pertaining 
to  the  heart. 

ACEOUS;  a.  saponaceous,  (L.  462),  having  the  qualities  of 
soap. 

ACY  ;  s.  obstinacy,  the  state  or  condition  of  being  obstinate. 

AGE;  s.  bondage,  the  condition  of  one  bound;  coinage,  the 
doing  of  the  work  upon  coins. 

AL  ;  a.  persona/,  relating  to  person. — s.  remova?,  the  act  of 
removing. 

AN,  or  IAN;  a.  a  republican,  (L.  441),  belonging  to  a  republic; 
barban'ctH,  belonging  to  a  barbarous  people. — s.  historia??,  one  who 
writes  history. 

ANCE,  or  ANCY;  s.  ignorance,  (Gr.  97),  the  state  of  being 
ignorant;  constancy,  (L.  491),  the  being  constant. 

ANT;  a.  abundant,  being  in  abundance. — s.  disputant,  one 
icho  does  the  act  or  work  of  disputing. 

AR;  a.  lunar,  (L.  274),  belonging  to  the  moon;  annular,  (L. 
15),  resembling  a  ring. — s.  liar,  one  who  does  the  act  of  lying. 

ARD  ;  s.  drunkard,  one  who  does,  or  is  guilty  of  intemperate 
drinking. 

ARY;  a.  rotary,  (L.  448),  resembling  a  wheel;  planetary, 
(Gr.  182),  pertaining  to  the  planets. — s.  aviary,  (L.  32),  a  place 
where  birds  are  kept;  missionary,  (L.  305),  one  who  docs  the 
work,  or  bears  the  responsibilities  of  a  mission. 

ATE;  a',  accurate,  (L.  102),  having  the  quality  of  accuracy. — 
s.  a  magistrate,  (L.  277),  one  icho  does  the  duties  of  a  ruler. — v. 
abbreviate,  (L.  39),  to  make  short;  navigate,  to  perform  the  act, 
of  sailing. 

BLE;  a.  araite,  (L.  26),  that  can  be  plowed;  laudaite,  (L.  251), 
that  may  be  praised. 

CLE;  s.  vesiete,  a  little  cavity,  or  vessel;  corpuscte,  (L.  89),  a 
little  body. 

DOM;  s.  freedom,  the  condition  of  being  free;  kingdom,  the 
realm  of  &  king. 

EE  ;  s.  referee,  (L.  167),  one  who  is  referred  to  for  a  decision. 

EER;  s.  engineer,  one  who  does  the  work  of  managing  an 
engine. 

EN  ;   v.  blacken,  to  make  black. 


54  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

ENCE,  or  ENCY;  s.  presence,  the  state  of  being  present;  tencK 
ency,  (L.  529),  the  act  or  quality  of  tending  towards. 

ENT;  a.  prudent,  having  the  quality  of  prudence. — s.  student, 
the  person  who  studies. 

ER  ;  s.  carrier,  one  who  does  the  work  of  carrying. — a.  broader, 
more  broad. 

ESCENCE,  ;  s.  convalescence,  (L.  567),  state  of  growing  or 
becoming  healthy. 

ESCENTJ  a.  putrescenf,  becoming  putrid. 

Ess ;  a  suffix  denoting  feminine  gender ;  as,  s.  lioness,  a  female 
lion. 

FUL  ;  a.  joy/«Z,  full  of  joy. 

HOOD;  s.  widowAoor?,  the  condition  of  being  a  widow. 

Ic;  a.  heroic,  like  a  hero,  or  having  the  quality  of  heroism. 

ICE;  s.  cowardiVe,  the  quality  of  being  cowardly. 

Ics;  s.  optics,  (Gr.  157),  the  science  of  vision;  mathematics, 
(Gr.  133),  the  science  of  quantity. 

Ir>;  a.  frigid,  (L.  194),  having  the  quality  of  coldness. 

ILE;  a.  fragile,  (L.  191),  that  may  be  broken ;  puerile,  (L.  417), 
like,  or  pertaining  to  a  boy. 

INE;  a.  canine,  (L.  4b^,  pertaining  to  dogs;  alkaline,  like,  or 
having  the  qualities  of  an  alkali. 

ION;  s.  rebellion,  (L.  35),  the  act  of  rebelling;  expansion, 
(L.  358),  the  act  of  expanding,  or  state  of  being  expanded. 

ISH  ;  a.  whitish,  somewhat  white ;  boyish,  like  a  boy. — v. 
publish,  to  make  public;  vanish,  to  do  the  thing  denoted  by  the 
word  disappear. 

ISM,  or  ASM;  s.  heroism,  the  state  of  being  a  hero;  criticism, 
the  practice  of  criticising;  Hebraism,  an  idiom  of  the  Hebrew 
language. 

IST  ;  s.  artist,  (L.  27),  one  icho  does  work  in  any  branch  of 
art;  florist,  (L.  184),  one  who  practises  the  art  of  cultivating 
flowers;  Calvin/sJ,  one  who  is  a  follower  of  Calvin. 

ITE;  s.  favorite,  one  who  is  beloved;  Israelite,  one  belonging 
to  the  nation  of  Israel. 

IVE;  a.  instructive,  (L.  b\5),  fitted  to  give  instruction;  active, 
having  power  or  fitness  to  act. 

IZE,  or  ISE  ;  v.  fertilise,  (L.  167),  to  make  or  render  fertile. 

LESS  ;•  a.  fear/ess,  without  fear;  penuifcss,  destitute  of  a  penny. 

LIKE  ;  o.  'warlike,  resembling  war. 

LING;  s.  a  suffix  denoting  littleness,  as  in  sapling,  vearling, 
lordling. 

LY;  a.  beast?y,  like  a  beast. — adv.  proudly,  in  a.  manner 
exhibiting  pride;  fixedly,  (L.  172),  in  a,  manner  unchanging  or 
unmoved. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE   LATIN.  55 

s.  banishment,  the  state  of  be.iny  banished,  or  the  act 
of  banishing;  acconipani?ne»?,  that  which  accompanies. 

MONY;  s.  acrimony,  (L.  1),  the  quality  of  sharpness  or  se- 
verity. In  the  words  testimony,  matrimony,  (L.  284),  patri- 
mony, (367),  &c.,  the  suffix  mony  is  used  with  singular  variety 
of  signification. 

NESS;  s.  firm?*e.ss,  the  state  of  being  firm;  littleness,  the  quality 
or  circumstance  of  being  little. 

OR;  s.  governor,  (L.  213),  one  who  does  that  which  is  denoted 
by  the  word  govern. 

ORY  ;  a.  preparatory,  (L.  364),  fitted  or  designed  to  prepare. 
— s.  observatory,  (L.  483).  a  place  where  observations  are  taken. 

OSE;  a.  verbose,  (L.  575),  abounding  in  words. 

Ous;  a.  dangerous,  partaking  of  danger;  courageous,  having 
the  quality  of  courage. 

SHIP;  s.  clerkship,  the  place,  or  office  of  a  clerk;  friends^jp, 
the  condition  or  relation  of  being  a  friend. 

SOME  ;  a.  quarrelsome,  characterized  by  a  disposition  to  quar- 
rel; burdensome,  having  the  quality  or  character  of  oppressive- 
ness. 

STER;  s.  teamster,  one  whose  business  it  is  to  drive  a  team. 

TUBE;  s.  servitude,  the  condition  of  slavery;  fortita</e,  (L. 
189),  the  quality  of  bravery. 

TY;  s.  ability,  the  condition  or  state  of  being  able. 

URE;  s.  departure,  the  act  of  departing;  postitre,  (399),  the 
condition  of  being  in  a  particular  position ;  furniture,  the  thing 
furnished. 

WARD;  adv.  eastward,  in  the  direction  of  the  east. — a.  awk- 
ward,  having  the  qualify  o/uncouthness. 

Y;  a.  dewy,  covered  with  dew;  watery,  partaking  of  water. 
— s.  modesty,  (L.  306),  the  quality  or  state  o/~being  modest. 


CHAPTER  II. 

WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  LATIN. 

PRONUNCIATION.  Latin  words  are  usually  pronounced  in  this 
country,  in  accordance  with  the  general  principles  of  English  pro- 
nunciation. The  following  directions,  however,  are  necessary 
for  those  who  have  not  studied  Latin,  and  should  be  carefully- 
observed. 


56  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

1.  Every  Latin  word  has  as  many  syllables  as  there  are  vowels 
or  diphthongs  in  it.     Thus,  in  the  expression  hona  fide,  in  good 
faith,  the  word  fide  has  two  syllables,  the  e  being  sounded  as  c  in 
me.     In  like  manner  the  words  voce,  jure,  parte  ;  lege,  &c.,  are  pro- 
nounced each  with  two  syllables. 

2.  Words  of  two  syllables  have  the  accent  always  on  the  first 
syllable  ;  as,  a'cer,  a!  go,  ar'bor.     In  this  book  the  accented  sylla- 
ble is  marked,  in  all  Latin  words  of  more  than  one  syllable  ;  and 
the  manner  in  which  the  word  is  divided  will  generally  show  what 
sound  is  to  be  given  to  the  vowel  of  the  accented  syllable. 

3.  When  a  word  of  more  than  one  syllable  ends  with  a,  that 
letter  is  sounded  as  a  in  ah,  except  that  the  sound  is  not  pro- 
longed ;  as  cau'sa,  cate'na. 

4.  The  diphthongs  ee  and  a:  are  sounded  as  simple  e  would  be 
in  the  same  place  ;  thus,  foe'  Jus  and  cem'ulus,  are  pronounced  as 
if  written  fe'dus,  em'iilus. 

5.  C  and  g  are  hard  before  a,  o,  and  u,  and  soft  before  e,  i,  and 
?/;  thus,  in  the  words  en'  no,  co'lo,  and  cu'ra,  the  c  has  the  sound 
of  k;  in  ce'do  and  ci'  vis  it  has  the  sound  of  s.    So  g,  in  the  words 
fuga'tus,  li'go,  and  lon'gus,  has  the  sound  of  g  in  gice;  in  the 
words  ge'ro  and  gig1  no  it  has  the  sound  of  g  in  gentle. 

6.  Ch  always  sounds  like  k. 

For  a  full  account  of  Latin  pronunciation,  see  Andrews's  and  Stoddard's 
Latin  Grammar. 


n  the  following  chapter,  a  Latin  word  placed  in  a  paren- 
thesis immediately  after  another  Latin  word,  as  (acm)  after  Acer, 
shows  the  form  which  that  word  assumes  in  the  genitive  case,  if 
it  be  a  substantive  or  adjective;  or  in  the  supine,  or  some  other 
inflection,  if  it  be  a  verb.  See  §  4,  p.  49. 

In  the  several  paragraphs,  the  words  are  not  always  arranged 
in  exact  alphabetical  order,  because  it  is  desirable  that  words 
formed  immediately  and  obviously  from  the  Latin  word  should  be 
placed  before  those  whose  derivation  is  more  remote. 

1.  A'cer,  (a'  cm),  sour;  pungent.     Acu'tus,  sharp. 

ACER'BITY,  sharpness  of  dispo-  ACE'TOUS,  like  vinegar,      [ing. 

sition.  ACUTE',  sharp;  pointed  ;  discern- 

AC'RID,  of  a  biting  taste,  [ture.  ACU'MEN,  intellectual  pciietra- 

AC'RIMONY,  sharpness;    ill-na-  tion. 

AC'ID,  sour;  tart.  EXACERBA'TION,  increased  irri- 

ACID'ULATE,  to  flavor  with  acid.  tation  or  severity. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE   LATIN. 


2.  A'gcr,  (a'gri),  a  field. 


AGRA'RIAN,  relating  to  lands.* 
AG'RICULTURE,  (82),  the  culti- 
vation of  the  ground. 


AGRICTJL'TURIST,  a  farmer. 
PER'EGRINATE,  to  travel  in  for- 
eign, lands. 


*  The  agrarian  laws  of  ancient  Rome,  which  caused  so  much  civil  commo- 
tion, related  to  the  distribution  of  public  lands  among  the  people. 

3.  A'go,  (ac'turn),  to  do;  to  perform. 
ACT,  to  behave  ;  to  perform.      [  CO'GENT,  forcible. 


AC'TION,  a  performance. 
ACTIV'ITY,  AGIL'ITY,  quickness 

of  motion. 

AC'TUAL,  real ;  existing  in  act. 
AC'TUATE,  to  put  into  action. 
AC'TUARY,  a  register  or  clerk. 
A'GENT,  a  doer;  one  intrusted 

with  business. 
AG'ITATE,  to  put  into  motion  or 

excitement. 


DAM'AGE,  (107),  injury. 

ENACT',  to  decree. 

EXACT',  v.  to  take  by  authority 
or  force, 

EXACT',  a.  accurate. 

EX'IGENCY,  pressing  necessity. 

MAN'AGE,  (282),  to  carry  on. 

PROD'IGAL,  wasteful. 

TRANSACT',  to  conduct  or  per- 
form. 


4.  A'h'us,  other;  another.     Alie'nus,  foreign. 


AL'IEN,  foreign;  estranged. 
AL'IENATE,  to  transfer  to  ano- 
ther; to  estrange. 


ALIENA'TION,  estrangement. 
INAL'IENABLE,  that  cannot  be 
transferred  or  alienated. 


5.  A'loj  (ali1  turn,  or  a? turn),  to  feed;  to  nourish. 

AL'IMENT,  nourishment.  COALESCE',  (Lat.  coales'co),  to 

ALIMENT' ARY,    pertaining     to       grow  together ;  to  unite. 
food.  CoALi'TiONjCombination;  union. 


6.  Al'tcr,  the  other.     Alter'nus,  one  after  the  other. 


ALTERCA'TION, quarrelling;  dis- 
puting. 

ALTERNATELY,  one  after  the 
other. 


ALTERNATION,  succession ;  per- 
formance by  turns. 

ALTERNATIVE,  a  choice  of  two 
things. 


AL'TITUDE,  height. 


7.  Al'tus,  lofty. 

|  EXALT',  to  raise  up. 


58        THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

8.  Am'bulo,  (ambula'ium}.  to  walk. 

AM'BLE,  to  -walk  or  run  in  an 
artificial  manner,      [through. 
PERAM'BULATE,       to       walk 

9.  A' mo,  (ama'tum),  to  love. 

AM'ATORY,  relating  to  love.       j  AM'ICABLE,  friendly. 
AMATEUR>loverofthefinearts.  AM'ITY,  friendship. 


AM'BULATORY,    pertaining 
the  act  of  walking. 


A'MIABLE,  lovely. 
AM'OROUS,  affected  by  love. 
ENAM'ORED,  fond. 


EN' MIT  Y,  hatred. 
EN'EMY,  a  foe. 
[  INIM'ICAL,  unfriendly ;  opposed. 


AM'PLE,  large ;  liberal. 
AM'PLY,  largely. 


10.  Am'  plus,  large. 

AMPLIFICATION,  enlargement; 
extension. 


AM'PLIFY,  (152),  to  enlarge. 


AM'PLITUDE,  largeness. 


11.  An'go,  (anx'f),  to  vex. 

AN'GER,  wrath.  |  ANXI'ETY,  solicitude. 

AN'GUISH,  extreme  pain.  |  ANX'IOUS,  solicitous. 

~\.2T^An' gulus,  a  corner. 

AN'GLE,  a  corner.  NJ  QUAD'RANGLE,  (426),  a  square. 

AN'GULAR,  having  corners.  EQUIAN'GULAR,  (144),  having 
S&ECT' ANGLE,  (438),  a  right- !  equal  angles. 

angled,  four-sided  figure.  MULTAX'GULAB,  (317),  many 
TRI'ANGLE,  (549),  a  three  cor-j  cornered. 

nered  figure. 

13.  An'imus,  the  mind.     An'ima,  the  life,  or  spiritual  principle, 
AN'IMAL,  a  living  creature.        i  UNANIMITY,  (563),  agreement 


ANIMAL'CULE,  a  minute  animal. 

AN'IMATE,  to  make  alive. 

ANIMADVERT',  (579),  to  con- 
sider or  criticize. 

INANIMATE,  lifeless. 
ANIMA'TION,  liveliness?*'**^ 

ANI'MOSITY,  violent  hatred. 


in  opinion. 

UNAN'IMOUS,  of  one  mind. 

EQUANIM'ITY,  (144),  evenness 
of  mind.  [of  mind. 

MAGNANIM'ITY,  (278),  great- 
ness of  mind. 

PUSILLANIMITY.  (Lat.  pusil'- 
lus,  weak),  cowardice. 


14.  An'nus,  a  year. 


AN'NUAL,  happening  yearly. 
ANNU'ITY,  a  yearly  income. 


ANNU'ITANT,  one  who  receives 

an  annuity. 


WORDS    DERIVED   FROM   THE    LATIN. 


59 


ANNIVERSARY,  (579),  a  stated  j  SEPTEN'NIAL,  (478),  of  seven 
day,  returning  with  the  revo-'      years. 


lution  of  the  year. 
AN'NALS,  yearly  records. 
BIEN'NIAL,  (37),  of  two  years. 
TRIEN'NIAL,  (549),  happening 

every  three  years. 


SUPERANNUATED,  impaired  by 

old  age. 
PEREN'NiAL,continuing  through 

the  year. 


MILLENNIUM,  a  thousand  years. 

15.  An'nulus,  a  ring. 
AN'NULAR,  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  j  AN'NULET,  a  term  in  architecture. 

16.  An'tiquus,  ancient. 


AN'TTQUARY,  one  who  seeks  an- 
cient things. 
AN'TIQUATED,  old ;  out  of  date. 


ANTIQUE',    belonging    to    old 
times ;  a  relic  of  ancient  times. 
AN'CIENT,  old. 


17.  Ape'rio. 
APE'RIENT,  laxative.  |  AP'ERTURE,  an  opening. 

18.  Ap'to,  to  fit  or  join. 


APT,  fit;  inclined  to. 
APT'NESS,  fitness;  quickness  of 
apprehension. 


AP'TITUDE,  tendency;  disposi- 


ADAPT',  to  adjust. 
INEPT',  unfit;  foolish. 


[tiou. 


19.  A' qua,  water. 


AQUAT'IC,  living  in  or  on  the 

water. 
A'QUEOUS,  watery, 


AQ'UEDUCT,  (133),  a  channel 
for  water. 

TERRA'QUEOUS,  (536),  consist- 
ing of  land  and  water. 


20.  Ar'biter,  a  judge  or  umpire. 


AR'BITER,  AR'BITRATOR,  a 
judge  appointed  by  opposite 
parties  to  decide  between  them. 

AR'BITRATE,  to  decide. 


ARBITRATION,  determination 
by  an  arbitrator. 

AR'BITRARY,  capricious;  abso- 
lute. 


21.  Ar'bor,  a  tree. 


ARBOR,  a  bower. 
AR'BORIST,  one  who  cultivates 
trees  and  shrubs. 


AR'BORET,  ARBUSCLE,  a  little 


tree. 


ARBO'REOUS,  belonging  to  a  tree. 


(30  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

22.  ASceo,  to  hinder  or  restrain. 
COERCE',  to  restrain  by  force.     |  COER'CION,  restraint. 
23.  Ardeo,  (a/sf),  to  burn. 


AR'DENT,  burning;  passionate. 


AR'SON,  setting  fire  to  a  dwell- 


AR'DOR,  heat;  earnestness. 

24.  Arguo,  to  argue. 


AR'GUE,  to  reason ;  to  dispute. 

AR'GUMENT,  a  reason  oflered; 

controversy. 


ARGUMENTATION,  reasoning. 
ARGUMENTATIVE,    containing 


argument. 
25.  Ar'ma,  arms,  weapons. 
ARM,  v.  to  take  arms. 


ARMS,  weapons;  war. 
DISARM',  to  deprive  of  weapons. 


AR'MORY,  the  place  where  arms 

are  kept  or  made. 
AR'MAMENT,  ARMA'DA,  a  naval 


AR'MY,  a  number  of  armed  men.  |      warlike  force. 
AR'MISTICE,  (491),  a  cessation  IARMO'RIAL.  belonging  to  the  es- 
of  hostilities.  cutcheonofafamily.   [inarms. 

AR'MORER.  one  who  makes  arms,  j  ARMIP'OTENT,  (403),  powerful 
AR'MOR,  defensive  weapons.       i  UNARM'ED,  without  arms. 


26.  A'ro,  to  plough. 


AR'ABLE,     capable 
ploughed. 


of    being 


INAR'ABLE,  not  arable. 


27.  Ars,  (ar'tis),  art,  skill. 


ART,  skill,  cunning;  a  trade. 
ART'IST,  a  professor  of  an  art. 
ART'ISAN,  ARTIF'ICER;  a  work- 
man, an  operative,    [genuine. 
ARTIFICIAL,  made  by  art,  not 


ART'IFICE,  stratagem. 


ART'LESS,    unskilful ;    without 

fraud. 
INERT',  dull;  motionless. 


28.  Ar'tus,  or  Artic'ulus,  a  joint  or  limb. 


AR'TICLE,  a  single  thing;  a  part 
of  speech. 

ARTIC'ULAR,  belonging  to  the 
joints. 

ARTIC'ULATE,  v.  to  speak  dis- 
tinctly; to  join. 


ARTIC'ULATE,      a.      distinct; 

branched  out  into  joints. 
ARTICULA'TION,  a  juncture  of 

bones  ;  the  knots  in  the  stalk 

of  a  plant;  speech. 
INARTIC'ULATE,  indistinct. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN.  61 

29.  A'sper,  rough. 
ASPER'ITY,  roughness.  j  EXAS'PERATE,  to  enrage. 

30.  Au'dio,  (audfturn),  to  hear. 


AUD'IBLE,  that  can  he  heard. 
AUD'IENCE,  a  hearing;  the  per- 
sons assembled  to  hear. 
AUD'IT,    to    examine    an    ac- 


AUD'ITOR,  a  hearer;  an  ex- 
aminer. 

AUD'ITORY,  an  assembly  of 
hearers.  fin**. 

L       ^ 


count.  OBE'DIENT,  listening  to;  obey- 

31.  Au'gco,  (aux'i,  auc'tum),  to  increase. 

AUGMENT',  to  increase.  ;AU'THOR,   (the  Latin  word  is 

AUGMENTATION,  enlargement.!     auc'lor),    an     originator;    a 
AUC'TION,   a   sale   by   bidding      writer. 

more  and  more.          [auction,  j  AUTHORITY,  legal  power;  in- 
AUCTIONEER',  one  who  holds  an  I     fluence. 
AU'THORIZE,  to  give  authority,  j  AUXILIARY,  helping. 

32.  A' vis,  a  bird.     Au'gur,  Aus'pex,  (aus'picis),  a  soothsayer. 

A'VIARY,  a  place  enclosed  to '  INAU'GURATE,  to  invest  with  an 
keep  birds  in.  office  by  solemn  rites. 

AU'GUR,  s.  one  who  predicted  AUS'PICES,  (504),  the  omens  of 
by  obsetVing  birds.  an  undertaking. 

A  i  '<;UR,  v.  to  forbode  |  AUSPIC'IOUS,  favorable. 

AU'GURY,  an  omen  or  prediction. '  INAUSPIC'IOUS,  unfortunate. 

33.  Bac'clius,  in  heathen  mythology,  the  god  of  wine. 

BAC'CHANAL,  one  who  indulges  I  BACCHANA'LIAN,  pertaining  to 
in  drunken  revelry.  j  drunken  revelry. 

34.   Bea'tuSy  happy;  blessed. 

BEATIF'IC,  fitted  to  bless  or  BEAT'ITUDE,  blessedness;  a 
make  happy.  blessing  pronounced. 

35.   Bel'lnm.  war. 


BELLIG'ERENT,   (203),  waging 


REB'EL,  one  who  revolts, 
HEBELL'ION,  insurrection. 


62 


THE  SCHOLAB'S  COMPANION. 

36.  Bi'bo,  to  drink. 


BIB'BER,  a  tippler.  [BiB'uLOUS,  absorbing. 

BIBA'CIOUS,  fond  of  drinking.     IMBIBE',  to  drink  in. 

37.  Bis,  twice.     Bi'ni,  two  by  two. 


BI'FURCATED,  (Lat.  /u/ca,  a 
fork),  having  two  prongs. 

BIG' AMY,  (G-.  91),  having  two 
wives  at  once. 

BI'NARY,  composed  of  two. 


BI'PED,  (380),  an  animal  having 


BISECT',  (470),  to  cut  into  two 

equal  parts. 
COMBINE',  to  join  or  unite. 


38.  Bo'nus,  good.     Be'ne,  well. 


BOUN'TY,  generosity. 
BENIGN',  kind;  favorable. 
BENIG'NITY,  graciousness. 
BENEF'ICENT,     (152),     kind; 

doing  good. 

BENEP'ICENCE,  active  goodness. 
BEN'EFIT,  advantage. 
BENEFI'CIAL,  advantageous. 


BEN'EFICE,  a  church  living. 

BENEFAC'TION,  (152),  a  benefit 
conferred. 

BENEFAC'TOR,  one  who  confers 
a  benefit. 

BENEDic'iiON,(116),ablessing. 

BENEV'OLENCE,  (598),  disposi- 
tion to  do  good. 


39.  Bre'vis,  short. 

BREV'ITY,  BRIEF'NESS;  short-  ABBRE'VIATE,  to  sho/fen. 
ness.  BRIEF,  a.  short;  concise. 

BREV'IARY,  an  abridgment.        BRIEF,  s.  a  pleader's  notes. 
BREV'IATURE,  a  shortening. 


40.   Ca'do,  (ca'swm),  to  fall. 


CA'DENCE,  fall  of  the  voice. 
DECA'DENCE,  falling;  decay. 
CASE,  state  of  a  thing. 
CAS'UAL,  happening  by  chance. 
CAS'UALTY,  accident. 
CASCADE',  a  waterfall. 
AC'CIDENT,  that  which  happens 

unforeseen. 
AC'CIDENCE,  the  rudiments  of 

grammar.          [of  conscience. 
CAS'TJISTRY,  the  science  of  cases 


COINCIDE',  to  agree. 
COINCIDENCE,  concurrence. 
DECAY',  to  fall  away. 
DECID'UOUS,  falling. 
IX'CIDENT,  s.  an  event. 
IN'CIDENT,  a.  likely  to  happen 

as  an  attendant  event. 
|  OCCA'SION,  opportunity ;  time  of 

a  particular  occurrence. 
I  OC'CIDENT,  the  west,  where  the 

sun  sets. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
41.    Cos? do,  (cot/ sum),  to  cut;  to  kill. 


INCIS'ION,  a  cut  into  any  thing. 
Excis'lON,  a  cutting  out. 
EXCISE',  a  duty  on  goods. 
CONCISE',  short,  brief. 
DECIDE',  to  determine. 
DECIS'ION,  determination. 
DECI'SIVE,  conclusive. 
PRECISE',  exact;  strict. 
PRECISION,  exact  limitation. 
PRECIS'IAN,  one  who  limits. 
C.i£Su'RA;  a  pause  in  verse. 


FRAT'RICIDE,  (192),  killing  a 
brother. 

HOM'ICIDE,  ('220),  manslaugh- 
ter; a  manslayer. 

INFAN'TICIDE,  (158),  killing  an 
infant.  [parent 

PAR'RICIDE,    (362),   killing    a 

SUI'CIDE,  (Lat.  Sui,  of  himself 
or  herself),  self-murder. 

REG'ICIDE,  (438),  murder  of  a 
kins. 


42.    Ca'leo,  to  be  warm  or  hot. 


CALEFAC'TION,  the  act  of  heat- 
CAL'ID,  hot.  •        [ing. 

CALOR'IC,  the  element  of  heat. 


INCALES'CENCE,      a      growing 

warm.  [fluid. 

SCALD,  to  burn  with  a  boiling 


43.    Calx,  (cal'ds),  chalk.      Cal'culus,  a  little  pebble. 


CALX,  any  thing  rendered  redu- 
cible to  powder,  by  burning 
or  the  action  of  an  acid. 

CALCINE',  to  reduce  to  a  calx. 

CALCA'REOUS,  chalky  like  a 
calx. 


!  CAL'CULOUS,  stony,  gritty. 

I  CAL'CULATE,  to  reckon.  [An- 
ciently pebbles  were  used  in 
numerical  computation.] 

!  CAL'CULUS,  a  department  of 
mathematics. 


44.    Can'deo,  to  glow  with  heat. 


CAN'DLE,  a  tallow  or  wax  light. 
IN'CENSE,  s.  perfumes  burnt. 
IN'CENSE,  v.  to  enrage. 
INCEN'TIVE,  inducement. 
INCEND'IARY,    one    who     sets 
houses,  &c.,  on  fire. 


nification  is  derived  figura- 
tively from  the  light  pertain- 
ing to  a  red-hot  substance.] 

CAN'DID,  open,  ingenuous. 

CAN'DIDATE,  one  proposed  for 
office,  or  preferment.* 


CAN'DOR,  sincerity.     [This  sig-|ExCANDEs'cENCE,glowingheat 

*  Among  the  ancient  Romans,  those  who  sought  the  consulship  wore  robes 
of  remarkable  whiteness,  and  were  thence  called  candidati. 

45.    Oa'nis,  a  dog. 

CA'NINE,  pertaining  to  dogs.      I  CANIC'ULAR,  pertaining  to  the 

dog-star. 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
46.    Co! no,  to  sing.      Can'tus,  a  som 


CHANT,  a  kind  of  sacred  music. 
CHAN'TICLEER,  the  cock  which 

crows. 
CAN'TICLE,  a  song;  the  song  of 

Solomon. 

CAN'TO,  a  section  of  a  poem. 
CANT,  a  set  phraseology  used  to 

manifest  religious  zeal. 


DESCANT',  to  discourse  in  a  for' 
mal  manner. 

AC'CENT,  a  modification  of  the 
voice. 

ENCHANT',  to  delight  highly. 

INCANTA'TION,  charms  by  sing- 
ing. 

RECANT',  to  recall,  to  retract. 


47.    Ca'pio,  (cap'tum),  to  take. 
CA'PABLE,  able  to  do  or  take.      INTERCEPT',   to   seize   on    the 


way ;  to  stop. 

OCCUPATION,  possession;  em- 
ployment. 

OC'CUPY,  to  possess. 

PARTICIPATE,  (365),  to  share. 

PAR'TICIPLE,  a  word  partaking 
of  the  nature  of  an  adjective 
and  of  a  verb. 

PERCEIVE',  to  notice. 

PERCEP'TIBLE,  capable  of  being 
perceived. 

PRECEP'TOR,  a  tutor,  a  teacher. 

PRE'CEPT,  a  rule  given. 

PRlN'ciPAL,(412),chief,capital. 


PRIN'CIPLE,    element; 
of  action. 


ground 


CAPA'CIOUS,     large,      holding 

much. 
CAPAC'ITATE,    to    enable;     to 

qualify. 

CAPAC'ITY,  power  of  holding. 
CAP'TIOUS,  peevish;  cavilling. 
CAP'TIVATE,  to  take  prisoners ; 

to  charm. 

CAP'TIVE,  a  prisoner. 
CAP'TOR,    one    who    takes     a 

prize. 

CAP'TURE,  a  seizure. 
ACCEPT',  to  receive.  [ing. 

ACCEPT' ABLE,  grateful;    pleas- 
ANTICIPA'TION,    receiving    or 

doing  beforehand. 
CONCEIVE',  to  have  an  idea  or 

notion. 

CONCEPTION,  notion,  idea. 
DECEIVE',  to  cheat,  to  mislead. 
DECEP'TION,  a  fraud,  a  cheat, 
EMANCIPATE,  (282),  to  set  at 

liberty. 

EXCEPT',  to  take  out. 
INCIP'IENT,  commencing. 

«:•  Recipe  is  an  imperative  form  of  the  verb  recipio,  and  would  be  the  first 
word  in  a  prescription  written  in  Latin — "  Take,"  etc.  In  books  of  pharmacy 
the  word  is  usually  represented  by  R.  or  some  other  character. 

48.    Ca'put,  (cap' it  is)  t  the  head. 
CAP'ITAL,  chief;  principal.!      |  CAPiTA'TiON,countingby heads. 

f  Capital  crimes  arc  those  which  are  punishable  by  loss  of  the  he.ad  or  life. 


RECEIPT',    a   taking;    acknow- 
ledgment for  money  paid. 
RECEIVE',  to  take,  to  admit. 
RECEP'TACLE,   a   thing  whicb 


receives  or  contains. 


REC'IPE,  a  medical  prescription.* 
RECIP'IENT,  one  who  takes. 
SUSCEP'TIBLE,  capable  of  being 
affected  or  chanced. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE   LATIN.  65 

CAPIT'ULATE,  to  surrender  on  • |  PRECIP'ITATE,  v.  to  tumble 
conditions.*  headlong;  to  hurry. 

CAPE,  a  head-land.  PRECIP'ITATE,   a.   headstrong; 

CAP'TAIN,  a  chief  commander,    j     hasty. 

CHAP'TER,  a  division,  or  head.    j  PRECIP'ITATE,  s.  a  sediment. 

DECAP'ITATE,  to  behead.  j  PREC'IPICE,  a  headlong  steep. 

OC'CIPUT,  the  hinder  part  of  the  j  RECAPITULATE,  to  repeat  again, 
head.  |  (as  the  topics  of  a  discourse.) 

*  The  word  arose  from  the  stipulation  being  drawn  up  under  heads. 

49.    Car'cer,  a  prison. 
IXCAR'CERATE,  to  imprison.       |  lNCARCERA'TiON,imprisonment. 

50.    Ca'ro  (car'nis),  flesh. 

CAR'NAL,  fleshy,  not  spiritual.    1  CAR'RION,  putrid  flesh. 
CAR'NAGE,  (3),  slaughter.          I  CAR'CASS,  a  dead  body. 


INCARNA'TION,  the  taking  of 

body  of  flesh. 
CAKNA'TION,  a  flower. 
CAR/NIVAL,  in  Roman  Catholic 

countries,  a  feast  before  Lent. 


CARNEL'IAN,  a  red  (or  flesh  co- 
lored) stone. 

CARNIV'OROUS,  (601)  feeding 
on  flesh. 

CHAR'NEL-HOUSE,  a  place  for 
depositing  human  bodies. 


51.    Car'po,  to  pluck. 


CARP,  to  cavil. 
CARP'ING,  captious. 


INDISCERPT'IBLE,  that  cannot  be 
torn  in  pieces. 


EX'CERPT,  something  culled  out. 

52.    Cas'tigo,  to  chastise. 
CAS'TIGATE,  to  punish  by  stripes.  |  CASTIGA'TION,  punishment. 

53.    Cate'na,  a  chain. 

CATENA'RIAN,    relating    to    a  I  CONCATENATION,   a   series  of 
chain.  links. 

54.   Cau'sa,  a  cause. 


CAUSE,  that  which  produces  an 

effect. 
CAUSA'TION,  the  act  of  causing. 


ACCUSATIVE,  the  name  of  a  case 

in  grammar."}" 
EXCUSE',  to  pardon. 


ACCUSE',    to     charge    with    a1  BECAUSE',  for  this  reason, 
crime.  IR.ECU'SANT,  making  opposition. 

fit  was  so  called,  because  the  act  of  accusing  was  taken  to  represent  all 
acts  which  terminate  on  some  object. 


66 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
o,  (cau'tum),  to  beware. 


CAU'TION,  prudence  in  respect  to  PNCAU'TIOUS,  heedless. 
CAU'TELOUS,  wary.        [danger.  PRECAUTION,  previous  care. 

^56.    Ca'vus,  hollow. 

CAVE,CAV'ERN;  a  hollow  place.!  EX'CAVATE,  to  hollow  out. 
X^JCON'CAVE,  hollow,  opposed   to  EXCAVA'TION,  a  cavity  made  by 
I      digging. 


convex. 


57.   ue'do,  (ces'sum),  to  yield;  to  go  away. 

CEDE,  to  yield  or  give  up.  !  INTERCESSION,  the  act  of  inter- 

CES'SION,  a  giving  up  ;  resigna-|     ceding. 
tion.  PRECEDE',  to  go  before. 

PRECES'SION,  a   going  before, 


--*i^^  *H/U« 

*!EASE,  to  stop  ;  to  leave  off. 


a  discon- 


to 


CESSA'TION,  a  stop, 

tinuance. 
ACCEDE',     to     assent 

agree. 

ACCESS',  approach. 
ACCES'SION,   a  coming  to; 


increase  by  the  addition  of 
something. 

ACCESSORY,  rendering  aid. 

AN'CESTOR,  (Lat.  antecesfsor,  a 
person  from  whom  one  is  dis- 
tantly a  descendant. 

ANTECE'DENT,  going  before. 

OONCEDE',  to  admit,  to  grant. 

DECEASE',  departure  from  this 
world;  death. 

EXCEED',  to  go  beyond. 


(an  astronomical  terra). 
PRECE'DENCE,     PRECE'DENCY, 
to  |      priority;  superiority. 

•.PREDECES'SOR,  one  that  was  in 

a  place  before  another. 
an  '  PREC'EDENT,  an  example. 


PROCEED',  to  go  forward. 
PROCE'DURE,   manner   of 
ceedinjj. 


pro- 


PROC'ESS,  progressive  course. 
PROCES'SION,     a     ceremonious 

march. 

RECEDE',  to  go  back ;  to  retreat. 
RECESS',   a   place   or   time   of 

retreat. 

SECES'SION,  a  withdrawing  from. 
I  SUCCEED',  to   follow  after;   to 


EXCESS',  more  than  enough,  prosper. 

EXCES'SIVE,  exceeding.  SUCCESS',  prosperity;  the  event 

INCES'SANT,  without  pause.  of  an  affair. 

INTERCEDE',  to  go  between";  to  SUCCESSION,  series. 

request  in  behalf  of  another.    |  SUCCESSIVE,  following  in  order. 


58.    Ccl'eber,  renowned,  famous. 
CEL'EBRATE,  to  praise;  to  com-  CELEBRA'TIOX,  a  distinguishing 


mend  solemnly. 


by  ceremonies. 


CEi/EBRATED,renowned,famousJCELEB'RiTY,  renown;  fame. 


'WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE   LATIN.  67 

59.    Ce'ler,  swift. 

CELER'ITY,  swiftness.  j  ACCEL'ERATE^O  hasten  forward. 

60.    Cd'la,  a  cellar. 


CEL'LAR,  an  under  ground  store. 
CELL,  a  little  hollow  place. 


CEL'LULAR,  full  of  little  cells  or 
cavities. 


[ler. 
CEL'LARER,  CEL'LARIST,  a  but- 

61.    Ce'lo,  to  cover,  to  hide. 

CONCEAL',  to  hide.  |  CONCEAL'MENT,  the  act,  place, 

|      or  mode  of  hiding. 

62.    Coe'lum,  the  heaven. 

CELES'TIAL,  heavenly.  I  SUBCELES'TIAL,    beneath     the 

heavens. 

63.    Cen'seo,  to  judge  or  estimate. 

CEN'SOR,  an  officer  who  exam-  CEN'SURABLE,  blame-worthy. 

incs  the  works  of  authors  be- ;  CEN'SUS,  a  numbering   of  the 

fore  they  are  allowed    to  be       people. 

printed.  j  CENSE',  a  public  tax. 

CENSO'RIOUS,  judging  severely. ;  RECEN'SION,  a  review,  or   re- 
CEN'SURE,  blame,  reproach.        i      examination. 

64.   Cen'tum,  a  hundred. 


CENT,  the  hundredth  part  of  a 

dollar. 
CENTEN'NIAL,   occurring    once 


CENTU'RION,  an  officer  over  a 


hundred 


men. 


CEN'TUPLE,  a  hundred  fold. 


in  a  hundred  years.  j  CEN'TIPED,    (380),    an    insect 

CEN'TURY,  a  hundred  years.       |     with  many  feet. 

65     Ccr'no,  (ere' turn'),  to  separate;  to  distinguish;  to  discern. 

CER'TAIN,  determined ;  sure,  j  DISCERN',  to  see;  to  distinguish. 
CER'TIFY,  (152),  to  assure.  |  DISCREET',  discerning,  prudent. 
CERTIFICATE,  a  written  declara-  j  DISCRETE',  distinct,  separate. 

tion  or  testimony.  i  DISCERN'MENT,  judgment. 

AscERTAlN',to  find  out  certainly.  DISCRETION,    judgment,    pru- 


CONCERN',  business ;  anxiety. 
DECREE',  (Lat.  decer'no),  to  or- 
dain or  command. 


dence. 

DISCRIMINATION,  (Lat.  discri- 
mcn^),  distinction. 


DECRE'TAL,  a  book  of  decrees.    >  DISCRIMINATING,  acute. 


68  THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 

SECRETE',  to  put  aside.  I  SEC'RETARY,  one  who  writes  for 

SE'CRET,  concealed,  private.  another.* 

*  So  called  from  the  private  or  secret  affairs  intrusted  to  him. 

66.    Cer'to,  to  contend ;  to  vie. 


CONCERT',  to  contrive  together. 
COX'CERT,  union. 


PR*ECONCERT'ED,   contrived   to- 
gether beforehand. 


DISCONCERT',  to  disturb. 

67.    Cer'tus,  sure,  (see  cer'no). 
68.    Ci'eo,  or  ci'o,  (cftum),  to  rouse ;  to  call  forth. 

CITE,  to  summon  into  a  court ;  INCITE',  to  animate,  to  urge  on. 

to  quote.  INCITE'MENT,  impulse. 

CITA'TION,    a    summoning;    a  RECITE',  to  repeat;  to  tell  over. 

quotation.  ;  RECITA'TIOX,    repetition;     re- 

CONCITA'TIOX,  a  stirring  up.  hearsal. 

EXCITE',  to  stir  up  to  encourage.  RECITATIVE',  a  sort  of  musical 
EXCITE'MENT,  agitation.  pronunciation. 

RESUS'CITATE,  to  rouse  or  en-  QUOTE,  to  repeat  a  passage  from 

liven  again.  some  author 

69.   Cin'go,  (cine' turn),  to  gird. 

CINCT'URE,  a  belt;  a  girdle.        SUCCINCT*,  brought  into  small 
PRE'CINCT.  a  limit  or  bound.  compass. 

70.    Ci'nis,  (c  in' efts'),  ashes. 


CIN'DER,  a  burnt  mass. 
CINERI'TIOUS,  in  the  state  of 


ashes. 

71.    Cir'cus,  a  circle. 


INCIN'ERATE,  to  burn  to  ashes. 
CINE'REOUS,  like  ashes. 


CIR'CLE,  a  round  space,  also  the 

line  enclosing  it. 
CIR'CLET,  a  little  circle. 
CIR'CULAR,  round  like  a  circle. 


CiRCu'iTOUS.going  round  about ; 

not  direct. 
CIR'CUS,    an    open    space    for 

sports. 


CIR'CULATE.  to  move  in  a  circle.   ENCIR'CLE,  to  surround. 
CIR'CUIT,  extent  round  about,     j  SEMi'ciRCLE,(474),  halfacircle. 

72.    Ct'vi's,  a  citizen. 


Civ'ic,  relating  to  civil  honors. 


CIV'IL,  relating  to  the  commu- 
nity ;  gentle,  well  bred. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM   THE    LATIN. 


69 


CIVIL'IAN,  one  versed  in  law  or !  CIVILIZA'TION,  the  state  of  a 


political  affairs,  [or  city. 

CiT'iZEN.an  inhabitant  of  a  state 
CIT'Y,  a  large  corporate  town. 
CiviL'iTY,gentleuess,  politeness. 


civilized  people. 
CIV'ILIZE,   to   reclaim   from   a 

savage  state. 
UNCIV'IL,  rude,  clownish. 


73.    Clam,  secretly. 


CLANDES'TINE,  secret. 


I  CLANDESTINELY,   in   a  secret 
manner. 


74.    Cla'mo,  (clama'tum),  to  cry  out ;  to  shout. 


CLAM'OR,  outcry;  noise. 

CLAM'OROUS,  noisy;  vociferous. 

CLAM'ORER,  a  noisy  person. 

ACCLAMA'TION,  a  shout  of  ap- 
plause. 

DECLAMA'TION,  discourse  ad- 
dressed to  the  passions;  ex- 
ercise of  public  speaking. 

Ci,AiM,  to  demand. 


CLAIM' ANT,  one  that  demands 
a  right. 

DISCLAIM',  to  deny  the  posses- 
sion of  any  right  or  character. 

EXCLAIM',  to  cry  out.  [ly. 

PROCLAIM',  to  announce  public- 

PROCLAMA'TION,  publication  by 
authority. 

RECLAiM',_to  recall;  to  reform. 


75.    Cla'rus,  clear,  bright. 

CLAR'IFY,  to  purify. 
DECLARA'TION,  a  proclamation; 
en  avowal. 


CLAR'ION,  a  shrill  trumpet. 
CLEAR,  bright.;  evident. 
DECLARE',  to  make  known ;  to 
proclaim, 

76.    Clas'sis,  a  class. 

CLASS,  a  rank  of  persons,  a  set.  i  CLAS'SIFY,  to  arrange  in  class- 
CLAS'SIC,  CLAS'SICAL,  relating  I     es. 

to  authors  of  the  highest  rank, '  CLASSIFICATION,  arrangement 

particularly     ancient     Greek]      in  classes. 

and  Koman  authors.  |  CLAS'SIS,  a  convention. 


77.   Clau'do,  (clau'sum),  or  Ch 

CLOSE,  to  shut. 

CLOS'ET,  a  small  private  room. 

CONCLUDE',  to  come  to  a  deci- 
sion. 

CONCLUSIVE,  decisive. 

CLAUSE,  a  subdivision  of  a  sen- 
tence. [pery- 

CLOIS'TER,  a  monastery  or  nun- 


'do,  (du'surn^),  to  shut,  to  close. 

EXCLUDE',  to  shut  out. 
SECLUDE',  to  shut  up  apart. 
INCLUDE',  ENCLOSE',  to  shut  in; 
to  bring  within  certain  limits. 
PRECLUDE',  to  hinder  or  prevent. 
RECLUSE'J  retired. 
SECLU'SION,  retirement. 


70  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

78.    Cle'mens,  (demen'tis),  merciful,  kind. 


CLEM'ENT,  merciful,  kind. 
CLEM'ENCY,  mercy. 


I  INCLEM'ENT,  unmerciful;  harsh. 
[INCLEM'ENCY,  severity. 


79.    Cli'no,  to  incline  or  bend. 


INCLINE',  to  bend,  to  lean. 
INCLINA'TION,  propensity. 
DECLINE',  to  lean  downwards; 

to  refuse. 
DECLIV'ITY,  descent,  inclination 

downwards. 


ACCLIV'ITY,  ascent,  inclination 

upwards. 

PROCLIV'ITY,  proneness. 
RECLINE',  to  lean  back. 
CLIN'ICAL,  relating  to  a  couch 

or  bed.* 


*  Clinical  lectures  are  medical  lectures  given  at  the  bed-side  of  the  patient. 
80.  Cli'vus,  an  ascent;  a  hill.  See  derivatives  under  Cli'no. 
81.  Co'dex,  (cod' ids},  the  trunk  of  a  tree;  a  volume  or  roll. 

CODE,  a  collection  or  digest  of  COD'ICIL,    a   supplement    to    a 
laws.  will. 

*k 
82.   Co'lo,  (cul'turn),  to  cultivate. 


COL'ONY,  a  settlement  or  plan- 
tation abroad. 

COL'ONIST,  a  settler  in  a  colony. 

COUL'TER,  the  sharp  iron  of  a 
plough. 

CuL'TiVATE,to  improve  by  labor. 


CUL'TURE,  improvement  by  la- 
bor. 

AG'RICULTURE,  (2),  husbandry, 
farming. 

HORTICULTURE,  (222),  garden- 
ing. 


83.   Co'mes,  (com'ititi),  a  companion. 
COM'ITY,  kindness  of  manner.     |  CONCOM'ITANT,  going  with. 

84.    Concilium,  an  assembly;  a  council. 


CONCILIATORY,  fitted  to  allay 

angry  feelings. 
RECONCILE',  to  conciliate  again; 

to  render  consistent. 


COUN'CIL,  an  assembly  held  for 

consultation. 
CONCILIATE,  (Lat.  conciFio),  to 

bring    together;    to   win    to 

friendship. 

85.   Co'quo,  (coc'tum),  to  cook. 

CONCOCT',  to  prepare  by  digest- 1  DECOC'TION,  a  liquor  prepared 

1D»-  by  boiling  any  substance. 

CONCOCT'IVE,  digesting.  ;  COOK,  to  prepare  food  by  heat. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
86.    Cor,  (cor'dis),  the  heart. 


71 


CORE,  the  central  part,  as  of   CONCORDANCE,    an    index    of 


fruit. 

COR'DIAL,  a.  sincere,  hearty. 

COR'DIAL,  s.  anything  that  glad- 
dens the  heart. 

CORDIAL'ITY,  sincerity. 

CON'CORD,  agreement. 


words  contained  in  the  Bible. 
COUR'AGE,  boldness. 
DIS'CORD,  disagreement. 
(RECORD',    (Lat.   Recor'dor,   t<\ 
remember,  call  to  niind),  tc> 
|     register. 


CORN'EOUS,  horny. 


Cor'nu,  a  horn. 
[ed  pods.  CORNUCO'PIA, 


(Lat.     co'pia, 


CORNIC'ULATE,  producing  horn-       plenty),  the  horn  of  plenty. 
CORN'EA,  a   transparent   mem-  U'NICORN,    (563),   an    animal 


brane  in  the  eye. 


having  a  single  horn. 


88.    Cofb'iia,  a  garland,  or  crown. 


CROWN,  the  head  ornament  worn 

by  kings. 
CORONA'TION,  the  solemnity  of 

crowning  a  king. 
COROI/LA,  a  blossom,  (a  little 

crown). 


COR'ONET,   an    inferior    crown 

worn  by  the  nobility. 
COR'ONER,  an  officer  to  inquire 

into  violent  deaths.* 
COR'OLLARY,  an  inference. f 
COR'ONAL,  a  crown  or  garland. 


*  The  name  was  derived  from  the  relation  of  the  office  to  the  crown. 
•j-  So  called  because  it  crowns  the  leading  proposition  or  argument. 

89.    Cor' pus,  (cor'poris),  a  body. 


COR'PORAL,  the  lowest  officer 
over  a  body  of  soldiers. 

COR'PORATE,  united  into  a  body 
or  community. 

CORPORATION,  a  body  politic. 

INCORPORATE,  to  embody. 

COR'PUSCLE,  'a  minute  body. 


CORPO'REAL,  having  a  body;  not 
immaterial;  relating  to  the 
body.  [body. 

COR'PULENT,    having  a   bulky 

CORPSE,  a  dead  body. 

CORPS,  (pronounced  core),  a 
body  of  soldiers. 


90.    Cos'ta,  a  rib. 

COAST,  the  margin  of  the  land.  INTERCOS'TAL,   lying    between 
COS'TAL,  pertaining  to  the  ribs.       the  ribs. 

91.    Cras,  to-morrow. 
PROCRAS'TINATE,  to  put  off.      |  PROCRASTINA'TION,  deferring. 


72  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

92.    Cre'do,  (cred'Huvi),  to  believe. 


CREED,  articles  of  belief.  I  CRED'IBLE,  worthy  of  belief. 

CRE'DENCE,  belief.  INCRED'IBLE,  not  to  be  believed. 

CRED'IT,     belief;     reputation;  CRED'ITOR,     one     who     trusts 

another  for  a  debt. 
CRED'ULOUS,  apt  to  believe. 
DISCREDIT,  to  disbelieve,  [lief, 
title  to  belief.  INCEEDU'LITY,  slowness  of  be- 


CRED'ITABLE,  rep^able. 
CREDENTIAL,  that  which  gives 


93.    Cre'o,  (crea'tum},  to  create. 


CREATE',  to  cause  to  exist. 
CREA'TION,  the  act  of  creating; 

the  universe. 

CREAT'URE,  a  created  being. 
PROCREA'TION,  giving  birth. 


CREA'TOR,  God,  who  gives  ex- 


istence. 


RECREA'TION,  amusement,  di- 
version, (because  it  re-creates 
vigor). 


94.    Cre'po,  (crep'tium),  to  sound ;  to  rattle. 

CREPITA'TION,*  a  rattling  noise. ;  DISCREPANCY,    literally,    dis- 
DECREp'iT,f   broken   down    by!      agreement  of  sound;    incon- 
age.  I     sistency. 

*  This  word  is  used  by  surgeons  to  denote  the  rattling  sound  made  by  the 
extremities  of  a  fractured  boue,  when  moved. 

f  The  derivation  of  this  word  is  doubtful.  If  derived  from  crepo,  its  signi- 
fication has  reference  to  the  rattling  or  creaking  of  anything  which  is  broken, 
or  loosened  from  its  place. 

95.    Cres'co,  (ere1  turn},  to  grow. 

CRES'CENT,   the   shape  of  the  j  EXCRES'CENCE,  something  grow- 
new  uioon.J  ing  out  of  another. 

ACCRE'TIOX,  a  growing  to  an-  j  DECREASE',  to  crow  less, 
other ;  increase.  j  INCREASE',  to  grow  larger. 

CONCRE'TION,   a  mass    formed '  IN'CREMENT,  an  addition. 
by  a  union  of  particles. 

J  So  called  from  its  change  of  size. 

96.    Cri'men,  (cntn'mts),  an  accusation;  a  crime. 

CRIME,  an  offence,  a  great  fault.  |EECRIMINA'TIOX,  return  of  one 
CRIM'INAL,  partaking  of  crime. !      accusation  with  another. 
CRIMINA'TION,  an  accusing.       iRECRiM'iNATE,toretortacharge. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
97.    Cm' dm,  raw,  unripe. 


73 


CRUDE,    raw;     unripe;    undi- 
gested. 
CRU'DITY,  CRUDE'NESS,  unripe- 


CRU'EL,  (Lat.  crude'lis),  hard- 
hearted. 
CRU'ELTY,  inhumanity. 


ness;  indigestion. 

98.    Crux,  (cru'cis~),  a  cross. 

CROSS,  s.  one  straight  body  laid  j  CRU'CIAL,  cross-wise. 

across  another.  j  CRU'CIFY,  to   put  to  death  hy 

CROSS,  a.  peevish.  nailing  to  a  cross. 

CRUCIFIX'ION,  (172),  death  on  a  j  EXCRU'CIATE,  to  extort  by  suf- 
cross.  fering;  to  put  to  severe  pain. 

CRU'CIFIX,  a  cross  bearing  an  |ExCRu'ciATiNG,extremely  pain- 
image  of  our  Saviour.  j      ful ;  torturing. 

99     Cu'bo,  or  cum'bo,  to  lie  'down. 


CUM'BER,  ENCUM'BER,  to  bur- 
den ;  to  hinder. 

ENCUM'BRANCE,  a  burden. 

INCUBA'TION,  the  act  of  sitting 
upon  eggs. 

IN'CUBUS,  the  night-mare;  a 
sense  of  weight. 


INCUM'BENT,  resting  upon. 
RECUM'BENT,  lying;  leaning. 
PROCUM'BENT,  lying  down. 
SUCCUMB',    to   yield;    to   sink 

under  a  difficulty. 
SUPERINCUM'BENT,    lying    on 

the  top  of  something. 


100.    Cul'pa,  a  fault. 

CUL'PABLE,  faulty;  blamable.    <ExcuL'pATE,to  clear  from  blame. 
CUL'PRIT,  an  accused  person.      J!NCUL'PATE,  to  blame. 

101.   Cu'mulus,  a  heap. 

CUMULATIVE,  piled  up.  i  ACCUMULATE,  to  heap  up. 

102.   Cu'ra,  care. 


CURE,  a  healing.  [dy. 

CU'RABLE,  admitting  of  a  reme- 
CU'RATE,  a  clergyman  hired  to 

do  the  duties  of  another. 
CU'RIOUS,  inquisitive. 
INCU'RIOUS,  inattentive. 
CURIOS'ITY,  inquisitiveness ;    a 

rarity. 
AC'CURATE,  exact;   done  with 

care. 


PROCURE',  to  obtain. 
PROCURATOR,  the  manager  of 

another's  affairs. 
PROX'Y,  (contracted  from  pro- 

cwrr/r?/),  agency  for  another. 
SECU'RITY,  safety. 
SI'NECURE,  (Lat.  si'ne,  without), 

a  station  which  gives  income 

without  employment. 


74  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

103.    Cur'ro,  (cur'sum},  to  run. 
^ 

CTJR'RENT,  a.  passing.  I  DISCOURSE',  conversation;  aser- 

CUR'RENT,  s.  a  running  stream.  |     mon. 

CUK'RENCY,  circulation;  money.  (DlscuR'siVE,  roving;  by  grada- 
CUK'RICLE,  an  open  chaise,  with  |     tion  of  argument. 


two  horses  abreast. 
CUR'SORY,  hasty. 
CAREER',  course. 


EXCUR'SION,  an  expedition ;  a 

digression. 
INCUR'SION,  inroad ;  invasion. 


COU'RIER,  a  messenger  sent  in  INCUR',  to  become  liable  to. 
N        haste.  [succession.  {OCCUR',  to  happen. 

COURSE,  race;  passage;  order  of  OCCURRENCE,  an  event. 


COURS'ER,  a  swift  horse. 
CONCUR',  to  agree. 
CONCURRENCE,  combination  of 

circumstances. 
CON'COURSE,   a    confluence    of 

persons  or  things. 


RECUR',  to  happen  again ;  to  go 

back. 

PRECUR'SOR,  forerunner. 
RECOURSE',  application    to   for 

help. 
SUC'COR,  (s?/i),  help  in  distress. 


104.    Cur'vuSj  crooked;  winding. 

CURVE,  a  bent  line.  jCuR'vATED,  bent;  crooked. 

CURV'ATURE,  crookedness.         \  INCUR' VATE,  to  bend. 

105.    Cus'los,  (custo'Jt'.s),  a  keeper. 
CUS'TODY,  watch,  imprisonment.  CUSTO'DIAL,  relating  to  custody. 

106.   Cu'tis,  the  skin. 
CUTA'NEOUS,  affecting  the  skin.  |  CU'TICLE,  the  thin  outer  skin. 

107.  Dam'num,  harm,  loss. 

DAM'AGE,  injury.  ;  CONDEMN',    to    give    sentence 

DAMNA'TION,  the  word  used  in       against;  to  denounce. 

the  New  Testament  to  signify  |  INDEM'NIFY,    to    relieve    from 

condemnation    to   everlasting,      loss. 

punishment. 

108.  De'beo,  (del'ituni),  to  owe. 

DEBENT'URE,  a  writing  acknow-  j  DEB'IT,  v.  to  charge  with  debt, 
ledging  a  debt.  j  DEBT'OR,  one  who" is  indebted. 

DEBT,  that  which  is  due. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
109.  De'ccm,  ten;  Duod'ccim}  twelve. 


75 


DEC'IMAL,  numbered  by  tens. 
I)EC'IMATE,  to  tithe,  to  take  the 

tenth. 
DECIMA'TION,  selection  of  every 

tenth. 
DECEM'BER,  the  tenth  month, 

reckoned  from  March. 
DUODEC'IMO,  a  sheet  folded  into 

twelve  leaves. 
DEC'ADE,  the  sum  of  ten. 


DEC'UPLE,  tenfold. 
DECEN'NIAL,  lasting  ten  years. 
DECEM'PEDAL,  (880),  ten  feet 

long. 
DECEM'VIRATE,  (591),  a  body 

of  ten  magistrates. 
DUODECIMAL,  (134),  reckoned 

by  twelves. 
DUODEC'UPLE,     consisting     of 

twelves. 


110.  De'cet,  to  be  becoming  or  proper. 

DE'CENT,  becoming.  I  DEC'ORATE,  to  adorn. 

DE'CENCY,  propriety  of  manner. ;  DEC'OROUS,  observing  propriety. 
DECO'RUM,  propriety  of  behavior,  j  INDECO'RUM,  impropriety. 

111.   Dens,  (dcn'tis),  a  tooth. 


DEN'TAL,  a  letter  sounded  by 

the  aid  of  the  teeth. 
DEN'TIST,  a  tooth  doctor. 
DEN'TIFRICE,  (Lat./WYo,  to  rub 

or  chafe),  tooth  powder. 
DENTI'TION,  cutting  the  teeth. 


INDENT',  to  make  inequalities 
like  teeth. 

TRI'DENT,  (549),  Neptune's 
sceptre  with  three  prongs. 

INDENTATION,  a  notch. 

INDENT'URE,  a  species  of  con- 
tract.* 


DENTIC'ULATED,     with     small 
teeth. 

*  So  called  from  a  custom  of  cutting  notches  in  the  edge  of  the  paper  or 
parchment  on  which  it  is  written. 

112.  Den'sus,  thick,  close. 


DENSE,  close,  compact. 
DENS'ITY,   closeness,    compact- 


CONDENSE',  to  compress. 
CONDENSA'TION,  a   thickening 


DETERIORATE, 


or  compression. 

113.   Dete'rior,  worse, 
to      become  I  DETERIORATION, 


becoming 


114.   De'us,  God.     Di'vus,  a  god. 

DE'ITY,  the  nature  and  essence  I  DE'IST,  one  who  believes  in  God, 
of  God.  but  denies  revelation. 


76  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


DIVINA'TION,  foretelling. 
DIVINE',  a.  of  the  nature  of  God. 
DIVINE',  s.  a  theologian. 


DIVINE',  v.  to  presage. 
DIVIN'ITY,  the  nature  of  God; 
theology* 


115.  Dex'ter,  pertaining  to  the  right  hand. 


DEX'TEROUS,    or    DEX'TROUS, 

expert;  ready. 
DEXTER'ITY,  expertness. 


AMBIDEX'TER,  a  person  who 
uses  both  hands  with  equal 
facility. 


116.  Dfco,  (dica'tuni),  to  devote. 

DED'ICATE,  to   devote ;    to   in-  AB'DICATE,  to  give  up  right ;  to 
scribe  to. 


117.  Di'co,  (il&tum), 


to  sav. 


DIC'TIOX,  language;  style.          1  INDICT',   to   charge   by  formal 
DIC'TIONARY,  a  book  containing  I      accusation. 

the  words  of  a  language.  INDITE',  to  draw  up;    to  com- 

DIC'TATE,    to    give    directions       pose. 


INTERDICT',  to  prohibit. 
MALEDIC'TION,  (279),  a  curse. 
PREDICT',   to   foretell  ;    to  pro- 
phesy. 


authoritatively. 

DICTA'TOR,  a  Roman  magistrate. 
DICTATORIAL,  authoritative. 
ADDICT',  to  devote  to. 

BENEDIC'TION,  (38),  a  blessing.  PREDICATE,  to  assert. 
CONTRADICTION,     opposition  ;  |  PRED'ICABLE,  that  may  be  as- 

inconsistency.  serted. 

E'DICT,  a  proclamation.  ]  YER'DICT,   (580),  the  decision 

IN'DICATE,  to  point  out;  to  show.  j     of  a  jury. 

118.  Dtes,  a  day. 

DI'ARY,  a  daily  account.  i  DI'ALLING,  the  art  of  making 

DIUR'NAL,  daily.  sun-dials. 

QUOTID'IAN,  (Lat.  ^wo^,  as  many  I  MERID'IAN,  (287),  noon;  mid- 

as),  happening  daily.  day. 

DI'AL,  a  plate  with  the  hours  of  MERID'IONAL,  southern. 

the  day  marked  on  it.  | 

119.  Dnj'itus,  a  finger;  a  finger's  breadth. 


DIG'IT,  a  numerical  figure  ;  the 
twelfth  part  of  the  diameter 
of  the  sun  or  moon. 


DIG'ITATED,    having    divisions 

like  fingers. 
DIGITA'LIS,  the  herb  foxgl 


love. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN.  77 

120.   Dig' nus,  worthy. 


DIG'NITY,  honor 
DIG'NIFY,  to  advance  to  honor. 
DEIGN,  to  think  worthy;  to  con- 
descend. 
INDIG'NITY,     unworthy     treat- 


INDIG'NANT,  angry  and  dis- 
gusted. 

INDIG  x  A'TION,  anger  mixed  with 
contempt. 

CONDIGN',  suitable;  merited. 

DISDAIN',  to  think  unworthy. 


121.  Dimid'ium,  half. 


DEM'I-GOD,    one    esteemed    as 


DEM'I-QUAVER,  half  a  quaver. 


half  a  god. 

122.  DMco,  to  learn. 
DISCI'PLE,    a   learner;    a    fol-1  DISCIPLINE,  instruction;   edu- 


lower. 


cation. 


123.  Div'ido,  (586),  (divi'sum'),  to  divide. 

DIVIDE',  to  separate  into  parts,  j  DIVI'SOR,  the  number  given  to 
DIVIS'ION,  the  act  of  separating. !      divide  by. 
DIV'IDEND,  the   number  to  be ;  DIVIS'IBLE,  separable  into  parts, 
divided.  !  INDIVID'UAL,  a  single  being  or 

I     thing. 

124.  Do,  (da' turn");  to  give. 
DO'NOR,  a  giver.  ;  ED'ITOR,  one  who  prepares  for 


DON  A'TION,  a  gift. 
DA'TIVE,  a  case  in  grammar.* 
ADD,  (Lat.  ad'df)),  to  joia  to. 
ADDI'TION,  increase. 
CONDITION,    (Lat.    con'do,    to 


publication. 
PAR'DON,  to  forgive. 
PERDI'TION,  destruction;  ruin. 
REN'DER,  (Lat.  red' do),  to  yield ; 

to  furnish. 


bring  together),  state.  j  TRADI'TION,  an  account  hauded 

ED'IT,  to  give  forth;  to  publish.!      down  orally. 

*  So  called  because  it  denotes  such  a  relation  between  the  verb  and  the 
noun,  as  that  between  the  act  of  giving  and  the  person  or  thing  to  which  any- 
thing is  given ;  i.  e.  it  denotes  the  object  towards  which  an  action  is  directed. 

125.  Do'cco,  (dodtum),  to  teach. 

DOC'TOR,  a  man  who  has  taken !  DOC'UMENT,  a  paper  containing 

the  highest  degree  in  divinity,  j      evidence. 

law,   or   physic,   viz.,   D.  D.,|Do'ciLE,  teachable. 

LL.  D.,  or  M.  D.  JDociL'iTY,     readiness     to     be 

DOC'TTUNE,  whatever  is  taught.!      taught. 


78  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

126.  Do'leo,  to  grieve ;  to  be  in  pain. 


DOLE'FUL,  sorrowful. 
DOL'OROUS,  melancholy. 


CONDOLE',  to  sympathize  with 

the  grief  of  another. 
IN'DOLENCE,  laziness.* 


*  L  iterally,  freedom  from  pain  or  trouble. 

127.  Dom'inus,  a  master  or  lord. 


DOMIN'IOX,  supreme  authority. 
DOMINATION,  power;  tyranny. 
DOMIN'ICAL,  that  which  notes 
the  Lord's  day. 


DOM'INANT,  prevailing. 
DOMINEER',  to  rule  with  inso- 
lence, [the  rest. 
PREDOMINATE,  to  prevail  over 


128.  Do'mo,  (dom'ituni),  to  subdue;  to  tame. 

INDOM'ITABLE,  not  to  be  sub-  INDOM'AELE,  (another  form,  not 
dued.  now  used). 

129.  Do'mus,  a  house;  a  home. 


DOME,  a  house;  a  spherical  roof. 
DOMES'TIC,   belonging    to    the 

house  or  family. 
DOMES'TICATE,  to  accustom  to 

the  residence  of  man. 


DOM'ICIL,  a  mansion  or  abode. 

DOMICIL'IARY,  pertaining  to  an 
abode. 

DOMICIL'IATE,  to  fix  a  resi- 
dence. 


130.  Dor'mio,  (dorm i' turn),  to  sleep. 

DOR'MANT,  sleeping;  insensible.  |  DOR'MITORY,  a  sleeping-room. 
131.  Dor'sum,  the  back. 


DOR'SAL,     pertaining     to     the 


back. 


ENDORSE',  to  write  on  the  back 


of  a 


paper. 


132.  Du'bius,  doubtful. 


DU'BIOUS,  uncertain. 


DOUBT,    DUBITA'TION,    uncer- 


lNDU'BlTABLE,nottobedoubted.       tainty  of  mind. 

133.  Du'co,  (duc'tum),  to  lead. 
DUCT,  a  little  channel  or  canal.    ABDUC'TION,  a  leading  away. 


DUC'TILE,     capable     of    being 
drawn   out   into  a  thread 


ADDUCE',  to  bring  forward.' 
AQ'UEDUCT,  (19),  a  channel  or 
tube  for  conveying  water. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM    THE    LATIN. 


79 


CONDUCT',  to  lead  or  guide. 

CON'DUCT,  behavior;  manage- 
ment. 

CONDUCE',  to  lead  or  tend. 

CON'DUIT,  a  water  pipe  or 
canal. 

DEDUCE',  to  draw  an  inference. 

DEDUCT',  to  subtract. 

DEDUC'TION,  an  inference. 

DUKE,  a  leader ;  a  noble. 

EDUCE',  to  draw  out. 

ED'UCATE,  to  lead  by  instruction 
and  discipline. 

INDUCE',  to  lead  by  motives;  to 
bring  on,  (as  a  disease). 

INDUCE'MENT,  a  motive. 


INDUC'TION,  drawing  a  general 
inference  from  many  par- 
ticulars. 

INDUC'TIVE,  proceeding  by  in- 
duction. 

INTRODUCE',  to  bring  in. 

PRODUCE',  to  bring  forward ;  to 
bear. 

PRODUCTIVE,  capable  of  pro- 
ducing. 

EEDUCE',   to   bring   down;    to 

subject. 

[SEDUCE',  to  draw  aside  into 
error  or  crime. 

SEDUC'TIVE,  fitted  to  entice. 
i  TRADUCE',  to  calumniate. 


134. 


two. 


DU'AL,    relating    to   two   or   a  JDOUB'LE,  consisting  of  two. 

pair.  I  DU'PLICATE,  (392),  two-fold. 

DU'EL,  a  combat  between  two.     DUPLIC'ITY,     double     dealing ; 


DUET',  a  piece  of  music  in  two 
parts. 


deception. 


REDU'PLICATE,  to  double  again. 
135.  Du'rus,  hard. 


DU'RABLE,  lasting. 
DU'RANCE,  imprisonment. 
DURA'TION,  continuance. 
DU'RING,  as  long  as. 


ENDURE',  to  bear ;  to  last. 
IN'DURATED,  hardened. 
OB'DURATE,    stubborn ;    hard- 
hearted. 


136.  jEb'rius,  drunken. 


EBRI'ETY,  drunkenness. 
INE'BRIATE,  an  habitual  drunk- 
ard. 


SOBRI'ETY,  (Lat.  tfne),  freedom 
from  intoxication;  dignity  of 
deportment. 


137.  ^E'des,  (oeWs),  a  house  or  building. 


ED'IFICE,  (152),  a  building. 


j  ED'IFY,  to  build  up  in  knowl- 
edge or  faith. 


138.  E'do,  to  eat. 
EDAC'ITY,  greediness.  |  ED'IBLE,  eatable. 


80  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

139.  Ego,  I.      - 

E'GOTISM,  talking  much  of  one's '  E'GOTIST,  one  who  is  guilty  of 
self.  I      egotism. 

140.   Umo,  (emp'tuni],  to  buy. 

EXEMPT',  (literally,  bought  off,)  PROMPT.T  ready ;  quick. 

not  liable.  j  REDEEM',  to  buy  back ;  to  ran- 

EXEMP'TIOX,  freedom  from  a;  som. 

task  or  burden.  [lute.  [REDEMPTION,  the  act  of  re- 

PER'EMPTORY,*  positive ;  abso-  j  deeming. 

*  The  Latin  word  peri' mo,  signifies  to  take  away  wholly;  to  destroy  ;  and 
perenip'tor,  signifies  a  destroyer. 

f  From  pro' mo  (promp'tum],  which  is  compounded  of  pro  and  emo,  and 
signifies  to  bring  or  put  forward. 

141.  jEm'ulus,  a  rival. 

EMULA'TIOX,  a  desire  to  vie  or  •  EM'ULOUS,  disposed  to  competi- 
compete  with  another.  j      tion. 

142.  Eo,  (i'tum),  to  go. 

AM'BIEXT,  surrounding.  [PER'ISH,  to  die. 

AMBI'TION,|  a  desire  of  honor.  PRET'ERITE,  past;  gone  by. 
CIR'CUIT,  (Lat.  ciVcwm),  extent  SEDI'TIOX,  a  going  into  a  sepa- 

round  about.  rate  or  rebellious  party. 

EX'IT,  a  going  out;  a  departure.  TRAXs'lEXT,TRAXs'iTORY,pass- 
IXIT'IAL,  placed  at  the  entrance       ing  quickly. 

or  beginning.  [diments.  TRAXS'IT,  a  passing  over. 

IXI'TIATE,  to  instruct  in  the  TU-.TRAXSI'TIOX,  the  act  or  state 
IT'ERATE,  (Lat.  fter,  a  journey), '      of  passing  from  one  condition 

to  go  over  again.  to  another. 

ITIX'ERANT,  journeying.  [TRANS'ITIVE,      in      grammar, 

OBIT'UARY,    (Lat.   ob'itus,    de-       passing  over  upon  some  ob- 

cease),  relating  to  the  decease  j     ject. 

of  a  person. 

J  The  Latin  word  am'bitus,  signifies  a  going  round  or  about :  and  was  used 
to  denote  the  canvassing  for  votes,  and  the  soliciting  of  popular  favor  em- 
ployed by  those  who  sought  office. 

143.   E'quus,  a  horse. 

EQUES'TRIAX,     pertaining     to  EQ'UIPAGE,  the  arms,  &c.,  of  a 
horsemanship.  mounted  soldier;  any  accou- 

trements. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


81 


144. 

E'QUAL,  of  the  same  size  or  im- 
portance. 

E'QUALIZE,  to  make  even  or 
equal. 

E'QUABLE,  not  varying. 

AD'EQUATE,  equal  to;  sufficient. 

EQUA'TION,  a  making  equal. 

EQUA'TOR,  a  line  which  divides 
the  earth  into  two  equal  parts. 

EQUILIBRIUM,  equal  weight. 


,  equal,  just. 

E'QUIXOX,  (336),  the  time  when 
the  day  and  night  are  of  equal 
length. 

EQ'UITY,  justice. 

EQUIV'ALEXT,  (567),  of  equal 
value  or  force. 

EQUIV'OCATE,    (596),   to    use 
words  in  a  doubtful  and  de- 
ceptive manner. 
ilxiQ'uiTY,  injustice. 


145.  Er'ro,  (erra'tum),  to  wander. 

ERR,  to  mistake.  i  ERR'IXG,  irregular;  vicious. 

ERKA'TUM,  (pi.  erra'ta),  an  er-|  ERRO'XEOUS,  wrong;  incorrect, 
ror  in  writing  or  printing.         ABERRA'TIOX,  wandering  from 
ERRAT'IC,  ER'RAXT,  wandering.  I     the  right  path. 
ER'ROR,  mistake.  j  UNER'RINGLY,  without  mistake. 

,  to  value. 

ES'TIMATE,  to  judge  concerning  'ES'TIMABLE,  worthy  of  esteem. 

the  value.  j  ESTEEM',  high  regard. 

ESTIMATION,  opinion  respecting  i  INES'TI  MABLE,  of  value  too  great 

value.  I     to  be  computed. 

147.  uE'vum,  an  age. 


COE'VAL,  existing  at  the  same 

period.  [life. 

LONGEVITY,  (269),  length  of 


PRIME'VAL,  of  the  first  age;  ex- 
isting in  the  earliest  times. 


148.  Exem'plum,  an  example. 


EXAM'PLE,  model,  pattern;  in- 


[tated. 
to  be  i  mi- 


stance. 

Ex  KM'PLAR,  a  pattern 

EX'EMPLARY,  worthy  "of  imita- 
tion, [example. 

EXEM'PLIFY,   to    illustrate   by 


SAM'PLE,  a  specimen. 

SAM'PLEB,  a  pattern  of  needle- 
work. — — L__  [tion. 

EXEMPLIFICATION,       illustra- 

UNEXAM'PLED,  without  prece- 
dent. 


149.  Ex'terus,  outer;  foreign. 


EXTE'RIOR,  the  outside. 
EXTER'XAL,  pertaining  to  the 
outside. 


EXTRA'NEOUS,  (Lat.  ex'tra,  be- 
yond), not  belonging  to  the 
subject. 


82  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


EXTREME',  utmost. 
EXTREM'ITY,  the  utmost  point. 


EXTRIN'SIC,  from  without. 
STRANGE,  foreign;  unusual. 


150.  Fa'ber,  an  artificer. 

F  \B'RIC,  a  structure.  I  FABRICATE,  to  form ;  to  devise 

I      falsely. 

151.  Fa'cies,  a  face. 
FACE,  the  countenance;  appear-  SUR'FACE,    SUPERFIC'IES,  out- 


ance. 


side. 


DEFACE',  to  disfigure.  SUPERFICIAL,  lying  on  the  out- 

EFFACE',  to  wipe  out.  I     side. 

152.  Fa'cio,  (fac?tum~),  to  do  or  make :  and  Fi'o,  (fadtus),  to 
become. - — 

FACT,  a  thing  done;  a  reality.     EFFECT/IVE,  EFFICIENT,  opera- 
FAC'TOR,  an  agent  or  doer.  tive;  active;  producing. 

FAC'TION,  a  party  counteracting  EFFECT'UAL,  EFFICA'CIOUS.  not 

the  government.  failing  to  accomplish  the  ob- 

FAC'TORY,  a  building  in  which       ject  in  view. 

anything  is  manufactured;  the  INFECT',  to  taint  with  disease. 

residence  of  traders  abroad.  MANUFACTURE,  (282),  to  make 
FAC'ILE,  easy  to  be  done.  things  by  hand  or  machinery. 

FACII/ITATE,  to  make  easy.        'Or'FiCE,  employment;  station; 
AFFECT',  to  move  the  passions.   '      place  of  business. 
AFFECTION,  love, kindness;  any  OFFICIATE,    to    discharge    an 

passion.  office. 

AFFECTA'TION,  assumed  feeling.  PER'FECT,  (Lat.  perfic'io,  to  ac- 

A-eet-meuts.         complish),  complete;  pure. 
COUNTERFEIT,  a  forgery.  ,  PRE'FECT,  a  governor. 

DEFEAT',   to    undo;    to    over-  PROFIC'IENT,  one  who  is  skilled 

throw.  in  any  science. 

DEFECT',  want;  a  blemish.          REFEC'TION,  refreshment  after 
J)KFEC'TION,  departure;  revolt.'      fatigue. 
DEFICIENT,  DEFEC'TIVE,  fail- ,  REFEC'TORY,  an  eating-room. 

iu£.  ISAC'RIFICE,  (453).  to  offer;  to 

PIF'FICULT,  hard  to  be  done.  surrender;  to  devote. 

FI'AT,*  a  command.  SUFFICIENT,    competent;    ade- 

EFFECT',  to  bring  to  pass;  the       quate. 

thing  produced.  SUR'FEIT,  to  feed  to  excess. 

*  The  word  signifies,  let  it  be  done. 

NOTE. — The  nnmher  of  words  derived  in  part  from/o'ci'o  and/'o,  is  large. 
It  i^  not  necessary  to  insert  them  all  here,  particularly  as  the  most  import- 
ant will  be  found  under  other  paragraphs,  with  references  to  this. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 

153.  Fal'lo,  (fal'sum^),  to  deceive. 


FALSE,  not  true;  not  real;  coun- 
terfeit. 

FALS'ITY,  FALSE'HOOD,  an  un- 
truth. 


FAL'LACY,  deceitful   argument 

or  appearance. 
FAL'LIBLE,  liable  to  error. 
FALSET'TO,  a  feigned 


FALLACIOUS,  fitted  to  deceive,  j  FAL'SIFY,  to  make  a  false  repre- 
1     I     sentation. 

154.  Fa'ma,  a  report. 


FAME,  celebrity;  renown. 
FA'MOUS,  renowned. 
DEFAME',  to  injure  one's  repu- 
tion  maliciously. 


BEFAMA'TION,  calumny. 
DEFAM'ATORY,  slanderous. 
IN'FAMOUS,  openly  censured. 
IN'FAMY,  public  reproach. 


155.  Fa'mes,  hunger. 

FAM'INE,  scarcity  of  food.          I  FAM'ISH,  to  suffer  extreme  hun- 
I     ger- 

156.  Famil'ia,  a  family. 


FAM'ILY,  the  persons  living  in 
the  bouse ;  a  race  ;  a  class. 

FAMIL'IAR,  a.  easy  in  conversa- 
tion; affable;  well  known. 


FAMILIAR'ITY,  omission  of  cere- 
mony; acquaintance. 

FA MIL'I ARIZE,  to  make  easy  by 
habit. 


157.  Fa'num,  a  temple. 

FANF.  i  temple.  PROFANE',  a.  irreverent  to  sacred 

FANATIC,  enthusiastic.  things;  secular. 

FANAT'ICISM,  religious  phrensy.  PROFANA'TION,  a  violation  of 
PROFANE',  v.  to  pollute ;  to  vio- ;      sacred  things. 

late  or  abuse   that  which  is  PROFANE'NESS,  irreverence  to- 
consecrated.  1      wards  what  is  sacred. 

158.  Fa'ri,  (fa'tus*),  to  speak. 


FATE,  decree  of  destiny  or  a 
superior  power. 

FA'TAL,  deadly;  destructive. 

AFFABIL'ITY,  kindne&s  of  man- 
ner in  conversation. 

AF'FABLE,  easy  to  be  spoken  to. 

INEF'FABLE,  unspeakable. 


IN'FANT,  (Lat.  in'fans,  not  able 
to  speak),  a  young  child. 

IN'FANCY,  the  first  stage  of  life. 

PREF'ACE,  (Lat.  prcefa'tio,  a 
speaking  beforehand),  an  in- 
troductory speech  or  writing. 

PREF'ATORY,  introductory. 


84  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

159.  Fari'na,  meal,  flour. 


FARI'NA,  the  pollen  of  plants. 


FARINA'CEOUS,  made  of  meal  or 


flour. 

160.  Fa'teor,  (faifsus,  or  in  composition  fes'sus},  to  confess. 

CONFESS',  to  own.  |  PROFESS',  to  declare ;  to  avow. 

161.  Fdbris,  a  fever. 

FE'VEU,*  a  disease.  j  FEBRIF'IC,    (152),     producing 

FE'VERISH,  affected  with  fever.  •      fever. 

FE'BRILE,  pertaining  to  fever.      FEB'RIFUGE,  (197),  any  medi- 
cine that  mitigates  fever. 

*  The  Latin  word/e'&ri's  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  fer' ceo,  to  boil. 

162.  Fa/dus,  a  league  or  covenant. 

FED'ERAL,  pertaining  to  a  cove- '  FED'ERATIVE,  securing  union. 

nant  or  league.  i  CONFEDERACY,    a   number   of 

CONFEDERATE,  one  joined  in  a       persons  or  states  united  by  a 

league.  |      league. 

163.  Fe'lix,  (feli'ci^  happy. 

FELIC'ITY,  happiness.  I  FELIC'ITATE,  to  congratulate. 

FELIC'ITOUS,  happy,  fortunate.    INFELIC'ITY,  misfortune. 

164.  Fem'ina,  a  woman;  a  female. 

FEM'ININE,  of  the  female  sex.    :  EFFEM'INATE,  like  woman;  de- 
!     licate ;  irresolute. 

165.  Fen'do,  ( fen' sum*). ^  to  strike. 


FENCE,  DEFENCE',  guard,  secu- 
rity. 


FORE-FEND',  to  avert. 
OFFEND',  to  displease;  to  trans- 


FEN'CING,  practice  in  using   a       gress. 

sword  for  defence.  OFFENCE',  crime;  injury. 

DEFEND',  to  protect.  INOFFENS'IVE,  harmless ;  inno- 

DEFEND'ANT,  one   who   makes       cent. 

his  defence  against  a  prosecu-|  FEN'CIBLES,    regiments    raised 

tor  or  plaintiff.  for  defence. 

FKND,  to  ward  off.        [the  fire,  i  DEFENS'ATIVE,   a   defence;    a 
FEND'ER,  a  utensil  placed  before  j      bandage. 

•(•  Fcndo  is  used  in  Latin  only  in  composition. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM   THE   LATIN.  85 

166.  Fe'ra,  a  wild  beast. 
FERO'CIOUS,  cruel,  savage.          |  FIERCE,  vehement;  furious. 

167-  Fe'ro,  (laflum),  to  bear  or  carry, 

FER'RY,  a  boat  which   carries  j  OF'FERING,  OBLA'TION,  a  sacri- 

passengers  across  a  river.  fice. 

FER'TILE,    fruitful;    producing :  PESTIF'EROUS,    (Lat.  pes'tis,  a 

abundantly.  _  plague),  producing  the  plague. 

CIRCUM'FERENCE,  the  measure 

around  anything. 
CONFER',  to  discourse  or  consult 

with  another. 
CON'FEREN,CE,  a  meeting  for  dis| 

cussing  a  question. 
COLLATE',  to  compare  things  oi 


the  same  kind. 


[past 


COLLA'TION,  a  comparing;  a  re- 

DEFER',  DELAY',  to  put  off. 

DEFERENCE,    yielding    to    an- 
other's opinion. 

DILATE',  to  enlarge;  to  extend], 

DIL'ATORY,  disposed  to  put  off; 
tardy. 

DIF'FER,  to  be  unlike;  to  coni 
tend 

DIFFERENCE,   distinction;  dis- 
pute. 

ELATE',  to  uplift ;  render  proud 
by  success. 

INFER  ,  to  draw  a  conclusion. 

OF'FER,  to  present;  to  propose 
to  sacrifice. 


'  jjdJlke  better. 

IPREF'ERENCE,  estimation  of  one 

thing  before  another. 
PRE'LATE,  a  dignitary  of  the 

church. 
PROF'FER,  to  bring  forward ;  to 

offer. 
REFER',  to  leave  to  the  decision 


of  another. 


[tell. 


RELATE',  to  have  respect  to ;  to 
RELA'TION,  connection;    narra- 


REL'ATIVE,  a  kinsman. 

SUPER'LATIVE,  surpassing. 

SUF'FER,  to  bear,  endure;  to 
allow,  permit. 

SUF'FERANCE,  pain;  patience; 
permission. 

TRANSFER',  to  convey;  to  re- 
move. 

TRANSLATE',  to  remove;  to  in- 
terpret into  another  language. 

VOCIF'EROUS,  (596),  making 
loud  vocal  sounds. 


FAR'RIER,*  a  horse  doctor. 
FAR'RIERY,  the  science  of  medi- 
cine for  horses. 
FER'REOUS,  consisting  of  iron. 


FERRU'GINOUS,  partaking  of  the 

quality  of  iron. 
FER'RULE,    an     iron    ring    or 

band. 


*  A  name  applied  originally  to  a  shoer  of  horses. 

169.   Fer'veo,  to  boil ;  to  be  hot. 

FERVOR,  heat;  zeal.  [ous.  ]  EFFERVESCE',  to  bubble  up. 

FER'VENT,  FER'VID,  hot;  zeal- \ EFFERVES'CENCE,  ebullition. 


86  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

FERMENT',  to  be  in  intestine JFERMENTA'TION,  a  state  of  in- 
motion.  I     testine  motion. 

170.  Fcs'tus,  joyful. 

FES'TAL,  belonging  to  a  feast;  FESTIV'ITY,  gayety;  joyfulness. 
joyful.  FEAST,  a  sumptuous  entertain- 

FES'TIVE,  joyful.          [joicing.  j     ment. 
FES'TIVAL,  an  occasion  of  re- j  INFEST',  to  harass;  to  disturb. 

171.  Fi'do,  to  trust. 

FIDEL'ITY,     honesty;     faithful  IN'FIDEL,  an  unbeliever. 

adherence.  UNFIDEL'ITY,      unfaithfulness; 

CONFIDE',  to  trust;  to  rely.  disbelief. 

CONFIDENCE,  trust;  boldness.    PER'FIDY,  treachery. 
CONFIDEN'TIAL,  private.  AFFI'ANCED,  pledged  for  mar- 

DIF'FIDENCE,  distrust.  riage. 

172.  Fi'go,  (fidurn),  to  fix,  to  fasten. 


Fix,  to  make  fast;  to  settle. 
FIXA'TION,  solidity;  firmness. 
AFFIX',  to  join  to. 
CRUCIFIX'ION,  (98),  fastening 
to  a  cross.  [image. 

CRU'CIFIX,  a  cross  bearing  an 


FIX'TURE,  furniture  or  apparatus 


not  se 


iparate  from  the  building. 
PREFIX',  to  put  before. 
TRANSFIX',  to  pierce  through. 
SUFFIX',  to  add  to  the  end  of  a 
word. 


173.  FiVius,  a  son;  FiPia,  a  daughter. 

FIL'IAL,  pertaining  to  a  son  or  j  AFFIL'IATED,  adopted;  received 
daughter.  as  a  member  of  a  family  or 

I     association. 

174.  Fflum,  a  thread. 

FIL'AMENT,  a  thread  ;  a  fibre.    I  FILE,  a  line;  a  row. 
FILA'CEOUS,  corn  posed  of  threads.  IFIL'TER,  a  strainer. 

175.   Fin'go,  (fie1  turn),  to  form  ;  to  fashion. 


FIC'TION,  an  invention ;  a  false- 
hood. 

FICTITIOUS,  imaginary;  not  real. 
EF'FIGY,  image;  likeness. 
FEIGN,  to  pretend. 
FEINT,  a  pretence. 


FIG'URE,  form;  a  statue;  a  cha- 


racter. 


FIG'URATIVE,          representing 

something  else. 
TRANSFIGURA'TION,  change  of 

form. 


4 

RDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


OPT 

87 


176.   Fi'nis,  an  end  or  limit. 


FIN'ISH,  to  complete,  to  end. 

FI'NITE,  limited;  having  an  end. 

IN'FINITE,  unlimited;  immense. 

INFIN'ITY,  INFIN'ITUDE,  infinite 
extent. 

IxFiN'iTiVE,thenameofamode, 
in  grammar,  which  is  not 
limited  by  person  or  number. 

DEFINE',  to  limit;  to  explain. 

DEF'INITE,  certain;  limited. 

DEFINITIVE,  Fi'NAL;conclusive. 


, 


DEFINITION,  a  short  descrip- 
tion. 

CONFINE',  v.  to  limit;  to  re- 
strain. 

CON'FINES,  s.  boundaries. 

AFFIN'ITY,  relation ;  resem- 
blance. 

INDEFINITE,  not  limited;  not 


precise. 
INFINITESIMAL, 


indefinitely 


177. 

FIRM,  hard;  steady. 
FIRM'AMENT,  the  sky. 
AFFIRM',  to  declare  positively. 
AFFIRMA'TION,  assertion. 
AFFIRM' ATIVE,    declaring;  o 
posed  to  negative 


Fir' mus,  strong. 

CONFIRM',  to  settle;  to  establish. 
CONFIRMATION,         additional 

proof;  a  religious  rite. 
v  INFIRM',  weak;  decrepit. 
INFIRM'ITY,  weakness;  a  failing. 
INFIRM' ARY,  a  hospital. 


178.   Fis'cus,  a  money  bag;  the  exchequer. 
FIS'CAL,  pertaining  to  the  reve-  j  CONFISCATE,  to  transfer  private 


CONFISCATION,  transfer  of  for- 
feited goods  to  public  use. 


property   to    the   public,   by 
way  of  penalty. 


179.  Fla'gro,  to  burn;  to  be  in  flames. 

FLA'GRANT,  glaring;  enormous. | DEFLAGRATE,  to  set  on  fire  to. 
CONFLAGRATION,  an  extensive  [  DEFLAGRA'TION,  burning;  corn- 
fire,  bustion. 


180.  Flam'ma,  a  flame. 

INFLAMMA'TION,  the  act  of  set- 
ting on  fire;  diseased  heat  of 
the  body. 

the 


FLAME,  burning  vapor. 
FLAM'BEAU,  a  kind  of  torch. 
INFLAME',  to  kindle;  to  irritate. ; 

INFLAM'MABLE,   easily   set  on :  INFLAM'MATORY,    having 
fire.  power  of  inflaming. 


181.  Flee' to  (flex1  urn},  to  bend. 


FLEX'ION,  a  bending. 
FLEX'IBLE, pliable;  manageable. 


DEFLEC'TION,  turning  from  the 


true  course. 


88  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

INFLEXIBLE,  not  to  be  bent;  INFLECT',  to  bend;  to  vary. 

obstinate.  :  INFLECTION,  variation  of  the 

REFLECT',  to  throw  back;  to  I  form  of  words;  a  bending 

consider  attentively.  inward;  a  modulation  of  the 

RE'FLEX,  directed  backwards.  I  voice. 

182.  Fli'go,  (JIM turn),  to  beat ;  to  dash. 

AFFLICT/,    to    give    pain ;     to  INFLICT',  to  impose  a  punish- 

grieve.  ment. 

AFFLIC'TION,  calamity.  PROF'LIGATE,  shameless ;  aban- 

CON'FLICT,  contest;  struggle,     j      doned. 

183.  Flo,  (fla'tum),  to  blow. 

AFFLA'TUS,   a    light  blast;    a! INFLATE',  to  fill  with  air;  to  elate 

breath.  [in  the  stomach.       with  notions  of  self-importance. 

FLAT'ULENCE,  generation  of  air  PERFLA'TION,  blowing  through. 

184.  Flos,  (flo'ris),  a  flower. 

FLO'RA,  the  goddess  of  flowers;  FLORIF'EROUS, (167). producing 

a  list  or  account  of  flowers.  flowers. 

EFFLORES'CENCE,  an  appearance  FLOW'ER,  s.  a  blossom. 

resembling  flowers.  FLOW'ER,  a.  to  blossom. 

FLO'RAL,  pertaining  to  flowers.    FLOUR'ISH,  to  be  in  vigor. 
FLO'RIST,  a  cultivator  of  flowers.  \  FLOS'CULOUS,  composed  of  flow- 
FLOR'ID,  bright  in  color ;  flushed. ;     ers. 

185.  Flu'o,  (/ua/wm),  to  flow. 

FLUX,  a  flowing ;  tide.  I  DEFLUX'ION,  a  flowing  down  of 

FLU'ENT,  flowing;  voluble.  humors. 

FLU'ENCY,  readiness  of  speech.  1  EFFLU'VIA,  those  minute  parti- 
FLU'ID,  anything  that  flows.  cles  which  are  always  flying 

FLUCTUATE,   (Lat.  flm'tus,   a  |     off  from  bodies. 

wave),    to    move    backwards  j  IN'FLUX,  a  flowing  in. 

and  forwards.  |!N'FLUENCE,   power;    tendency 

FLUCTUA'TION,  wavering.  to  produce  change. 

EF'FLUX,  a  flowing  out.  INFLUENTIAL,  exerting  power. 

AFFLUENCE,  plenty;  riches.        RE'FLUX,  backward  course;  ebb. 
CIRCUM'FLUENT,  flowing  round. ;  REF'LUENT,  flowing  back. 
CON'FLUX,     CONFLUENCE,     a  SUPERFLUOUS,      more      than 

junction  of  streams.  enough. 

CON'FLUENT,  running  into  one;  SUPERFLUITY,   plenty   beyond 

another.  |      necessity. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 

186.  Fo'lium,  a  leaf. 


89 


FO'LIAGE,  a  growth  of  leaves. 
FOLIA'CEOUS,     consisting      of 

leaves. 

TRE'FOIL,  three-leaved  clover. 
CINQUE'FOIL,  five-leaved  clover. 
FO'LIATE,  to  beat  into  leaves. 


FOIL,  leaf  metal. 

FO'LIO,  a  large  book,  in  which 

the  sheets  of  paper  are  only 

once  folded. 
PORTFO'LIO,  (402),  a  case  for 

loose  leaves. 


187.  For' ma,  form;  beauty. 


FORM,  s.  shape. 

FORM,  v.  to  make ;  to  contrive. 

FORM'AL,  ceremonious;  solemn. 

FORMAL'ITY,  ceremony. 

FORMA'TION,  the  act  of  forming ; 
manner  or  shape. 

FORM'ULA,  a  prescribed  form. 

CONFORM',  to  make  like;  to 
comply  with. 

CONFORM'ITY,  agreement. 

CONFORMATION,  the  relative 
form  of  things. 

CRU'CIFORM,  having  the  form 
of  a  cross. 

DEFORM',  to  disfigure. 

DEFORM'ITY,  unsightly  shape. 

INFORM',  to  instruct;  to  ac- 
quaint. 


INFORM'ANT,  INFORM'ER,  one 
who  gives  intelligence. 

INFORMA'TION,  intelligence. 

INFORMALITY,  the  absence  of 
form. 

MUL'TIFORM,  (317),  of  various 
shapes. 

PERFORM',  to  do  or  act ;  to  exe- 
cute. 

PERFORMANCE,  action ;  work. 
i  REFORM',  v.  to  grow  better. 

REFORM',    s.    REFORMATION, 
change  from  worse  to  better. 

TRANSFORM',  to  change. 

TRANSFORMATION,  change  of 
form. 

UNIFORM'ITY,  agreement  with 
one  pattern. 


188.  Fors,  (foStis),  chance. 


FOR'TUNE,  the  good  or  ill  that 

befalls  man. 
FOR'TUNATE,  successful. 


UNFOR'TUNATE,  unlucky. 
MISFOR'TUNE,  calamity. 
FORTUITOUS,  accidental. 


189.  For'tis,  brave;  strong. 


FOR'TITUDE,  courage ;  bravery. 
FOR'TIFY,  (152),  to  strengthen. 
FORT,  a  castle. 

FORTIFICA'TION.  military  archi- 
tecture for  defence. 


FOR'TRESS,  a  fortified  place. 

FORCE,  strength. 

COM'FORT,    to    strengthen;    to 

cheer. 
EF'FORT,  exertion. 


90  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

190.  Fos'sa,  a  ditch  or  trench. 

FOSSE,  a  trench.  jFos'siL,  a  substance  dug  from 

I     the  earth. 

191.  Fran'go,  (/racVwrn.),  to  break. 

FRAC'TURE,  a  breach  or  break-  INFRAC'TION,  violation  of  a  con- 
tract or  law. 


FRAC'TION,  a  part. 
FRAC'TIOUS,  breaking  out  into 

violence. 

FRAG'MENT,  a  broken  part. 
FRAG'ILE.  frail ;   easily  broken. 
FRAGILITY,  brittleness. 
FRAIL'TY,  weakness. 


IRREFRA'GABLE.  not  capable  of 
being  broken  or  refuted. 

REFRACT',  to  break  the  course 
of  rays  of  light. 

REFRAC'TION,  change  of  direc- 
tion of  rays. 

REFRAC'TORY,   obstinate;    per- 


INFRINGE', to   break  in  upon; 

to  transgress.  SUF'FRAGE,*  a  vote. 

*  Lat.  Siijfra'gium. — The  name  was  derived  from  the  custom  of  using  pot- 
sherds in  voting. 

192.  Fra'ter,  a  brother. 
FRATER'NAL,  brotherly.  FRAT'RICIDE,  (41),  the  murder 


FRATER'NITY,  brotherhood. 


or  murderer  of  a  brother. 


193.  Fraus,  (frau'dis),  deceit. 

FRAUD,  deceit.  '  DEFRAUD',  to  cheat,  to  impose 

FRAUD'ULENT,  deceitful.  j     upon. 

194.  Fri'gus,  (fri1  gores'),  cold. 

FRIG'ID,  cold ;  without  warmth  j  REFRIG'ERANT,  a  cooling  medi- 
of  affection.  cine. 


FRIGID'ITY,  coldness. 
FRIGORIF'IC,  causing  cold. 


REFRIG'ERATE,  to  cool. 
REFRIG'ERATOR,  a  cooler. 


REFRIGERA'TION,  act  of  cooling. 

195.   Frons,  (fron'(is').  the  forehead. 

FRONT,  the  face;  the  forepart.    FRONT'IERS,  the  limits  of  a  ter- 
FRONT'LET,  a  band  worn  upon       ritory ;   borders. 

the  forehead.  AFFRONT',  to  offend. 

FRONT'ISPIECE,  a  picture  oppo-  CONFRONT',  to  meet  face  to  face. 

site  the  title-page  of  a  book.     EFFRONT'ERY.  impudence. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM   THE    LATIN. 
196.  Fru'or,  (fru'itus),  to  enjoy. 


91 


FRUI'TION,  enjoyment. 
FRUC'TIFY,  (Lat.fruc'tus,  fruit), 
to  render  fruitful. 


FRUIT,  the  produce  of  a  tree  or 
plant. 


197.  Fu'gio,  (fu'gitum), 


FUGA'CIOUS,  volatile ;  fleeting. 

FUGAC'ITY,  instability. 

FU'GITIVE,  running  away. 

CENTRIF'UGAL,  (Lat.  cen'trum, 
the  centre),  having  a  tendency 
to  fly  from  the  centre. 


REF'UGE,  a  shelter;  a  hiding 
place. 

REFUGEE',  one  who  flies  for  pro- 
tection. 

SUB'TERFUGE,  a  trick ;  an  eva- 
sion. 


FUL'GENCY,  brightness. 
FUL'GENT,  shining. 
EFFUL'GENCE,     REFUL'GENCE, 
lustre. 


198.  Ful'geo,  to  shine. 

FUL'MINATE,  (Lat.ful'men'),  to 
thunder;  to  make  a  loud 
noise. 

FULMINA'TION,  denunciation. 


199.  Fu'mus,  smoke. 


FUME,  smoke;  vapor. 
FU'MIGATE,  to  smoke. 
FUMIGA'TION,    application     of 
medicines  in  vapor. 


FUM'ING,  smoking;  raging. 
PERFUME',  s.  to  scent;  to  im- 
pregnate with  odors,     [ncral. 
PERFUM'ERY,  perfumeries  in  ge- 


200.   Fun'do,  (fu'sum),  to  pour  out. 


FUSE,  to  melt. 

FU'SION,  the  act  of  melting,  [ed. 
FU'SIBLE,  capable  of  being  melt- 
CONFOUND',  to  mingle  things; 

to  perplex. 
CONFU'SION,  irregular  mixture; 

tumult. 
DIFFUSE',  to  spread ;  to  scatter. 


EFFU'SION,  a  pouring  out. 

INFUSE',  to  pour  in;  to  instil. 

PROFU'SION,  abundance. 

REFUND',  to  pour  back;  to  re- 
store. 

SUFFUSE',  to  spread  over. 

TRANSFUSE',  to  pour  from  one 
into  another. 


201    Fun'dus,  a  foundation,  or  bottom. 


FOUND,  to  establish. 
FOUND'ER,  one  who  establishes. 
FOUNDATION,     establishment ; 
basis  of  an  edifice. 


FUNDAMENTAL,   lying  at  the 

foundation. 

PROFOUND,  deep;  thorough. 
PROFUND'ITY,  depth. 


92 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

202.   Ge'lu,  frost;  ice. 


GEL'ID,  extremely  cold. 
GEL'ATIN,  an  animal  substance 

resembling  jelly. 
GELAT'INOUS,  like  gelatin. 


GEL'ABLE,  that  may  be  con- 
gealed. 

CONGEAL',  to  turn  by  cold  from 
a  fluid  to  a  solid;  to  freeze. 

CONGELA'TION,  a  freezing. 


203.    Ge'ro,  (gesftum),  to  bear;  to  carry  on. 


GES'TURE,  action  intended  to 
convey  ideas. 

GESTICULATION,  the  act  of 
making  gestures. 

ALIG'EROUS,  (Lat.  a'la.  a  wing), 
having  wings. 

BELLIG'ERENT,  (35),  waging 
war. 

CONGE'RIES,  a  collection  of  sub- 
stances into  one  body. 


CONGES'TION,  an  accumulation 

of  blood  in  some  part  of  the 

body. 
DIGEST',  to  arrange;  to  soften 

or  dissolve. 
INDIGES'TION,  the  state  of  food 

undissolved  in  the  stomach. 
SUGGEST',  to  iutitate. 
VICE-GE'RENT.  one  who  acts  in 

the  place  of  another. 


204.    Gig'no,  (gen'-itum"),  to  generate,  to  produce. 


GE'NIAL,  causing  production  or 

growth. 

GE'NIUS,  natural  disposition. 
GEN'ITIVE,  (in  grammar),  a  case 

denoting     the     source    from 

which  something  proceeds. 
GEN'ERAL,  comprehending  many 

individuals. 

GENER'IC,  belonging  to  a  genus. 
GEN'DER,  sex. 
GE'NUS,  a  kind  including  many 


GEN'UINE,  natural;  unadulter- 
ated. 

GEN'TILE,  (Lat.  gens,  a  nation), 
one  of  a  nation  ignorant  of 
God. 

GEN'TLE,  soft;  mild;  tame. 

GENTEEL',  elegant  in  manners. 

CONGE'NIAL,  of  the  same  kind. 

PEGEN'ERATE,  to  grow  worse. 

ENGEN'DER,  to  produce. 


GENERALIZE,  to  arrange  par- 
ticulars under  heads. 

GEN'ERATE,  to  produce. 

GENERA'TION.  the  people  living 
at  one  period. 

GEN'EROUS,  noble  minded ; 
liberal. 

INDIG'ENOUS,  (Lat.  in'de, 
thence),  native  in  a  country. 

INGE'NIOUS,  having  genius;  in- 
ventive. 

INGENU'ITY,  acuteness;  power 
to  invent. 

INGEX'UOUS, candid;  open;  fair. 

INGEN'UOUSNESS,  candor. 

PRIMOGENITURE,  (412),  the 
state  of  being  a  first-born. 

PROGEN'ITOR,  a  forefather. 

PROG'ENY,  offspring;  race. 

REGENERATE,  to  renew 

REGENERATION,  new  birth  to 
the  Christian  life. 


WORDS    DERIVED   PROM    THE   LATIN.  93 

205.    Gla'dius,  a  sword. 

GLA'DIATOR,  a  sword-player.       GLADIATO'RIAL,  pertaining  to 

sword-playing. 

206.   Glu'tio,  to  swallow. 


GLUT,  to  fill ;  to  cloy. 
GLUT'TON,  an  excessive  eater. 


DEGLUTI'TION,  the  act  of  swal- 
lowing. 


207.    Gra'dior,  (gres'sus),  to  take  steps  ;  to  walk. 


GRADA'TION,  regular  advance 
step  by  step. 

GRAD'uAL,(Lat.#Ta'<Zws,astep), 
advancing  by  steps. 

GRAD'UATE,  to  mark  with,  de- 
grees. 

DEGREE',  a  step ;  a  rank. 

DEGRADE',  to  put  into  a  lower 
rank. 

DEGRADATION,  a  low  condition. 

AGGRES'SION,  an  attack. 

AGGRESS'OR,  one  who  makes  an 
attack. 


CON'GRESS,  a  coming  together; 
an  assembly  of  legislators. 

DIGRESS',  to  wander. 

DIGRESSION,  a  deviation. 

E'GRESS,  departure  out  of. 

IN'GRESS,  entrance. 

PROG'RESS,  PROGRESSION,  mo- 
tion forward. 

KET'ROGRADE,going  backwards. 

TRANSGRESS',  to  pass  over;  to 
violate. 

TRANSGREs'siON,offence;  crime. 


208.    Graridis,  great. 


GRAND,  great;  noble;  chief. 
GRAND'EUR,  magnificence. 
GRANDEE',  a  man  of  high  rank. 


GRANDIL'OQUENCE,  loftiness  of 

language.  [exalt. 

AG'GRANDIZE,  to  make  great;  to 


209.    Gra'num,  a  grain  of  corn. 


GRAIN,  a  seed  of  corn ;  a  minute 

particle. 
GRAN'ARY,    a    storehouse    for 

grain. 
GRAN'ULAR,  consisting  of  grains. 


GRAN'ULATE,    to    divide^  into 

grains. 
GRAN'ITE,  a  stone  composed  of 

crystalline    grains  of   several 

different  minerals. 


210.    Gra'lus,  pleasing;  agreeable;  thankful. 
GRATE'FUL,  thankful ;  pleasing.  I  IN'GRATE,  a.  unthankful. 


GRAT'ITUDE,  desire   to   return 

benefits;  thankfulness,    [son. 

IN'GRATE,  s.  a  nungrateful  per- 


INGRAT'ITUDE,  unthankfulness. 
GRA'TIS,  (Lat.  gra'tia,  a  favor), 
for  nothing. 


94 


GRATUITOUS,    given    without 

necessity  or  reward. 
GRATU'ITY,  a  free  gift. 
GRAT'IPY,  to  indulge ;  to  delight. 
CONGRATULATE,  to  rejoice  with 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


another. 


GRACE, favor;  pardon;  elegance. 
DISGRACE',  to  put  out  of  favor; 

to  dishonor. 

GRA'CIOUS,  merciful ;  favorable. 
INGRA'TIATE,  to  bring  into  favor. 


211.    Gra'vis,  heavy;  grievous. 


GRAVE,  serious;  weighty.          |GRiEv'ous,  mournful;  sad. 
GRAV'ITY,  weight ;  seriousness,  j  GRIEVE,  to  mourn. 
GRAVITA'TION,  tendency  to  the  j  AGGRIEVE',  to  harass. 

centre  of  the  earth.  I  AG'GRAVATE,  to  make  worse. 

GRIEF,  sorrow;  regret.  ]  AGGRAVATION,  increase  of  evil. 

512.   Grex,  (gre'gis),  a  flock  of  sheep. 
GREGA'RIOUS,  going  in  flocks  or  j  AG'GREGATE,  the  result  of  the 


herds 

CON'GREGATE,  to  assemble. 
CONGREGA'TION,  an  assembly. 
EGRE'GIOUS,*  eminently  bad. 


conjunction 
ticulars. 


of    many    par- 


SEG'REGATE,  to  separate  from 
others. 


*  Compounded  of  e  and  grex;  signifying,  literally,  chosen  from  the  flock  ; 
distinguished. 

213.   Guberna'tor,  a  pilot;  a  director. 

GOV'ERN,  to  direct;  to  control,  i  GUBERNATORIAL,  belonging  to 
a  governor. 

214.  Gus'to,  ((justa'tuin),  to  taste. 

GUST,  taste ;  relish. f 
GUST'FUL,  well  tasted. 
DISGUST',  aversion ;  disrelish. 

f  Gust,  signifying  a  blast  of  wind,  is  not  of  Latin  derivation. 

215.  Ea'beo,  (Tiabi'tuni],  to  have. 
HAVE,  to  possess.  A'BLE,  powerful ;  fit. 


DISGUST'ING,  nauseous;  exciting 
strong  aversion. 


HAB'IT,  usual  state  of  a  thing ; 

custom. 
HABITATION,  (Lat.  hal'ito,  to 

dwell),  a  place  of  abode. 
HABIT'UAL,  customary. 
ABIL'ITY,!  faculty ;  power. 
HABIL'IMENT,  a  garment. 


DEBIL'ITATE,  to  enfeeble. 
DEBT,  (Lat.  de'beo,  comp.  of  de 

and  ha'bco},  what  is  owed  to 

another. 

EXHIB'IT,  to  show. 
INHAB'IT,  to  dwell  in.  [hinder. 
PROHiB'iT,lNHlB'iT,to  forbid;  to 


J  Supposed  to  be  from  the  Latin  word  hab'ilis,  easily  managed ;  suitable. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM    THE    LATIN. 
216.  Ha/reo}  (hce'sum),  to  stick  to,  to  adhere. 


95 


ADHERE',  to  stick  to. 
HES'ITATE,  to  doubt;  to  delay. 
COHE'SION,  state  of  union ;  con- 


nection. 


COHE'BENT,  sticking  together; 

consistent. 
INCOHERENT, 
INHE'RENT,  existing  in;  innate. 


[loose, 
inconsistent; 


217.  Hce'res,  (hcere'dis),  an  heir  or  heiress. 


HER'ITAGE,  property  inherited. 
INHER'IT,  to  possess  by  descent. 
HEIR,  one  who  inherits. 
INHERITANCE,  patrimony;  pos- 
session by  descent. 
HEIR'DOM,  HEiR'siup;thc  state 


HERED'ITARY,  descending  from 

father  to  son. 

CO-HEIR',  an  heir  with  another. 
DISINHERIT,  to   cut   off  from 


succession. 


HEIR'LOOM,  any  movable  owned 


of  an  heir.  by  inheritance. 

218.  Sa'lo,  to  breathe. 


EXHALE',  to  breathe  out. 
EXHALA'TION,  vapor. 
INHALE',  to  draw  in  with  the 
breath. 


of 


ANHELA'TION,     shortness 

breath;  panting. 
ANHELOSE',    (little  used),   out 

of  breath. 


219.  Hau'rio,  (haus'tum),  to  draw. 

EXHAUST',  to  draw  out  until  I  INEXHAUST'IBLE,  that  cannot 
nothing  is  left.  be  exhausted ;  unfailing. 

220.  So' mo,  man. 


HTJ'MAN,  belonging  to  mankind. 
HUMANE',  having  the  feelings 

proper  to  man. 
INHU'MAN,  barbarous;  cruel. 


HUMAN'ITY,  the  nature  of  man; 

kindness. 

HU'MANIZE,  to  civilize. 
HOM'ICIDE,  (41),  manslaughter. 


221.  Ho' nor,  honor. 

HON'OR,  dignity;  respect.  |  HoN'EST,without fraud;  upright. 

HON'ORARY,  done  in  honor.         HON'ESTY,    disposition    to    be 
HON'ORABLE,  worthy  of  honor.         honest. 
DISHON'OR,  reproach;  disgrace. !  DISHON'EST,  unjust;  iniquitous. 

222.  Hor'tus,  a  garden. 

HORTICULTURE,  (82),  cultiva- 1  HORTICULTURAL,  pertaining  to 
tion  of  a  garden.  the  cultivation  of  gardens. 


96  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

223.   Hos'pes,  a  host  or  guest. 

HOS'PITABLE,  kind  to  visitors.  I  HOST,  tbe  master  of  a  feast ;  the 
HOSPITAL'ITY,  readiness  to  en- 1      landlord  of  an  inn. 

tertain  strangers  and  friends.  |  HOTEL',*  an  inn. 
HOS'PITAL,  a  building  for  thej  HOST'LER,  one  who  takes  care 

sick  or  infirm.  of  horses  at  an  inn. 

*  The  word  Hotel  was  once  written  Hostel. 

224.  ffos'tis,  an  enemy. 

HOST,  an  army;  a  multitude.      I  HOSTILITY,  enmity.          [ings. 
HOS'TILE,  adverse;  opposite.      I  HOSTILITIES,  hostile  proceed- 

225.  Hu'rnus,  the  ground. 


INHUME',  INHU'MATE,  to  bury. 
EXHUME',  to  disinter. 
POST'HUMOUS,  published  after 

the  author's  death. 
HU'MID,  moist;  damp. 
HUMID'ITY,  dampness. 


HUM'BLE,  (Lat.  hu' milt's),  mo- 
dest; submissive. 
HUMIL'ITY,  freedom  from  pride. 
HUMILIATION,   abasement    of 


wit. 


pride.  [wi 

HU'MOR,  moisture ;  turn  of  mind ; 


226.  J'dem,  the  same. 
IDEN'TITY,  sameness.  IDEN'TIFY,  (152),  to  discover  or 


IDEN'TICAL,  the  same. 


prove  sameness. 


227.  Iff'nis,  fire. 

IGNITE',  to  set  on  fire.  i  IGNI'TION,   the    state    of    red 

IG'NEOUS,  of  the  nature  of  fire.  |     heat. 

228.   Ima'go,  (^imag'inis),  an  image. 

IM'AGE,  a  representation;  statue;  IMAG'INE,  to  fancy. 

picture.  [tion.  IMAGINATION,  fancy;  idea. 

IM'AGERY,  figurative  representa-  IMAGINARY,  fancied ;  visionary. 

229.  Im'pero,  to  command. 

IMPER'ATIVE,       commanding ;  \  IMPE'RIAL,  pertaining  to  an  em- 
authoritative;  the  name  of  a      peror. 
mode  in  grammar.  ;  EM'PEROR,  a  monarch. 

IMPE'RIOUS,  overbearing;  domi-jEM'piRE,  the   dominion  of  an 
neering.  emperor. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE    LATIX.  97 

230.  Ina'nis,  empty. 

INANE',  empty;  void.  :INANI'TION,  emptiness;  exhaus- 

INAN'ITY,  emptiness.  tion. 


231.  In'dex,  (in' diets),  a  sign;  a  pointer. 

IN'DEX,  a  pointer;  a  table  of  IN'DICES,  algebraic  signs. 

lNDlCA'TlON,mark;  token,  [ing. 
. j INDICATIVE,  showing;   affirm- 


contents. 
Ix'DiCATE,toshow;  to  point  out 


232.  In'fems,  nether;  subterranean. 
IXFE'RIOR,  lower;  less  honorable,  j  INFER'NAL,  hellish. 

233.  In'sula,  an  island. 


IN'SULAR,     belonging     to    an 

island. 
ISL'AND,  ISLE,  a  portion  of  land 

surrounded  by  water. 
I'SOLATED,  placed  by  itself. 


IN'SULATE,  to  detach  from  sur- 
rounding objects. 

PENIN'SULAR,  (Lat.  pefne,  al- 
most), land  nearly  surrounded 
by  the  sea. 


234,  In'teger,  whole;  entire. 

IN'TEGRAL,    ENTIRE',    whole ;  I  INTEG'RITY,  honesty;  purity. 

unbroken.  j REDINTEGRA'TION,  renovation; 

IN'TEGER,  a  whole  number.  restoration. 

235.  In'tus  and  In' Ira,  within. 


INTE'RIOR  and  INTER'NAL,  in- 
ner, pertaining  to  the  inside. 
IN'TIMATE,  (Lat.  in'timus,  in- 


INTIMA'TION,  (Fr.),  a  hint;  an 
obscure  or  indirect  sugges- 
tion. 


most),  familiar;  acquainted!  INTRIN'SIC,  inwrought ;  belong- 
with  the  private  feelings  and  ing  to  the  nature  of  a  thing; 
views  of  another.  |  inherent. 

236.  I'ra,  anger. 
IRE,  anger.  |  IRAS'CIBLE,  easily  made  angry. 

237.  I'ter,  (itin'eris),  a  journey. 

ITIN'ERANT,  wandering;  unset-  JREIT'ER ATE,  to  repeat, again  a »d 
ITIN'ERARY,  travelling,      [tied.       again. 

IT'ERATE.  to  go  or  do  over  again,  i  ITIN'ERATE,  to  travel  from  place 
ITERA'TION,  repetition.  to  place. 


98  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

238.  Ja'ceo,  to  lie. 

JA'CENT,  lying  at  length.  ICIROUM.JA'CENT,  lying  round. 

ADJA'CENT,   lying   or   situated  |  IXTERJA'CEXT,  lying  betweea. 
next. 

. 
239.  Ja'cio,  (jac'tum),  to  throw. 

JACULA'TION,    a    throwing    or  OB'JECT,  that  to  which  any  ac- 
darting  of  weapons.  tion  or  thought  is  directed. 

EJACULA'TION,  the  uttering  of  a  OBJECT'IVE,  belonging   to  the 
short  prayer  in  the  midst  of       object;  acted  on. 
other  occupations.  OBJEC'TION,  fault  found. 

AB'JECT,  thrown  away;  worth-  PROJECT',  v.  to  throw  out;  to 
less;  mean.  scheme. 

AD'JECTIVE,  a  word  added  to  a  PROJ'ECT,   s.    a    design  ;    con- 
noun  to  qualify  it.  trivance. 


CONJECTURE,  to  guess. 
DEJECT7,  to  cast  down ;  to  grieve. 
DEJEC'TION,  lowness  of  spirits. 
EJECT',  to  cast  out;  to  expel. 
INJECT',  to  throw  in. 


PROJEC'TILE,   a    body    thrown 

forwards. 

REJECT',  to  refuse. 
SUBJECT',  v.  to  put  under;  to 

subdue. 


INTER JEC'TION,  an  exclamation ;  SUB'JECT,  s.  that  which  is  acted 
thrown  in  between  the  parts       upon  or  thought  of. 
of  a  sentence.  TRAJ'ECT,  a  ferry. 

240.  Jo'cus,  a  joke.  - 

JOKE,  a  jest;  a  merry  trick.        •  JOCULAR'ITY,  merriment. 
JOCOSE',  JOC'ULAR, merry;  wag-  JOC'UND,  gay;  lively. 
gish. 

241.  Ju'dico,  (jvdicaftum),*  to  judge. 


JU'DICATORY,  a  tribunal. 
JUDI'CIAL,  pertaining  to  courts 

of  justice. 
JUDI'CI  ARY,  the  system  of  courts 


EXTRAJUDI'CIAL,   out   of    the 

ordinary  judicial  course. 
JUDGE,  to  decide.  [ment. 

JUDI'CIOUS,   guided    by  judg- 


of  justice.  [mine.  PREJ'UDICE,     opinion     formed 

ADJU'DICATE,  to  try  and  deter-       without  due  examination. 
ADJUDGE',  to  decree  judicially.  PREJUDICIAL,  hurtful. 

*  Judico  is  compounded  of  jut  and  dico. 

242.  Jun'go,  (jiuufttan),  to  join. 

JUNC'TION,  JUNCT'URE,  union.  !  JOINT,  a  joining;  a  connection 
JOIN,  to  unite.  allowing  motion. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


99 


JOIN'ER,  one  who  joins  pieces !  DISJOIN',  to  separate. 

of  wood.  DISJUNCTION,  separation ;  dis- 

ADJOIN'ING,  next ;  contiguous.       union. 
AD'JUNCT,  something  joined,      j  DISJUNCTIVE,  separating. 
CONJOIN',  to  unite;  to  associate,  j  ENJOIN',  to  command. 
CON'JUGAL,  relating  to  marriage.  |  INJUNC'TION,  precept ;  order. 


CONJUNCTION,    a     connecting 

word. 
CONJUNCT'URE,  concurrence  of 


circumstances. 


SUBJOIN',  to  add  at  the  end. 
SUB'JUGATE,*  to   conquer;   to 

subdue. 
SUBJUNCT'IVE,  conditional. 


*  Lat.  sub,  under,  Kndju'gum,  a  yoke. 


243.  Ju'ro,  to  swear. 


ABJURE',    to    renounce 
oath. 


upon 


ADJURE',  to  put  one  upon  oath. 
CONJURE',  to  summon  or  call 

upon  one  in  a  solemn  manner. 
CON'JURE,  to  practise  secret  or 

magical  arts. 


JU'RY,  a  set  of  men  sworn  to 

give  a  true  verdict. 
JU'ROR,  a  member  of  a  jury. 
NONJUR'ING,  refusing   to  take 

oath. 
PER'JURY,  false  swearing. 


244.  Jus,  (ju'ris),  right;  justice;  law. 


JUST,  equitable ;  honest. 
UNJUST',  iniquitous;  dishonest. 
JUST'ICE,  right;  a  magistrate. 
INJUSTICE,  wrong. 
JUST'IFY,  (152),  to  clear  from 

guilt. 

JU'RIST,  one  versed  in  the  law. 
ADJUST',  to  set  right. 


;!N'JURE,  to  treat  unjustly;  to 
wrong ;  to  hurt. 

I!NJU'RIOUS,  hurtful. 

JURISDICTION,  (117),  legal  au- 
thority ;  extent  of  power. 

JURISPRUDENCE,  (Lat.  pru- 
dcn'tia,  knowledge),  the 
science  of  law. 


245.  Ju! 


youn< 


JU'VENILE,   youthful;    fit    for  JUVENIL'ITY,  youthfulness. 


children. 


JU'NIOR,  younger  than  another. 


24G.  La'bor,  labor. 


TJA'BOR,  work,  toil. 
LAT.O'RIOUS,  diligent  in  work; 
tiresome. 


LAB'ORATORY,  a  chemist's  work- 
room. 
ELAB'ORATE,  finished  with  care. 


100  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

247.  La'bor,  (lap'sui),  to  slide. 

LAPSE,   fall;   trifling   error   or 'ELAPSE',  to  glide  away. 

fault.  [gether.  RELAPSE',  to  fall  back  again. 

COLLAPSE',  to  fall  inward  or  to-  LA'BENT,  gliding. 

248.  La'pis,  (lap' id  is),  a  stone. 

LAP'IDARY,  a  worker  in  precious  I  DILAPIDATION,*  ruin;  demoli- 
stones.  tion. 

*  Primary  meaning,  the  falling  down  of  the  stones  of  a  wall. 

249.  La'tus,  broad. 


LAT'ITUDE,    breadth,    extent ; 

distance  from  the  equator. 
DILATE',  to  widen,  to  extend. 


DILA'TIBLE,  capable  of  exten- 
sion. 
OB'LATE,  flattened  at  the  poles. 


250.  La'tus,  (lateris),  a  side. 

LAT'ERAL,  pertaining  to  the  side.  EQUILAT'ERAL,  of  equal  sides. 
COLLAT'ERAL,   placed    by   the  TRILATERAL,     having      three 
side ;  classed  with.  sides. 

251.  Laus,  (lau'dis},  praise. 

LAUD,  to  praise ;  to  extol.          |  LAUD'ATORY,  containing  praise. 
LAUD' ABLE,  praise-worthy.          j  LAUD'AXUM/J^  tincture  of  opium. 

f  This  word  is  supposed  to  have  been  derived,  in  some  humorous  usage, 
from  la  us. 

252.  Le'go,  (Jega'tum'),  to  send  as  an  ambassador;  to  appoint. 

LEG' ATE,  a  deputy;  an  ambas- !  ALLEGA'TION,  affirmation :  plea. 

sador.  [bassy.  J  COL'LEAGUE,  a  fellow  ambassa- 

LEGA'TION,  a  deputation;  an  em-!      dor  or  officer. 
LEG'ACY,  something  left  by  will.  |  DEL'EGATE,  v.  to  send   on   an 
LEGATEE',  one  who  receives  a  j      embassy. 

legacy.  I  DEL'EGATE,  s.  a  deputy,  a  com- 

ALLEGE',  to  adduce;    to  plead       missioner. 

an  excuse.  I 

253.  Le'yo,  (led turn),  to  gather;  to  select;  to  read. 


LECT'URE,  a  discourse  designed 
to  communicate  formal  in- 
struction. 


LEG'IBLE,  that  can  be  read. 
LE'GEND,  a  narrative  of  fabulous 
character. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


101 


LE'GION,  a  chosen  body  of  men. ;  IN'TELLECT,  understanding. 
LES'SON,  anything  read  or  said  I  INTELLIGENT,  able   to   under- 


stand. 

LEX'ICON,  (Greek  lexis,  a  word 
or  phrase),  a  dictionary. 

NEGLECT',  to   slight;    to  post- 
pone. 
j  NEG'LIGENCE,  inattention. 


to  a  teacher. 

COLLECT',  to  gather  together. 
COLLECTIVE,  gathered  into  one 

mass. 
DI'ALECT,    peculiar    mode    of 

speech. 

DIL'IGENT,  industrious.  RECOLLECT',  to  call  up  in  me- 

ELEC'TION,  the  act  of  choosing. 


EL'IGIBLE,  fit  to  be  chosen. 


mory. 
SELECT',  to  choose  out. 


254.  Le'nis,  mild;  gentle. 


LE'NIENT,  mild;  fitted  to  soothe. 
LEN'ITIVE,  that  which  softens 
or  mitigates. 


LEN'ITY,  mildness  of  temper; 
tenderness;  mercy. 


255.  Le'vis,  light. 


LEV'ITY,      lightness;     vanity; 

mirth. 
EL'EVATE,  (Lat.  leva,  to  raise), 

to  lift  up. 

ALLE'VIATE,  to  lighten. 
LEV'IGATE,  to  grind  to  powder. 


LEV'ER,  a  mechanical  power. 
LEV'Y,  to  raise ;  to  collect. 
REL'EVANT,  capable  of  aiding; 

applicable. 

IRRELEVANT,  not  applicable. 
RELIEVE',  to  aid ;  to  succor. 


256.  Lex,  (le'gis), 

LE'GAL,  lawful. 
ILLE'GAL,  unlawful. 
LE'GALIZE,  to  make  lawful 


LEGIT'IMATE,  correctly  derived. 


LEGISLATURE,  the  law-making 
power. 

*  Primary  signification,  a  law  for  the  advantage  of  particular  individuals. 


law. 


LEGISLATE,  (96),  to  enact  laws. 
PRIVILEGE,*  (413),  a  special 
right  or  advantage. 


LEGIT'IMACY,  a  political  term, 


signifying   lawful    hereditary 
succession  in  the  government. 


257.  Li'ber,  free.  . 

LIB'ERAL,  bountiful;  generous,  j  LIB'ERTINE,  one  under  no  moral 
LIB'ERTY,  freedom.  [free. !      restraint. 

LIB'ERATE,    DELIV'ER,   to   sot ;!LLIB'ERAL,  mean;  suspicious. 
LIBERALIZE,  to  remove  narrow  ILLIBERAL'ITY,  want  of  gene- 
views,  rosity. 


102  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

258.  Li'ber,  (li'bri),  a  book. 


LI'BRARY,  a  collection  of  books. 

LI'BEL,  (Lat.  libel'lus,  a  small 

writing  or  document),  a  de- 


LIBRA'RIAN,  one  who  has  tho 

care  of  books. 
LI'BELLOUS,  defamatory. 


famatory  writing. 

259.  Li'lro,  (libra'tum),  to  weigh  in  a  balance 

DELIBERATE,   to   weigh   men-!  EQUILIBRIUM,      equality     of 
tally.  i      weights  in  a  balance. 

260.  Li'cet,  to  be  lawful,  or  allowable. 


LI'CENSE,  permission. 
LICEN'TIOUS,     wanton ;     unre- 


strained. 


ILLIC'IT,  unlawful;  improper. 
LIOEN'TIATE,  one  who  has  re- 
ceived a  license. 


261.  Li'(jOj  (ligaftvm),  to  bind. 


LIG'AMENT,  LIG'ATURE,  a  band. 

ALLIGA'TION,  a  binding  toge- 
ther. 

ALLE'GIANCE,  acknowledged 
obligation  to  obey. 


OBLIGE',  to  compel ;  to  'place 
under  bonds  of  duty. 

OBLIGATION,  a  binding  require- 
ment, [man. 

RELIG'ION,  our  duty  to  God  and 


262.  Li' men,  a  threshold. 


ELIM'IXATE,  to  put  out  of  doors; 


to  cast  out. 


PRELIMINARY,      before      the 
threshold;  introductory. 


263.  Lin'gua,  the  tongue;  a  language. 

LAN'GUAGE,     human     speech; I LIN'GUIST,  one  skilled  in  Ian- 
style.  I     guages. 

264.  Lin'quo,  (Jic'tum),  to  leave. 

DELINQUENT,  failing  in  duty.    |  REL'IC,  something  left. 
DERELIC'TION,  a  forsaking.          REL'ICT,  literally,  one  left ;  a 
KELIN'QUISH,  to  abandon.  widow. 


265.  Li'num,  flax. 


LIN'EN,  cloth  made  of  flax. 
LIN'SEED,  the  seed  of  flax. 


LIN'SEY-WOOLSEY,     made    of 
linen  and  wool. 


WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  LATIX. 


103 


LINT,  down  scraped  from  linen,  j  LIN'EAMENT,  an  outline  of  the 
LINE,  a  thread  or  cord.  face  or  of  a  portion  of  it. 

LIN'EAR,  consisting  of  lines.       j  CURVILIN'EAR,  having  curved 
LIN'EAL,  in  a  line.  lines.  [line. 

LIN'EAGE,  descent;  family  line.  JDELIN'EATE,  to   draw  an   out- 


266.  Lis,  (tfti*),  strife. 
LITIGA'TION,  going  to  law. 


jLn'iGANT,  one   engaged   in   a 
law-suit. 


267.  Lit'era,  a  letter. 


LIT'ERATURE,  learning. 
LIT'ERARY,  relating  to  learning. 
LIT'ERAL,  exact  to  the  letter. 
LITERA'TI,  the  learned. 
ILLITERATE,  unlearned. 
OBLITERATE,  to  rub  out. 


LET'TER,  a  character  represent- 
ing some  sound  ;  an  epistle. 

LETTER-PRESS,  print  from  types. 

ALLlTERA'TlON,beginning  seve- 
ral words  in  succession  with 
the  same  letter. 


268.  Lo'cus,  a  plac 


LO'CAL,  relating  to  place. 
LOCAL'ITY,  situation;  place. 
LO'CATE,  to  place. 
LOCOMO'TION,  (316),  power  of 
changing  place. 


of  motion  from  one  place  to 

another. 
ALLOCATION,  putting  one  thing 

to  another. 
CoLLOCA'TlON,placing  together. 


LOCOMO'TIVE,  having  the  power !  DIS'LOCATE,  to  put  out  of  joint. 


269.  Lon'ym,  long. 


LONG,  a.  not  short. 
LONG,  v.  to  desire  earnestly. 
LON'GITUDE,   length ;    distance 
east  or  west.  [life. 

LONGEVITY,  (147),  length  of 


PROLONG',  to  lengthen  out. 
OB'LONG,  longer  than  broad. 
ELON'GATE,  to  lengthen. 
ELONGA'TION,  the  state  of  being 
lengthened. 


270.  Lo'quor,  (hcu'tus),  to  speak. 


ELOCU'TION,  the  art  of  oratorical 
delivery. 


LOQUAC'ITY,  talkativeness. 
COL'LOQUY,  a  conference. 

COLLO'QUIAL,  relating  to  con- j  EL'OQUENT,   having    oratorical 

versation.  [expression,  j      powers.  [speech. 

CIRCUMLOCU'TION, a  round  about  i  GRANDIL'OQUENCE,       swelling 


104  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

INTERLOC'UTORY,  in  the  manner  SOLIL'OQUY,  (496),  a  speech  iq 

of  conversation. 
OB'LOQUY,  censorious  speech. 
PROLOCU'TOR,    the   speaker   or 

chairman  of  a  convocation. 


solitude. 


VENTRIL'OQUIST,  (573),  one 
who  can  speak  as  if  from  his 
stomach. 


271.  Lu'crum,  gain. 
LU'CRE,  gain ;  profit.  |  LU'CRATIVE,  profitable. 

272.  Luc'tor,  (lucta'tus),  to  struggle. 
RELUC'T  ATE,  to  struggle  against.  |  RELUC'TANT,  unwilling. 

273.  Lu'do,  (lu'sum*),  to  play. 

LTJ'DICROUS,  exciting  laughter.  j  ILLU'SION,  DELU'SION,  decep- 
ALLU'SION,  a  reference  to  some- '      tive  appearance. 

thing.  I  IN'TERLUDE,  a  play  performed 

COLLU'SION,    dishonest    agree- 1      between  the  principal  exhibi- 

ment  or  compact.  tions. 

ELUDE',  to  escape  by  stratagem.  PRE'LUDE,  an  introductory  play. 

274.  Lu'na,  the  moon. 

LU'NAR,  relating  to  the  moon.    iLu'NACY,  a  sort  of  madness.* 
LUNA'TION,  a  revolution  of  the  |  LU'NATIC,  an  insane  person. 

moon  ;  a  month.  j  Sufi'LUNARY,  beneath  the  moon ; 

LU'NATED,  like  a  half  moon.       |      earthly. 

*  The  name  was  derived  from  a  superstitious  notion  that  insanity  was  con- 
nected with  the  influence  of  the  moon. 

275.  Lu'o,  (lu'turn),  to  wash  away. 


ABLU'TION,  a  washing  or  cleans- 
ing. 

AB'LUENT,  washing  clean. 
ALLU'VIUM  or  ALLU'VION,  an 


ANTEDILTJ'VIAN,  (Lat.  ..„„ 
vium,  a  deluge),  existing  be- 
fore the  deluge. 

DILU'VIAN,  relating  to  the  de- 
luge. 


accumulation  of  earth  by  the       n.^o. 

deposition  of  particles   from  i  DILUTE',  to  make  thin  or  weak. 
water-  DIL'DENT,  that  which  dilutes. 

ALLU' VIAL,  deposited  by  inun-  POLLUTE',  to   defile  j    to   wake 
dation.  unclean. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


105 


276.  Lux,  (lu'ds),  and  Lu'men,  (lu1  minis),  light. 


LU'CID,  LU'CENT,  LU'MINOUS, 

bright;  shining;  giving  light. 

LU'CIFER,  (167),  the  morning 


LU'MINARY,  anything  that  gives 

light. 

ELU'CIDATE,  to  explain. 
ILLU'MINATE,  to  enlighten. 
LUCUBRA'TION,  study  by  candle- J!LLUMINA'TION,  lighting  up. 
light;   the   result  of  private  I  PELLU'CID,        TRANSLU'CENT, 
study.  clear;  transparent. 

277.  Magis'ter,  a  master. 
MAGISTRATE,  one  having  civil  MAGISTE'RIAL,  having  the  air 


authority. 
MAGISTRACY,  the  office  or  dig- 
nity of  a  magistrate. 


of  authority. 
MAS'TER,  one  having  the  direc- 
tion or  control. 


278.  Maffnus,  great;  Ma'jor,  greater. 


MAG'NITUDE,  greatness. 
MAG'NIFY,  (152),  to  make  great; 

to  extol.  [mind. 

MAGNAN'IMOUS,  (13),  of  noble 
MAGNIF'ICENCE,  grandeur. 
MAIN,  s.  the  gross;   the  chief 

part. 
MAIN,  a.  chief;  principal. 

279.  Ma 

MALEDIC'TION,  (117),  a  curse. 

MALEFAc'TOR,(152),  a  criminal. 

MAI/ICE,  a  disposition  to  injure 
without  cause. 

MALIG'NITY,  extreme  enmity. 

MALI'CIOUS,  MALIG'NANT,  in- 
tending ill  to  others. 

MALEV'OLENT,  (598),  wishing 
ill  to  another. 


MA'JOR,  a.  greater. 

MA'JOR,  s.  a  military  officer. 

MAJOR'ITY,  the  greater  number. 

MAY'OR,  the  chief  magistrate  of 
a  corporation. 

MAJ'ESTY,  grandeur ;  sove- 
reignty; royal  title. 

MAJES'TIC,  stately;  grand. 

lus,  bad. 

MALVERSATION,    (579),    bad 

conduct. 
MALADMINISTRATION,   (299), 

bad  use  of  power. 
MALIGN',  to  slander;  to  defame. 
MAL'CONTENT,    a    dissatisfied, 

restless  member  of  society. 
MALPRAC'TICE,  evil  or  illegal 

practice  or  conduct. 


280.  Man' do,*  (manda! tuni) ,  to  commit;  to  give  a  charge  or 

command. 

MAN'DATE,  an  order.  [  COMMEND',    RECOMMEND',    to 

COMMAND',  to  govern  ;  to  order.  |     praise. 

*  MANDA'MUS,  signifying  we  commund,  is  the  name  of  a  command  or  writ 
issuing  from  the  King's  Bench  in  England,  and  in  America  from  some  of  the 
higher  courts,  directed  to  any  person,  corporation,  or  inferior  court,  requiring 
them  to  do  some  act  therein  specified. —  Wck»itr. 


106  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


COUNTERMAND',   to    revoke    a 
former  command. 


DEMAND',  to  call  for  with  autho- 
REMAND',  to  send  back.     [rity. 


281.  Ma'neo,  (man'sum),  to  stay. 
MAN'SION,  place  of  abode;  house,  j  PER'MANENT,  durable;  lasting;. 


IMMA'NENT,  remaining  in. 
MA'NES,  (among  the  Romans), 
the  departed  spirits  of  men. 


REMAIN',  to  stay;  to  be  left. 
REM'NANT,  REMAIN'DER,  that 
which  is  left. 


282.  Ma'nus,  the  hand. 

MAN'UAL,  performed  by  hand ;•.  MANIPULATE,  to  handle. 

a  book  which  may  be  held  in  ;  AMANUEN'SIS,    a    person    em- 

the  hand.  ployed  to  write  what  another 

MANUFACTORY,  (152),  a  work-  j     dictates. 

ing  place.  !  EMANCIPATE,  (47),  to  set  at 

MANUFACTURE,  anything  made  !      liberty. 

by  art.  j  MAINTAIN'^  (530),  to  support. 

MANUMIS'SION,   (305),  giving '  MAN' AGE,  (3).  to  conduct. 

liberty  to  slaves.*  MAN<EU'VRE,J  a  dextrous  move- 

MAN'USCRIPT,  (468),  a  writing.       ment. 
MAN'ACLES,     shackles,     hand-  MANURE',§  to  apply  fertilizing 

cuffs.  |      matter. 

*  Literally,  sending  away  from  under  the  hand. 
f  From  the  French  word  maintenir. 

J  Derived,  through  the  French,  from  manus  and  opera  or  opus,  (349),  and 
therefore  signifying,  literally,  a  work  of  the  hand. 

I  The  word  originally  signified— to  cultivate  by  hand. 
283.  Ma're,  the  sea. 


MARINE',  belonging  to  the  sea. 
MAR'INER,  a  seaman. 
MAR'ITIME,  bordering   on   the 


SUBMARINE',  under  the  sea. 
TRANSMARINE',  across  the  sea. 
ULTRAMARINE',  across  the  sea; 


a  blue  dye-stuff. 
284.  Ma'ter,  a  mother. 


MATER'NAL,    pertaining    to    a 

mother. 

MAT'RIMONY,  marriage. 
MATERN'ITY,  the  character  or 

relation  of  a  mother. 


MA'TRON,  a  married  woman;  an 

elderly  lady. 
MATRICULA'TION,  admission  to 

membership;    adoption    as   a 

son  of  the  institution. 


WORDS    DERIVED   FROM    THE   LATIN. 


107 


285.  Matu'rus,  ripe. 


MATURE',  ripe;  well  digested. 
MATU'RITY,  ripeness;   comple- 


tion. 


IMMATURE',  unripe. 
PREMATURE',  ripe  too  soon ;  too 
hasty. 


286.  Me'deor,  to  cure. 


MED'ICINE,  any  substance  used 

in  curing  disease. 
MED'ICAL,  relating  to  medicine. 
MEDIC'INAL,  having  the  power 

of  healing. 
MED'ICATED,     mingled     with 

something  medicinal. 


MEDICA'TION,  the  use  of  medi- 
cine. [ecty. 

REME'DIAL,  intended  for  a  rem- 

REM'EDY,  a  cure ;  reparation. 

REME'DIABLE,  curable. 

IRREME'DIABLE,  REMED'ILESS, 
incurable. 


287.  Me'dius,  middle. 


ME'DIUM,  the  middle  point; 
that  which  comes  between. 

ME'DIATE,  v.  to  interpose  be- 
tween parties,  for  the  purpose 
of  effecting  a  reconciliation. 

ME'DIATE,  a,  middle ;  interven- 
ing. 


IMME'DIATE,  instant;  direct; 
acting  without  any  interven- 
ing cause. 

INTERMEDIATE,  lying  between. 

MEDIOC'RITY,     middle     state ; 


moderation. 


DIMIDIA'TION,  the  act  of  halv- 


[»' 
of  ha 


288.  Mel,  honey. 

MELLIFICA'TION,  the  making  or  MELLIF'LUOUS,  sweetly  flowing; 
production  of  honey.  smooth. 

289.  Me'lior,  better. 
AMELIORATE,  to  make  better ;  1  MELIORATION,  improvement. 


to  improve. 


290.  Mem'ini,  to  remember. 


MEM'ORY,  the  faculty  by  which 
we  remember. 

MEM'ORABLE,  worthy  to  be  re- 
membered. 

MEMORANDUM,  a  note  to  help 
the  memory. 

MEM'OIR,  a  short  account. 

MEMEN'TO,  that  which  reminds. 


MEMO'RIAL,  a  monument;  a  pe- 
tition. 

MEN'TION,  to  speak  of. 

COMMEM'ORATE,  to  preserve  in 
memory  by  some  public  act. 

IMMEMORIAL,  beyond  memory. 

REMINIS'CENCE,  recollection. 

REMEM'BER,  to  bear  in  mind. 


108 


THE   SCHOLARS    COMPANION. 
291.   Mens,  (men'tis),  the  mind. 


MENT'AL,    pertaining     to    the 
mind. 


DEMENTA'TION,  making  frantic. 


292.  Mer'go,  (mer'sum),  to  dip;  to  sink. 


MERGE,  to  sink,  or  cause  to  be 
swallowed  up. 

EMERGE',  to  rise  out  of. 

EMER'GENCY,  pressing  neces- 
sity.* 


IMMER'SION,  the  act  of  putting 
any  thing  below  the  surface 
of  a  fluid. 

STJBMER'SION,  the  state  of  being 
wholly  covered  by  a  fluid. 


*  The  word  is  derived  from  the  idea  of  an  event  suddenly  coming  upon  one, 
as  if  something  had  arisen  unexpectedly  from  the  water. 


293.  Merx,  (me/ci's),  merchandise. 

COM'MERCE,  traffic,  exchange,    j  MERCANTILE,  pertaining  to  the 
MERCHANDISE,  things  bought'     business  of  a  merchant. 

and  sold.  I  MER'CENARY,  serving  for  pay. 

MER'CHANT,  a  trader.  j  MER'CER,  one  who  deals  in  silks. 


294.  Me'tior,*  (men' sits),  to  measure. 
METE,  to  measure.  ADMEASUREMENT,  the   act  or 


MEAS'URE,  that  by  which  any 
thing  is  reckoned. 

MENSURA'TION,  the  art  of  meas- 
uring. 

COMMEN'SURATE,  of  equal  meas- 
ure, [body. 

DIMENSION,  the   extent   of  a 


result  of  measuring  according 

to  rule. 
IMMEASURABLE,  that  cannot  be 

measured. 

IMMENSE',  immeasurably  great. 
IMMENS'ITY,  unlimited  extent; 


vastness. 


*  See  Gr.  137. 


295.  Mi'yro,  (miffraftum),  to  remove;  to  depart  from  a  place  of 
residence. 


MIGRA'TION,  departure  to  a  dis- 
tant place  of  residence. 

MI'GRATORY,  roving;  unsettled. 

EM'IGRATE,  to  remove  from  a 
place. 

EM'IGRANT,  oue  who  removes. 


IMMIGRATION,  the  coming  of 
foreigners  into  a  country. 

IM'HIGRANT,  one  who  comes 
into  a  country  to  reside. 

TRANSMIGRATION,  a  passing 
from  oue  state  to  another. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 

296.  MHes,  (milttis),  a  soldier. 


109 


MILI'TIA,  the  enrolled  soldiers. 
MII/ITARY,    pertaining   to   sol- 
diery. 


MIL'ITANT,  fighting,contending. 
MIL'ITATE,  to  act  against. 


297.  Mil'le,  a  thousand. 

MILLENNIUM,  (14),  a  thousand  [  MIL'LEPED,    (380),   an    insect 
years.  having  many  feet. 

298.  Mi'neOy  to  hang  over. 

IM'MIXEXT,  impending;  at  hand.  |  EM'INENT,  high;  distinguished. 
PROM'INENT,  standing  out.        [EM'INENCE,  elevation. 

299.  Minister,  a  servant  or  attendant. 


MIN'ISTER,  one  who  is  appoint- 
ed to  transact  business  of 
state  under  the  direction  of 
the  chief  executive;  a  cler- 
gyman.* 

MIN'ISTRY,  the  office  of  a  min- 
ister. 

MIX'ISTRANT,  attendant  upon. 

MINISTERIAL,  pertaining  to  a 
minister. 


ADMIN'ISTER,  to  perform  duties 
in  an  official  station ;  to  dis- 
pense; to  bring  that  which  is 
needed. 

ADMIXISTRA'TOR,  one  who 
takes  charge  of  the  property 
of  a  person  dying  without  a 
will. 

ADMINISTRATION,  manage- 
ment; actual  government. 


*  So  called  from  his  being  appointed  to  serve  the  church  in  the  sacerdotal 


300:  Mi'nor,  less. 


MI'NOR,  a.  smaller;  s.  one  not 
of  age. 

MINOR'ITY,  the  smaller  num- 
ber. 

MIN'IATURE,  a  small  portrait. 

MINUTE',  a.  small. 

MIN'UTE,  s.  a  portion  of  time. 

MIX'IMUM,  the  least  quantity 
possible  in  the  case. 

MIN'ION,  a  small  kind  of  type. 


MIN'UEND,  the   number  to  be 

diminished. 
MI'NUS,   a   mathematical   term 

signifying  subtraction. 
MINU'TI^E,  small  particulars. 
DIMIN'ISH,  to  make  less. 
DIMINUTION,  a  growing  less. 
DIMIN'UTIVE,  little. 
COMMINU'TION,  a  grinding  to 

powder. 


110 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

301.  Mi'rus,  strange;  wonderful. 


MIR'ACLE,  a  supernatural  event. 

MIRAC'ULOUS,  performed  super- 

naturally.       [or  high  esteem. 

ADMIRE',  to  regard  with  wonder 


AD'MIRABLE,  of  wonderful  ex- 
cellence. 

ADMIRA'TION,  wonder  mingled 
with  affection  or  esteem. 


302.  Mis'cco,  (mix' turn),  to  mix. 


Mix,  to  mingle. 

MIX'TURE,  a  compound  formed 

by  mingling. 
MIS'CELLANY,   a   collection   of 

various  things. 
MISCELLANEOUS,    mixed;    of 

various  kinds. 


MIS'CIBLE,  that  may  be  mixed. 

ADMIX'TURE,  the  substance 
which  is  mixed  with  an- 
other. 

INTERMIX',  to  mingle  together. 

PROMISCUOUS,  mingled  indis- 
criminately. 


303.  Mi'ser,  wretched. 


MIS'ERY,  wretchedness,  distress. 

MI'SER,  one  who  makes  himself 

miserable    by   his    niggardli- 


MI'SERLY,  very  covetous. 
MIS'ERABLE,  unhappy. 
COMMIS'ERATE,  to  pity;  to  com- 


passionate. 

304.  Mi'tis,  meek ;  mild. 

MIT'IGATE,  to  assuage;  to  ren-  UNMITIGATED, unassuaged; not 
der  more  mild.  softened  in  severity. 

305.  Mit'to,  (mis?  sum),  to  send. 


MIS'SION,  a  being  sent  by  au- 
thority. 

MISSIONARY,  one  sent  to  pro- 
pagate religion. 

MIS'SILE,  something  thrown  by 
the  hand. 

ADMIT',  to  let  in ;  to  allow. 

ADMIS'SION,  ADMITTANCE,  per- 
mission to  enter. 

COMMIT',  to  intrust;  to  per- 
petrate. 

COMMISSION,  a  trust;  authority' 
given ;  the  act  of  committing. 

COMMISSIONER,  one  bearing  a 
commission. 


COM'MISSARY,  a  kind  of  mili- 
tary commissioner. 

COMMIT'TEE,  one  or  more  per- 
sons to  whom  a  matter  is  re- 
ferred by  a  legislative  body  or 
a  society. 

COMPROMISE,  to  adjust  by  con- 
cession. 

DEMISE',  to  grant  by  will. 

DISMISS',  to  send  away. 

EM'ISSARY,  one  sent  out  as  a 
secret  agent. 

EMIT',  to  send  forth. 

INTERMIS'SION,  cessation  for  a 
time. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM   THE    LATIN. 


Ill 


INTERMITTENT,  ceasing  at  in- 
tervals. 

MANUMIS'SION,  (282),  sending 
away  from  bondage. 

MIS'SIVE,  sent;  a  letter  or  mes- 
sage sent. 

OMIT',  to  leave  out. 

PERMISSION,  leave  granted. 

PREMISE',  to  state  beforehand. 

PREM'ISES^  propositions  pre- 
viously proved  or  assumed. 


>  PROM'ISE,  to  engage  to  do. 

|  PROM'ISSORY,  containing  a  pro- 
mise. 

I  REMIT',  to  relax;  to  forgive, 

i  REMISS',  slack  ;  negligent. 

SUBMIS'SIVE,  humble;  yielding. 

SUBMIT',  to  yield  to  authority. 

SURMISE',  suspicion. 

TRANSMIT',  to  send  over;  to 
suffer  to  pass  through;  to  de- 
liver to  posterity. 


306.  Mo'dus,  a  manner. 


MODE,  manner. 
MOOD,  temper  of  mind. 
MOD'EL,  a  copy  to  be  imitated. 
MOD'IFY,  to  change  the  form  or 

character  of  a  thing. 
MOD'ULATE,  to  vary  the  pitch 

of  sounds. 
MOD'ERATE,   observing    proper 

bounds. 


MOD'EST,  restrained  by  a  sense 

of  propriety. 

MOD'ICUM,  a  small  quantity. 
COMMO'DIOUS,  convenient. 
COMMODITIES,  wares;  goods, 
ACCOM'MODATE,  to  supply  with 

conveniences. 
INCOMMODE',  to  trouble. 
MODERA'TOR,  a  presiding  officer. 


307.  Mo'lior,  (moli'tus),  to  rear  or  build. 


MOLE,  (Lat.  mo'les,  a  mass),  a 
massive  wall  of  stone  project- 
ing into  the  sea. 


DEMOL'ISII,  to  throw  down, 
DEMOLI'TION^    the   act  of   de- 
molishing. 


308.  Mol'lis,  soft, 

MOL'LIFY,    to    soften ;    to    as-  MOL'LIENT,  EMOL'LIENT,  fitted 
suage.  to  soften  or  assuage. 


o09.  Mo'neo,  (mon'itum^),  to  put  in  mind;  to  warn. 


MON'ITOR,  one  who  warns  of 


duty. 
MON'UMENT,  a  memorial. 


ADMONI'TION,         MONI'TION, 


warning;  reproof. 
PREMON'ITORY,  giving  warning 
MON'ITORY,  calculated  to  give       beforehand 

warning.  j  SUM'MON,  (Lat.  submo'neo),  to 

ADMON'ISH,  to  remind  of  a  fault.       call  by  authority. 


112  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

310.   Mons,  (mon'tis),  a  mountain. 

MOUNT,  a  hill.  PAR'AMOUNT,  superior;  chief. 

MOUN'TAIN,  a  large  hill.  '  PROM'ONTORY,  a  high  land  pro- 

MOUND,  a  heap  or  bank  of  earth,  j     jecting  into  the  sea. 


AMOUNT',  the  sum. 
DISMOUNT',   to  alight  from  a 
horse. 


SURMOUNT',  to  rise  above. 
TANTAMOUNT,    of    the    same 
amount  or  force. 


311.  Mon'stro,  (monstra'tum),  to  point  out;  to  show. 


MON'STER,  something  deformed 

or  horrible. 
MON'STROTJS,  unnatural ;  huge. 


DEMONSTRATIVE,  proving  by 
irresistible  argument;  point- 
ing out. 


DEMONSTRATE,  to  prove  rigor- ;  REMON'STRATE^O  present  strong 
ously.  !     reasons  against  any  measure. 

312.  Mor'bus,  disease. 


MOR'BID,  diseased ;  not  sound 

or  healthful. 
MORBIF'IC,  causing  disease. 


MORBOS'ITY,  diseased  state. 
CHOLERA-MOR'BUS,    (Gr.   50), 
the  name  of  a  disease. 


313.  Mor'cleo,  (mor'sum'),  to  bite. 

MOR'DANT,  any  substance  used  j  MOR'SEL,  a  piece  bitten  off. 
to  fix  colors,  in  dyeing.  [  REMORSE',  sense  of  guilt. 

814.  Mors,  (mortis),  death. 


MOR'TAL,  subject  to  death; 
deadly. 

MORTALITY,  death;  human  na- 
ture. 

IMMOR'TAL,  exempt  from  death. 


IMMOR'TALIZE,  to  render  im- 
mortal. 
MOR'TIFY,  to  lose  vitality;   to 


MORTIFICA'TION,  vexation;  loss 
of  vitality. 


315.  Mos,  (wio/ts),  custom;  practice. 

MOR'AL,  relating  to  the  practice !  MOR'ALIZE,  to  apply  to  moral 

or  conduct  of  men ;  conformed  \     subjects. 

to  law  and  rectitude.  j  MORAL'ITY,  correctness  of  life. 

MOR'ALIST.  one  who  teaches  the  IMMOR'AL,  not  virtuous. 

duties  of  life ;  one  who  prac- ,  DEMORALIZE,  to  render  corrupt 

tises  moral  duties.  I     in  morals. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM    THE   LATIN. 


113 


316.  Mo'veo,  (mo'turn),  to  move. 

MOVE,  to  put  out  of  one  place !  MO'TOR,  a  mover. 

into  another.  [of  place.  I COMMO'TION,  tumult;   disturb- 

MOVE'MENT,  MO'TION,  change)     ance. 

MOV'ABLES,  goods;  furniture,    j  EMO'TION,  disturbance  of  mind. 
MPBIL'ITY,    capacity   of  being  PROMO'TION,    advancement    to 


moved. 

MOB,  a  disorderly  multitude. 
MOMEN'TUM,  force  of  motion. 


higher  rank. 
PROMOTE',  to  advance;  to  exalt. 
PRO.Mo'TiVE,tending  to  promote. 


MO'TIVE,    moving   power;    in- 1  REMOVE',  to  put  from  its  place, 
ducement.  |  REMOTE',  at  a  distance. 


317.  Mul'tus,  much. 

MUL'TITUDE,  a  great  number.      MUL'TIPLY,  to  increase  in  num- 
MULTIFA'RIOUS,  having   great       ber. 

variety.  I  MULTIPLICA'TION,    (392),   in- 

MUL'TIFORM,      having      manyj      crease  in  number. 


forms. 
MUL'TIPLE,   a    number   which 


exactly      contains 
several  times. 


another 


MULTIPLICAND',  the  number  to 

be  multiplied. 
MUL'TIPED,    (380),   an    insect 

with  many  feet. 


318.  Mun'dus,  the  earth;  the  world. 


MUN'DANE,  belonging  to  the 
world. 

ANTEMUN'DANE,  before  the  cre- 
ation of  the  world. 


EXTRAMUN'DANE,  beyond  the 

material  world. 
SupRAMUN'DANE,situatedabove 

the  world,  qr  our  system. 


319.  Mu'nio,  to  fortify. 

AMMUNITION,        MUNITION,  MU'NIMENT,  a  strong  hold;  sup- 
materials  used  in  war.  port;  defence. 


320.  Mu'nus,  (mu'neris),  an  office;  a  gift. 


MUNICIPAL,  pertaining  to  a 
corporation. 

MUNIF'ICENCE,  (152),  liberality. 

COMMUNE'.  (Lat.  con),  to  con- 
verse together. 

COMMU'NICATE,  to  impart. 


COMMU'NICATIVE,  liberal  in  im- 
parting knowledge. 

COMMU'NITY,  common  posses- 
sion or  enjoyment;  society. 

COMMUN'ION,  fellowship;  in- 
tercourse. 


114 


THE   SCHOLAR  8    COMPANION. 


COM'MON,  shared  by  all;  gene-  IMMU'NITY,     exemption     from 


ral.* 


duty. 


EXCOMMU'NICATE,  to  cut  off  REMUNERATION,  recompense, 
from  church  membership.        j 

*A  common  inheritance  is  one  which  all  the  inheritors  own  and  enjoy 
alike.  A  characteristic  is  said  to  be  common  to  our  race,  which  every  human 
being  possesses. 

321.  Mu'rus,  a  wall. 

MU'RAL,  pertaining  to  a  wall.*    IMMURE',  to  enclose  within  walls; 
to  imprison. 

*  Among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  golden  crown  was  bestowed  on  him  who 
first  mounted  the  wall  of  a  besieged  place  ;  this  was  called  coro'na  mura'lis,  a 
mural  crown. 

322.  Mu'sa,  a  Muse. 


MUSE,  s.  a  heathen  deity  pre- 
siding over  poetry,  &c. 
MUSE,  v.  to  ponder. 
AMUSE',  to  divert. 


MUSE'UM,  a  repository  of  curi- 
osities. 

Mu'sic,  melody  or  harmony. 
MUSIC'IAN,  one  skilled  in  music. 


323.  Mu'to,  (muta'tuni),  to  change. 


MU'TABLE,  changeable. 
MUTA'TION,  change. 
MU'TUAL,     reciprocal ;      inter- 
changed. 
COMMUTE',  to  exchange. 


IMMU'TABLE,  unchangeable. 
PERMUTA'TION,  exchange  of  one 

for  another. 
TRANSMUTE',    to   change   to  a 

different  nature. 


324.  Nets' cor,  (na' tits'),  to  be  born. 


NAS'CENT,  coming  into  being. 
NA'TAL,  relating  to  one's  birth. 
NA'TIVE,  NAT'URAL,  conferred 

by  birth ;  original;  unaffected. 
NATIV'ITY,  birth. 
NA'TION,  a  distinct  people. 
NA'TURE.  original  quality;  the 

established   course  of  things 

in  creation. 


NAT'URALIST,  a  student  of  na- 
ture. 

COG'NATE,  (Lat.  gna'tus,  born), 
related  to;  of  the  same  stock. 

INNATE',  born  with  us;  consti- 
tutional. 

PRETERNAT'URAL,  extraordi- 
nary, but  not  miraculous. 

SUPERNATURAL,  above  nature. 


325.  Na'to,  to  swiin. 
NA'TANT,  floating.  |  SUPERNA'TANT,  floating  above. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN.  115 

326.  Na'vis,  a  ship  or  vessel. 


NA'VY,  the  national  establish- 
ment of  war  vessels. 

NA'VAL,  relating  to  vessels. 

NAVIGATION,  (3),  travelling  by 
ships;  the  art  of  navigating. 

NAV'IGABLE,  passable  by  ships. 


NAVIC'ULAR,  relating  to  small 
vessels  or  boats. 

NAU'TICAL,  (Lat.  nau'ta,  a  sail- 
or), pertaining  to  seamen  or 
navigation.  [round. 

CIRCUMNAVIQA'TION,     sailing 


327.  Nec'to,  (nex'um),  to  tie  or  bind. 
CONNECT',  to  tie  or  join  toge- 1  DISCONNECT',  to  sever. 


ther. 
CONNECTION,  a  joining;  rela- 


ANNEX',  to  unite  at  the  end. 
ANNEXATION,  the  act  of  joining 
or  annexing. 


328.  Ne'go,  (nega'tum),  to  deny. 

NEGA'TION,  denial.  I  DENY',  (Fr.  denier;  Lat.  den'e- 

NEG'ATIVE,  implying  denial,  go*),  to  contradict;  to  refuse. 

329.  Ncyo'tium,*  business. 

NEGO'TIATE,  to  transact  busi-  i  NEGOTIABLE,    that    may    be 
ness.  !     transferred  in  business. 

*  Compounded  of  nee,  not,  and  o'tium,  leisure,  ease. 

330.  Neu'tcr,  neither  of  the  two. 

NEU'TER,  of  neither  gender.       |  NEUTRALIZE,   to   render  neu- 
NEU'TRAL,     not     engaged     on  j     tral ;  to  destroy  the  peculiar 
either  side.  j     properties. 

331.  Ni'hil,  nothing. 

NIHIL'ITY,  nothingness.  ANNIHILATION,    reducing    to 

nothing  or  non-existence. 

332.  Ncfceo,  to  hurt;  to  harm. 


NO'CENT,  Nox'ious,  hurtful. 

INNOC'UOUS,  INNOX'IOUS,  harm- 
less. 

IN'NOCENT,  not  chargeable  with 
mischief. 


IN'NOCENCE,  simplicity,  purity. 
NUI'SANCE,    that    which    does 

injury. 
OBNOX'IOUS,  liable;  exposed  to 

penalty. 


116 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

333.  No/ ma,  a  rule. 


NOR'MAL,  according  to  a  rule  or 

precept;  elementary. 
ENOR'MOUS,  beyond  the  usual 

measure;  huge;  excessive. 


ENOR'MITY,  a  wrong  or  irregu- 
lar act ;  atrociousness. 

ABNOR'MOUS,  (little  used),  irre- 
gular; deformed. 


334.  Nos'co,  (no'tum),  to  know.     No'men,  a  name. 


NOTE,  a  mark;  a  hint. 

NOTA'TION,  (Lat.  no'ta,  a  mark), 
mode  of  marking. 

NO'TED,  NOTO'RIOUS,  well 
known ;  remarkable. 

NO'TICE,  observation. 

NO'TIFY,  to  make  known. 

NO'TION,  idea;  opinion. 

ANNOTATION,  a  comment. 

COG'NISANCE,  (Lat.  cognos'co), 
notice;  perception. 

COGNI'TION,  certain  knowledge. 

DENOTE',  to  point  out. 

NO'BLE,  (Lat.  nol'ilis),  gene- 
rous; famous. 

NOBIL'ITY,  dignity;  high  rank. 

ENNO'BLE,  to  dignify;  to  ele- 
vate. 

IGNO'BLE,  mean;  worthless. 


REC'OGNISE,    to    remember    a 

thing  as  one  previously  known. 
RECONNOI'TRE,  to  survey. 
NOM'INAL,  in  name  only. 
NOMENCLATURE,  a  system  of 

names. 
NO'MENCLATOR,  one  who  names 

things.  [ment. 

NOM'INATE,  to  name  for  appoint- 
NAME,  the  term  by  which  we 

distinguish  things. 
NOUN,  a  part  of  speech. 
PRO'NOUN,  a  word  used  instead 

of  a  noun. 
DENOMINATION,    a    class     of 

things   or  persons  called    by 

the  same  name. 

IG'NOMINY,  disgrace,  dishonor. 
MISNO'MER,  a  misnaming. 


335.  No'vus,  new. 


NOV'EL,  a.  new;  s.  a  tale. 
NOV'ELIST,  a  writer  of  novels. 
NOV'ELTY,  newness. 
NOV'ICE,  one  new  in  the  busi- 


NOVI'TIATE,  the  state  or  time 
of  learning  rudiments. 

IN'NOVATE,  to  introduce  some- 
thing new. 

REN'OVATE,  to  renew. 


336.   Nbx,  (noc'tis),  night. 


NOCTUR'NAL,  nightly. 
E'QUINOX,  (See  144). 


1  EQUINOC'TIAL,  pertaining  to  the 
equinox. 


337.  Nu'bo,  (nup'tum),  to  marry. 
CONNU'BIAL,  pertaining  to  mar- 1  NUP'TIALS,    marriage    ceremo- 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE   LATIN.  117 

338.  Nu'dus,  naked. 

NU'DITY,  nakedness.  j  DENUDE',  to  make  bare  or  naked. 

339.  Nutlus,  no  one. 

NUL'LIFY,  to  render  of  no  force.  I  ANNUL',  DISANNUL',  to  make 
NUL'LITY,  nothingness.  |     void. 

340.  Nu'merus,  a  number. 


NUM'BER,  multitude;  more  than 
one  thing. 

NU'MEROUS,  containing  many. 

NUMERATION,  the  art  of  num- 
bering. 

NUMERICAL,  pertaining  to  num- 


bers. 


ENU'MERATE,  to  reckon  up 
singly. 

INNUMERABLE,  too  many  to  be 
counted. 

SUPERNUMERARY,  a  person  or 
thing  beyond  the  usual  num- 
ber. 


341.  Nun' do,  to  announce. 


ANNOUNCE',  to  proclaim ;  to  give 


notice. 


DENOUNCE',  to  declare  against. 
DENUNCIATION,  public  menace. 
ENUN'CIATE,  to  declare;  to  pro- 
claim; to  utter. 


NUN'CIO,  an  ambassador  from 
the  Pope. 

PRONUNCIATION,  mode  of  utter- 
ance. 

RENOUNCE',  to  disown;  to  re- 
ject. 


342.   Oc'ulus,  the  eye. 


OC'ULAR,  perceived  by  the  eye. 
OC'ULIST.  an  eye-doctor. 
BINOC'ULAR,  having  two  eyes. 


INOC'ULATE,  to  transfer  an  eye 
or  bud  of  a  tree  to  another 
stock. 


343.    Odi,  to  hate. 
O'DIOUS,  hateful;  causing  hatred.  jO'oiUM,  dislike;  offensiveness. 

344.  (Tleo,  to  emit  odor. 

OLFAC'TORY,  pertaining  to  the  RED'OLENT,  diffusing  a  sweet 
sense  of  smelling.  scent. 

345.  Oni'nis,  every;  all. 

OMNIPOTENT,  (403),  having  all  i  OMNIS'CIENT,  (467),  having  in- 

power.  [sent,  j     finite  knowledge. 

OMNIPRES'ENT,  everywhere  pre-  OM'NIBUS,  (Latin),  for  all. 


118  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

346.  Onus,  (on'eris),  a  burden. 
EXONERATE,  to  disburden.        |  ON'EROUS,  burdensome. 

347.  Opfnor,  to  be  of  opinion. 


OPINE',  to  think. 
OPIN'ION,  belief;  judgment. 


OPIN'IONATED,     obstinate     in 
opinion. 


348.   Op'to,  (opta'tum),  to  wisb. 

OP'TION,  choice ;  preference.     1  ADOPT',  to  assume;   to  cboose 
OP'TATIVE,  expressing  desire,    j     or  take  to  one's  self. 

349.    Opus,  (ap'erii),  a  work. 


OP'ERATE,  to  act;  to  produce 
effects. 


OP'ERATIVE,  active. 
OPERA'TION,  action;  effect. 


CO-OP'ERATE,   to  labor  jointly  JOP'ERATOR,     one     who     ope- 

with  others.  rates. 

CO-OPERA'TION,  joint  effort;  aid.  OPEROSE',  laborious. 


INOPERATIVE,  inefficient. 
MANOSU'VRE,*  (282),  a  skilful 
movement. 


OP'ERA,  a  dramatic  composition 

set  to  music. 
OPUS'CULE,  a  small  work. 


*  (Euvre  is  a  French  word,  signifying  a  work,  action,  or  performance. 

350.   Or'bis,  a  circle;  a  circular  body. 

ORB,  a  spherical  body.  ]  ORBIC'ULAR,  circular. 

OR'BIT,  the  circular  path  of  a,ExoRB'iTANT,f      extravagant; 
planet.  excessive. 

f  Literally,  departing  from  an  orbit  or  usual  track. 

351.   Or' do,  (p/dinis),  order. 


OR'DER,  regularity. 
OR'DINANCE,  a  public  command 

or  law. 
OR'DINARY,  in  the  usual  order 


INOR'DINATE,  excessive. 
EXTRAORDINARY,  beyond  the 

usual  course. 

SUBORDINATE,  in  a  lower  rank. 
SUBORDINATION,  subjection. 


352.   Orior,  to  rise  or  spring  from. 

•  I-HTENT,   rising,   as   the   sun ;  j  ORIENT'AL,  eastern ;  belonging 

eastern.  to  the  east.  [ence. 

OR'IGIN,  beginning;  source.      j  ORIGINATE,  to  bring  into  exist- 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 


119 


ABOR'TTVE,  produced  in  an  im- 
perfect state,  ineffectual. 

EXOR'TIVE,  rising;  pertaining 
to  the  east. 


EXOR'DIUM,  (Lat.  or'ch'or,  to 
begin),  a  formal  preface. 

PRIMOR'DIAL,  (412),  existing 
from  the  beginning. 


353.   Or' no,  (pma'tum),  to  embellish. 


OR'NAMENT,  an  embellishment. 
OR'NATE,  decorated;  beautiful. 
ADORN',  to  beautify. 


EXORNA'TION,  decoration. 
SUBORN',*  to  induce  a  person  to 
swear  falsely. 


*  The  Latin  word  subor'no,  signifies  to  fit  out  privately. 

354.    O'ro,  (ora'tum~),  to  pray  ;  to  ask. 


ORA'TION,  a  formal  speech. 

OR'ATOR,  a  public  speaker. 

OR'ATORY,  eloquence. 

OR'ISON,  a  prayer. 

OR'ACLE,  a  place  where  heathen 
deities  or  priests  were  con- 
sulted. 

ORAC'ULAR,  positive;  having  an 
affected  air  of  wisdom. 


O'RAL,  (Lat.  os,  (o'ris),  the 
mouth  J,  pertaining  to  speech. 

ADORE',  to  worship. 

ADORA'TION,  worship. 

EX'ORABLE,  to  be  moved  by 
entreaty. 

INEX'ORABLE,  not  to  be  moved. 

PERORA'TlON,f  the  conclusion 
of  an  oration. 


j-  Literally,  the  going  over  the  oration;  the  peroration  recapitulates  the 
main  points,  and  presents  the  argument  in  a  small  compass. 


355.   Os,  (os'sis),  a  bone. 

Os'siCLE,  a  small  bone. 
OS'SIFRAGE,  (191),  the  ospray. 
OS'SIFY,  (152),  to  change  into  a 
bony  substance. 


OSSIF'IC,  having  the  power  of 

forming  bone. 

OS'SEOUS,  bony.  [bones. 

lNTEROs'sEOUS,situatedbetween 


356.    O'vum,  an  egg. 

O'VAL,  egg-shaped.  lOvip'ARors,  (363),  producing 

I     eggs. 

357.  Pa'gus,  a  village. 

a  heathen;   an   idol-  PA'QANISM,  the  worship  of  false 
gods. 

JWhen  the  Roman  emperor  Constantino  and  his  successors  forbade  the 
worship  of  the  heathen  deities  in  the  cities,  its  adherents  retired  to  the  vil- 
lages, where  they  could  practise  their  rites  unmolested.  Hence  they  obtained 
the  appellation  paga'ni,  pagans.  The  word  is  now  applied  to  all  nations 
which  are  neither  Christian,  Jewish,  nor  Mohammedan. 


ater. 


120  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION, 

358.  Pan'do,  (para'stm),  to  lay  open, 

EXPAND',  to  open;  to  spread.    I  EXPANSE',  a  wide  extent. 
EXPAN'SION,  the  act  of  expand-  EXPANS'IVE,  capable  of  beinr 
ing;  enlargement.  expanded. 

359.  Pan'go,  (pac'tum),  to  drive  in ;  to  fix. 


COMPACT',  close;  dense;  firmly 

united. 
COM'PACT,  an  agreement. 


COMPACT'URE,  close  union. 
IM'PACT,  a  falling  upon;  an  im- 
pression. 


360.  Pal'lium,  a  cloak. 


PALL,  a  covering  for  the  dead. 
PAL' LI  ATE,  to  cloak:  to  cover 
to   Extenuate; 


with   excuse: 
to  mitigate. 


PALLIA'TION,  mitigation. 
PAL'LIATIVE,  tending  to  miti- 
gate or  relieve. 


361.  Par,  equal;  like. 


PAIR,  two  things  like  each 
other;  a  couple. 

PAR'ITY,  equality;  resemblance. 

DISPAR'ITY,  inequality. 

COMPARE',  to  examine  things 
with  reference  to  their  like- 
ness or  unlikeness. 


DISPAR'AGE,  to  cause  disgrace, 

PARISYLLAB'IC,  having  equal 
or  like  syllables, 

PEER,  an  equal ;  a  nobleman. 

PEER'LESS,  unequalled;  match- 
less. 

PEER' AGE,  the  rank  of  a  peer. 


362.  Pa'reo,  (par'iturn),  to  be  present. 

APPA'RENT,  visible;  evident.    [DISAPPEAR',  to  vanish;  to  with- 
APPEAR',  to  become  visible;  to'      draw. 

seem .  I  TR AN  SPA'RENT,  capable  of  being 

APPARI'TION,  a  spectre,  a  ghost.  ]      seen  through. 

363.  Pa'rio,  (paStum),  to  bring  forth. 
PA'RENT,  a  father  or  mother;  UNIP'AROUS,  (563),  producing 


that  which  produces. 
OVIP'AROUS,  producing  eggs. 


one  at  a  birth.  [alive. 

VIVIP'AROUS,  producing  young 


364.  Pa'ro,  (para'turn"),  to  prepare. 
APPARA'TUS,  furniture  or  uten-  i  SEV'ER,*  to  separate, 
sils  prepared  for  a  particular  PREPARE',  to  make  ready, 


business. 


REPAIR',  to  mend. 


*  This  word  was  probably  derived  indirectly  from  th*  Latin  word  aepni 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM   THE    LATIN. 
REPARATION,     making     good  IMPAIR',  to  injure. 


121 


what  was  injured  or  lost.  SEP'ARATE,  to  disunite,  to  part. 

365.  Pars,  (par'tis),  a  part. 


PART,  POR'TION,  a  share. 

PAR'TJCLE,  a  little  part. 

PARTIC'ULAR,  having  reference 
to  individual  things;  attentive 
to  minute  matters. 

PARTAKE',  PARTic'iPATE,(47), 
to  have  part  or  share. 

PARTITION,  division. 

PAR'TY,  a  set  of  persons  en- 
gaged in  one  design. 

PAR'TISAN,  one  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  a  party. 

PAR'TITIVE,  distributive. 

PAR'TIAL,  inclined  to  favor  one 
party  or  side. 

PART'NER,  a  sharer. 


PAR'CEL,  a  number  of  things 
taken  together;  a  small 
package. 

PARSE,  to  analyze  grammati- 
cally. 

APART' ME  NT,  a  room  or  sepa- 
rate enclosure. 

COMPART'MENT,  a  portion  of 
any  surface  marked  off. 

DEPART',  to  go  away. 

DEPARTMENT,  a  separate  class 
of  duties  or  of  topics. 

IMPART',  to  communicate;  to 
give  a  share. 

IMPAR'TIAL,  not  partial. 

BIP'ARTITE,  having  two  parts. 


366.  Pas'co,  (pas'tum),  to  feed. 


PAS'TOR,  (Lat.  patttor,  a  shep- 
herd), a  minister  of  the  gos- 
pel having  the  care  of  a  con- 
gregation. 

AN'TEPAST.  a  foretaste. 


PAS'TORAL,  relating  to  shep- 
herds. 

PAS'TURE,  a  field  or  ground 
where  cattle  may  graze. 

REPAST',  a  meal. 


367.  Pa'ter,  (pa'tris),  a  father. 


PATER'NAL,    pertaining    to    a 

father. 

PAT'RI  MON  Y,  an  inherited  estate. 
PA'TRIOT,  (Lat    pa'tria,  one's 

country),     a     lover     of     his 

country. 
PA'TRIARCH,    the    father    and 

ruler  of  a  family. 
PATRIS'TIC,  relating  to  the  an- 
cient fathers  of  the  Christian 

church. 
PA'TRON.  a  protector;  one  who 

affords  support. 


PA  TRONAGE,  special  support 

PATRIC'IAN,  a  Roman  noble- 
man. 

COMPATERN'ITY,  the  relation 
of  a  godfather. 

COMPA'TRIOT,  one  of  the  same 
country. 

EXPATRIATE,  to  banish  from 
one's  country. 

JU'PITER,  the  father  and  king 
of  the  heathen  gods. 

PA'TER-NOS'TER,  (Lat.  our  Fa- 
ther), the  Lord's  prayer. 


122  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

868.  Pa'tiur,  (pa/sws),  to  suffer;  to  endure. 


PA'TIENCE,  endurance. 
PA'TIENT,  a.  enduring  without 

complaint. 

PA'TIENT,  s.  a  sick  person. 
IMPA'TIENT,  unable  to  bear  pain . 
PAS'SIVE,  suffering;  unresisting. 
PAS'SION,  emotion ;  the  suffering 

of  our  Saviour  on  the  cross. 


PAS'SIONATE,  influenced  by  pas- 
sion. 

COMPAS'SION,  pity;  sympathy. 

COMPAS'SIONATE,  to  pity;  to 
have  compassion  for. 

DISPASSIONATE,  calm. 

IMPAS'SIONED,  characterized  by 
strong  feeling. 


369.  Pax,  (pa'cis),  peace. 


PEACE,  quiet ;  rest. 
PACIFIC,  (152),  peacemaking; 
gentle. 


PAC'IFY,  APPEASE',  to  quiet. 
PACIFICA'TION,  an  appeasing. 


370.  Pec'co,  (pecca'tum),  to  err;  to  sin.* 

PECCADIL'LO.  a  slight  transgres- 
sion or  offence. 


PEC'CABLE,  liable  to  sin. 
PEC'CANT,  sinning;  guilty. 

•  P 


i,  is  the  perfect  of  the  same  verb,  and  signifies—  7  have  sinned. 

371.  Pec'tus,  (peJtoris),  the  breast. 

PEC'TORAL,   pertaining  to   the  I  EXPEC'TORATE,    to    discharge 
breast.  1      from  the  trachea  or  the  lungs. 

372.  Pe'cus,  a  herd  or  flock;  cattle. 


PEc'uLATE,f  to  steal  or  embez- 
zle public  property. 


PECTJL'IAR,!  belonging  to;  ap- 
propriate; special. 
PECUNIARY, §  relating  to  money. 

f  In  early  times,  herds  and  flocks  constituted  the  sole  wealth  ;  and  hence 
words  derived  from  pe'cus,  &c.,  came  to  represent  property  in  general. 

J  Pecul'ium,  in  Latin,  signifies  a  treasure  or  stock  of  money  laid  up  by  an 
individual;  every  portion  of  this  stock  would  therefore  be  pectilla'ris,  pecu- 
liar, i.  e.,  his  own. 

$  Money  was  first  coined  at  Rome  under  the  reign  of  Servius  Tullius  ;  and 
the  figure  stamped  upon  the  coin  was  that  of  the  ox.  Hence,  money  came  to 
be  called  pecun  'ia  in  the  Latin  language. 

373.  Pel'lo,  (j9tf?s«m),  to  drive. 

PULSE,   the  throbbing  of  the  PULSA'TION,  a  beating  or  throbv 
arteries.  bing. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE   LATIN. 


APPULSE',  a  striking  against. 

COMPEL',  to  force;  to  con- 
strain. 

COMPUL'SORY,  driving  by  vio- 
lence. 

DISPEL',  to  drive  away. 

EXPEL',  to  drive  out. 

EXPUL'SION,  a  driving  out. 

IMPEL',  to  urge  forward ;  to  ex- 
cite to  any  action. 


123 

IMPEL'LENT,  impulsive  power. 

IM'PULSE,  force  given. 

IMPULS'IVE,  having  power  to 
impel. 

PROPEL',  to  drive  onward. 

REPEL',  to  drive  back. 

REPUL'SION,  the  act  or  power 
of  driving  back. 

REPULS'IVE,  fitted  to  repel;  for- 
bidding. 


374.  Pen'deo,  to  hang;   Pen'do,  (pen'sum),  to  weigh;  to 
pay  out. 


PEN'DENT,  hanging. 

PEN'DULUM,  a  vibrating  body 
suspended  from  a  fixed  point. 

PEN'SION,  a  stated  allowance. 

APPEND',  to  hang  to  another 
thing;  to  annex. 

APPEND'IX.APPEND'AQE,  some- 
thing added  at  the  end. 

COMPENDIUM,  an  abridgment. 

COMPEND'IOUS,  brief;  compre- 
hensive. 

COMPENSATE,  to  reward. 

COMPENSATION,  remuneration. 

DEPEND',  to  hang  from;  to 
trust  to. 

DISPENSE',  to  distribute;  to  dis- 
pense with,  to  do  without. 


EXPEND  ,  SPEND,  to  lay  out. 

EXPENSE',  cost,  charges. 

IMPEND',  to  hang  over. 

INDISPENS'ABLE,  that  cannot  be 
omitted  or  spared. 

PEND'IXG,  remainingundecided. 

PERPENDIC'ULAR,  directly  down- 
wards. 

PREPENSE',  meditated  before- 
hand, [dency. 

PROPENSITY,  inclination,  ten- 

REC'OMPENSE,  raward. 

STI'PEND,  wages;  stated  pay. 

SUSPEND',  to  hang;  to  delay. 

SUSPENSION,  a  hanging;  au  in- 
terruption. 

SUSPENSE',  uncertainty;  a  stop. 


375.  Pe'ne,  almost. 


PENIN'SULA,  (233),  a  portion 
of  land  almost  surrounded  by 
water. 

PENULT',  PENULT'IMA,  (559), 


the  last  syllable  of  a  word  but 
one. 

PENUM'BRA,    (560),   a  partial 
shade. 


PE'NAL,  enacting  punishment. 
PEN'ALTY,  suffering  or  loss  in 
consequence  of  crime. 


376.  Poe'na,  punishment. 

PEN'ANCE,  suffering  voluntarily 
endured  for  the  sake  of  ob- 
taining pardon. 


124 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


PEN'ITENCE,  (Lat.  pceniteo,  to 

repent),  repentance. 
PENITEN'TIARY,  a  prison. 
IMPEN'ITENT,  not  contrite. 


REPENT',  to  feel  sorrow  or  regret 
for  what  one  has  done, 

SUBPCENA,*  a  writ  commanding 
one  to  appear  in  court. 


*  The  word  signii 
land  is  disobeyed. 


es  under  penalty ;  i.  ev  penalty  to  be  suffered  if  the  com- 


377    Pen'itus,  inwardly;  deeply. 


PEN'ETRATE,  (Lat.  in'tro,  to  en- 
ter), to  pierce;  to  enter. 
PENETRA'TION,  the  act  of  pierc- 


ing; acuteness. 


PEN'ETRATING,PEN'ETRATIVE, 

piercing;  sharp;  discerning. 

IMPENETRABLE,  that  cannot  be 


pierced. 

378.  Pen'na,  a  feather;  a  wing. 
PEN,  a  writing  instrument.          |  PEN'NATE,  winged. 

379.  Perso'na,  the  mask  worn  by  players.f 


PER'SON,  an  individual  human 
being. 

PER'SONATE,  to  represent  by  ac- 
tion or  appearance. 


PERSON'IFY,  (152),  to  represent 
an  inanimate  thing  as  having 
intelligence. 

PERSONALLY,  in  person. 


•j-  Perso'na  also  signifies  character,  person,  &c. 

380.  Pes,  (pe'dii),  a  foot. 


PED'AL,  a  key  designed  to  be 
moved  by  the  foot. 

PED'ESTAL,  the  base  on  which  a 
pillar  or  statue  is  placed. 

PEDES'TRIAN,  going  on  foot. 

BI'PED,  a  two-footed  animal. 

QUAD'RUPED,  a  four-footed  ani- 
mal. 

PED'LER,  a  travelling  foot  trader. 

PED'DLE,  to  travel  as  a  pedler. 

PED'IGREE,  genealogy. 


EXPEDITION,  haste;  an  enter- 
prise on  which  one  undertakes 
a  journey. 

EXPE'DIENT,  tending  to  promote 
the  object;  advisable. 

EXPEDIENCY,  fitness  of  mea- 
sures to  secure  a  desirable 
end. 

IMPEDE',  to  hinder;  to  obstruct. 

IMPEDIMENT,  hindrance. 

EX'PEDITE,  to  hasten. 


381.  Petto,  (petition),  to  seek. 


PETI'TION,  a  request. 
PET'ULANT,  peevish;  fretful  in 

respect  to  what  is  wished  for 

from  others. 


AP'PETENCE,  inclination ;  desire. 
AP'PETITE,  hunger;  longing. 
CENTRIP'ETAL,  tending  towards 
the  centre. 


WORDS    DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN. 


125 


COMPETE',  to  rival. 
COMPETENCE,  a  sufficiency. 
COMPETITION,  rivalry ;  contest 
IMPET'TJOUS,  headstrong;  forci- 


IM'PETUS,  force  of  motion. 
REPEAT',  to  try  again;    to  re- 
cite. 
REPETITION,  the  act  of  doing 


ble.  or  uttering  a  second  time. 

382.  Pflo,  to  pillage;  to  rob. 

COMPILE',  to  select  and  put  to-  PIL'LAGE,  to  plunder;  to  rob. 
gether. 

383.  Pin' go,  (pic1  turn),  to  paint. 


PICT,  a  painted  person. 
PICT'URE,  a  painting;  a  repre- 


sentation. 


PICTURESQUE',  like  a  picture. 
PIG'MENT,  paint;  color. 
DEPICT',  to  paint;  to  describe. 


384.  Pi'o,  (pia'tuni),  to  appease  by  sacrifice. 

EX'PIATE,  to  atone  for.    [atone.  PIAC'ULAR,  expiatory;  needing 
EX'PIATORY,  having  power  to       expiation. 

385.  Pis'cis,  a  fish. 
PIS'CATORY,  relating  to  fishes.   |  PIS'CINE,  of  the  fish  kind. 

386.  Pla'ceo,  to  please. 


PLAC'ID,  quiet;  mild. 
COMPLA'CENCE,  satisfaction. 
IMPLA'CABLE,  (Lat.  pla'co,  to 
appease),  not  to  be  appeased. 


PLEAS'URE,  (Fr.  plaisir),  satis- 
faction; enjoyment. 
COM'PLAISANCE,  civility. 
DISPLEASE',  to  offend. 


387.  Plan'ta,  a  plant. 


PLANT,  a  vegetable. 
PLANTATION,  a  place  planted. 
PLAN'TAIN,  an  herb;  a  tree. 
IMPLANT',  to  set;  to  insert. 
IMPLANT'ED,  deeply  fixed. 


SUPPLANT',  to  displace  by  tak- 
ing the  place  of  the  person 
ejected. 

TRANSPLANT',  to  remove  and 
plant  in  another  place. 


388.  Pla'nus,  even;  level;  evident. 


PLANE,  to  make  smooth. 


PLAIN, 

fest. 


level   region ;   mani- 


EXPLAIN',  to  make  plain  or  in- 
telligible, [planation. 
EXPLANATORY,  containing  ex- 


126  'THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

389.  Plau'do,  (plau'sum),  to  clap;  to  applaud. 


PLAUP'IT,  applause.          [ance. 

PLAUS'IBLE,  right   in   appear- 

APPLAUD',  to  join  in  applause. 

APPLAUSE',  expression  of  appro- 
bation by  clapping  the  hands, 
&c. 


EXPLODE',  to  drive  out  in  dis- 
grace; to  burst  with  a  loud 
report. 

EXPLO'SION,  violent  bursting. 

EXPLO'SIVE,  liable  to  cause  ex- 
plosion. 


390.  Plebs,  (pletbis),  the  common  people. 


PLEBE'IAN,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
common  people. 


PLEBE'IAN,  s.  one  of  the  com- 
mon people. 


391.  Ple'o,  (pie' turn),  to  fill;  Ple'nus,  full. 

PLE'NARY,  full ;  complete.         j  COMPLETE',  full ;  perfect. 
PLENIPOTENTIARY,  (403),  in-- COMPLEMENT,  full  quantity. 

vested  with  full  powers.  |  DEPLE'TION,  an  emptying. 

PLEN'TY,  PLEN'ITUDE,  fulness.    EX'PLETIVE,  something  added 


PLEN'TEOUS,  abundant. 


PLE'ONASM, 

words. 


a   redundancy   of 


PLE'NIST,   one   who   maintains  REPLETE',  filled 


that  all  space  is  full  of  matter. 
ACCOMPLISH,  (Fr.  accomplir), 
to  finish  entirely. 


to  fill  up. 
IM'PLEMENT,  a  utensil;  a  tool. 
REPLENISH,  to  fill  again. 


SUPPLY',  to  fill  up ;  to  furnish. 
SUPPLEMENT,   an   addition   to 
supply  defects. 


392.  PU'co,  (plica' turn'),  to  fold ;   Plec'to,  (plex'um'),  to  twine 
or  weave. 

ACCOM'PLICE,  one  united  with 

another  in  a  plot. 
APPLY',  to   put  one   thing   to 

another. 


DUPLIC'ITY,  (L&t.du'plex^),  dou- 

bleness  of  heart  or  speech. 
DU'PLICATE,  a  second  thing  of 

the  sort. 

EXPLIC'IT,  plain;  clear. 
EX'PLICATE,  to  unfold;  to  ex- 
COM'PLICATED,  COM'PLEX,  en-       plain, 
tangled;  interwoven  with  other  j  IM'PLICATE,  to  involve;  to  show 
things.  a  connection. 

COMPLEX'ION,  the  hue  of  the  IMPLIC'IT,  relying  upon ;  trust- 
1     features ;    general  [      ing  without  reserve. 


APPLICATION,  the  act  of  apply- 
ing; the  thing  applied. 


skin 

appearance  of  a  thin 

Y',  to  yield. 
DISPLAY',  to  unfold. 


IMPLY',  to  express  some  opinion, 
although  not  in  direct  lan- 
guage. 


-      WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE    LATIN.  12  < 

INEXPLICABLE,  not  to  be  ex-  SIMPLE,*  plain;  artless;  single. 

plained.  SIMPLIC'ITY,  innocence ;  plain- 

MULTIPLICA'TION, increase;  re-'     ness. 

peated  addition  of  a  quantity  SIM'PLIFY,  (152),  to  render  less 

to  itself.  complex ;  to  make  easier. 

PERPLEX',  to  entangle ;   to  in-  SUP'PLICATE,-J-  to  entreat. 

volve.  TRIP'LE,  three-fold. 

PLI'ANT,  easily  bent.  TRIP'LET,  three  verses  rhyming 

REDUPLICA'TION,  doubling.  together. 

*  The  Latin  word  aim'plcx,  is  supposed  to  derive  its  first  syllable  from  se'mel, 
once;  simple  therefore  signifies,  literally,  once  folded,  i.e.  not  complicated  or 
united  with  anything  else. 

|  Lat.  sup'plex,  for  subplex;  literally,  bending  beneath;  kneeling  before  one. 

393.  Plo'ro,  (plora'tum^,  to  cry;  to  bewail. 

DEPLORE',  to  regret;  to  bewail,  j  EXPLORE',  to  search;  to  examine. 
DEPLOR'ABLE,          lamentable;  IMPLORE',  to  call  upon;  to  be- 


wretched. 


seech. 


394.  Plum'bum,  lead. 


PLUMB,    PLUM/MET,  a  leaden 

weight  at  the  end  of  a  line. 
PLUMB,  ad.  perpendicularly. 


PLUMB'ER,  one  who  works  lead. 
PLUMBA'GO,  black   lead;    gra- 
phite. 


395.  Plus,  (plu'ris),  more. 

PLU'RAL,  containing  more  than  I  SUR'PLUS,  what  remains  beyond 

one.  the  necessary  quantity. 

PLURALITY,!  greater  number.  |NON'PLUS.§  to  bring  to  a  stand. 

J  A  candidate  is  said  to  have  a  plurality  of  votes,  when  he  has  more  than 
uny  other  single  candidate. 
$  Literally,  no  more. 

396.  Po'lio,  (polCtum},  to  polish.  || 

POL'ISH,  to  smooth ;  to  bright- 1  POLITE',  elegant  in   manners ; 
en.  I     well-bred. 

||  See  Gr.  187. 

397.  Po'mum,  an  apple. 

POM'ACE,  the  substance  of  apples  POMEGRANATE,^  kind  of  fruit, 
or  of  similar  fruit  crushed  by  POM'MEL,  a  knob  or  ball, 
grinding. 

<[  Literally,  an  apple  having  many  grains  or  seeds. 


128 


POUND,  a  weight. 
PON'DEROUS,  heavy. 
PON'DER,  to  weigh  mentally. 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

8.  Pon'dus,  (pou'deris),  a  weight. 

PREPONDERATE,  to  outweigh. 
IMPON'DERABLE,    not    having 
perceptible  weight. 


399.   Po'no,  (pos'itum^),  to  put  or  pk 


POSI'TION,  place;  situation. 

POS'ITIVE,  distinctly  laid  down. 

POST,  station. 

POS'TURE,  situation ;  attitude. 

POSTPONE',  to  put  off;  to  delay. 

Ap'POSITE,  proper;  fit. 

COMPO'NENT,  forming  part  of  a 
composition. 

COMPOSE',  COMPOUND',  to  put 
together. 

COMPOS'ITOR,  a  setter  of  types. 

COMPO'SURE,  calmness ;  tran- 
quillity. 

DECOMPOSE',  to  separate  into 
the  constituent  parts. 

DE'POT,  a  place  of  deposit. 

DEPOSITION,  that  which  is  laid 
or  thrown  down ;  written  tes- 
timony. 

DEPOSE',  to  put  down. 

DEPOSITORY,  the  place  where 
anything  is  lodged. 

DEPOSITARY,  the  person  with 
whom  anything  is  lodged. 

DISPOSE',  to  place  in  order. 


EXPOSE',  to  lay  open. 
EXPOS'ITOR,  an  explainer. 
EXPOSITION,  explanation. 
IMPOSE',  to  put  upon ;  to  cheat. 
IMPOSITION,  a  cheat. 
IM'POST,  a  tax  laid  on  imported 

merchandise. 

IMPOS'TURE,  fraud ;  imposition. 
INTERPOSE',  to  put  between. 
OPPOSE',  to  resist. 
j  OP'POSITE,  situated  in  front  or 

over  against. 
PREPOSI'TION,  a  word   placed 

before  another. 
PROPOSE',  PROPOUND',  to  offer 

to  consideration. 
PUR'POSE,  intention;  design. 
REPOSE',  to  rest ;  to  rely. 
REPOSITORY,  a  place  for  storing 

anything. 
SUPPOSE',  to  imagine  or  state 

something    possible,  but    not 

known  to  be  true. 
TRANSPOSE',  to  put  each   into 

the  place  of  the  other. 


400.  Pop'ulus,  the  people. 

PEO'PLE,  persons ;  a  nation.       j  DEPOPULATE,  to  deprive  of  in- 
POPULA'TION,  the  whole  number  j      habitants. 

of  people  in  a  country  or  dis-  PUB'LIC,  general ;  national. 


trict. 


.ruii  1,11;,  general;  national. 
PUBLICITY,  general  notoriety. 
PUB'LISH,  to  make  known;  to 


POP'ULACE,  the  common  people. ;  PUB'LISH,  to  make  known 
POP'ULAR,  suitable  to  people  in  !      send  out  to  the  public. 

general.  ; PUBLICATION,  a  publishing;  a 

POP'ULOUS,  full  of  people.  book. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
401.   Por'ta,  a  gate. 


129 


POR'TAL,  a  gate;  an  entrance. 
POR'TICO,  a  covered  walk;  an 

entrance. 
POR'TER,  a  doorkeeper. 


PORT'-HOLE,  a  gun  hole  in  a 

ship's  side. 
PORT,  a  harbor;  a  place  where 

vessels  may  enter. 


402.  For' to,  to  carry. 

POR'TER,  a  carrier.  OPPORTUNITY,  fit  time ;  occa- 

PORT'ABLE,  easily  carried.  sion. 

PORTMAN'TEAU, a kindof valise,  j  OPPORTUNE',  well  timed. 


COMPORT',  to  agree;  to  suit. 

DEPORT'MENT,  conduct. 

EXPORT',  to  send  abroad. 

IMPORT',  to  bring  into  a  country. 

IMPORT'ANT,  weighty;  moment- 
ous. 

IMPORTUNE',  to  tease,  to  molest. 

IMPORTU'NITY,  urgent  solicita- 
tion. 


INOPPORTUNE',  unseasonable. 
PORTFOLIO,  a  case  for  carrying 

loose  papers. 
PUR'PORT,  meaning. 
PORT'LY,  corpulent. 
REPORT',  rumor;  an  account. 
SUPPORT',  to  bear  up ;  to  prop. 
TRANSPORT',  to  carry  from  place 

to  place. 


403.  Possum,  (potfui),  to  be  able. 

POS'SIBLE,  that  can  be  done.      I  PLENIPOTENTIARY,  (391),  hav- 
PO'TENT,  powerful.  ing  full  power. 


IM'POTENT,  powerless. 
OMNIPOTENT,    (345), 
infinite  power. 


havin 


PO'TENTATE,  one  having  kingly 

power. 
POTENTIAL,  relating  to  power. 


404.  Pos'terus,  following ;  coming  after. 


POSTE'RIOR, 

after. 


later ; 


POSTERITY,  succeeding  genera- 


coming  POS'TERN,   primarily,   a   back 
door    or    gate ;     hence,    any 


tions. 


small  door  or  gate. 
PREPOS'TEROUS,*  absurd. 


*  Literally,  having  that  first  which  ought  to  be  last ;  inverted  in  order. 

Webster. 


405.   Pos'tulo,  (postula' tum^) ,  to  demand. 


POST'ULATE,  a  position  to  which 
assent  is  demanded. 


EXPOSTULATE,  to  reason  earn- 
estly with  a  view  to  dissuade. 


130  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

40G.  Po'to,  (pota'tum  or  po'tum},  to  drink. 


PO'TION,  a  draught;  a  dose. 
POTA'TION,     a     drinking;      a 
draught. 


COMPOTA'TION,  a   drinking  to- 

gether. 
SYMPO'SIUM,  a  banquet. 


407.  Pre'cor,  (preca'tus),  to  entreat. 

DEP'RECATE,  to  pray  for  deliver-  IM'PRECATE,  to  invoke  calamity 
ance  from  any  evil;  to  dread       to  rest  upou  any  one. 


or  regret. 


PRECA'RIOUS,*  uncertain;    not 
sure  to  be  retained. 


*  Original  signification,  asked  for,  and  therefore  dependent  on  the  will  of 
another. 

408.  Prce'da,  prey;  booty. 

PREY,  plunder.  DEPREDA'TION,   a   robbing ;    a 

PRED'ATORY,  plundering.  spoiling. 

PREDA'CEOUS,  living  by  prey.     I  DEP'REDATOR,  a  robber. 

409.  Prehen'do,  (prehen'sum~),  to  seize. 

APPREHEND',  to  lay  hold  on ;  to  INCOMPREHENSIBLE,  not  to  be 

suspect  with  fear.  understood. 

APPRENTICE,  (Fr.  apprenti),  a  PRIS'ON.  (Fr.  prison~),  a  place 

learner  of  an  art  or  trade.  of  confinement. 

APPRISE',   to   inform,   to   give  |  PRIZE,  that  which  is  taken  in 

notice.  [elude.       contest. 

CoMPREHEND',CoMpRiSE',toin-iREPRi'sAL,  seizure  of  property 
ENTERPRISE,  that  which  is  un- 1     in  war. 

dertaken.  j  REPREHEND',  to  blame;  to  chide. 

IMPREG'NABLE,  (Fr.  ?V«pre?m-  REPREHEN'SIBLE, blame-worthy. 

lie},  not  to   be   stormed   or  SURPRISE',     astonishment      at 

taken.  something  unexpected. 

410.  Pre'mo,  (pres'sum~)}  to  press. 

PRESS,  to  squeeze ;  to  urge.       i  EXPRESS',  to   squeeze  out ;    to 

IMPRESS',  to  imprint;  to  stamp.  |      declare. 

IMPRES'SION,  a  print;  a  mark  OPPRESSION,  cruelty;  severity. 


made  by  pressure. 
COMPRESS',  to  force  together. 
COMPRESS'IBLE,     yielding      to 

pressure. 
DEPRESS',  to  bear  down. 


PRINT,  (Fr.  imprimer),  to  stamp 
with  letters  or  figures. 

REPRESS',  to  force  back. 

SUPPRESS',  to  subdue;  to  con- 
ceal. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
411.  Pre'tium,  price,  reward. 


131 


PRICE,  value;  rate;  reward. 
PRE'CIOUS,  valuable;  costly. 


APPRECIATE,  to  estimate  justly. 
DEPRE'CIATE,  to  undervalue. 


412.  Pri'mus,  first. 


PRIME,  a  first  rate. 

PRIME,  v.  to  put  on  the  first 

coat  in  painting. 
PRIM'ER,  a  child's  first  book. 
PRiME'vAL,(147),  PRIMITIVE, 

original;  ancient. 
PRINCE,     (Lat.     prin'ceps),    a 

sovereign  or  his  kinsman. 


PRI'MATE,  an  archbishop. 
PREM'IER,  the  first  minis 


minister  of 


state. 


PRIM,  nice ;  formal. 
PRIM'ROSE,  a  rose  which  opens 

very  early  in  the  spring. 
PRIN'CIPLE,    element;    original 

cause;  ground  of  action. 
PRIN'CIPAL,  (47),  chief,  capital. 
PRI'OR,  former;  antecedent. 
PRIOR'ITY,  precedence. 
PRIMOGENITURE,  (204),  state 

of  being:  first  born. 


413.  Pri'ous,  single;  one's  own. 


PRI'VATE,  secret;  particular. 

PRI'VACY,  secrecy;  retirement. 

PRIVILEGE,  (256),  peculiar  ad- 
vantage. 

PRIVA'TION,  a  taking  away; 
lack. 

PRIV'ATIVE,  causing  lack. 


PRIV'Y,  secret;  sharing  in  a 
secret. 

PRIV'ILY,  in  a  secret  manner. 

PRIVATEER',  a  vessel  fitted  out 
by  private  owners,  to  plunder 
the  vessels  of  a  hostile  nation. 

DEPRIVE',  to  take  away  from. 


414.   Pro'bo,  (proba'tum,*)  to  approve;  to  try.     Pro'bus,  honest. 


PROB'ITY,  honesty;  integrity. 
PROBE,  to  search  into. 
PROB'ABLE,  likely. 
PROBA'TION,  trial. 
PROVE,  to  try,  to  test.       [with. 
APPROVE',  to  like;  to  be  pleased 


APPROBATION,      APPRO'VAL, 

the  act  of  approving. 
DISPROVE',  to  confute. 
IMPROVE',  to  make  better. 
REPROVE',  to  blame;  to  censure. 
REP'ROBATE,  lost  to  virtue. 


415.  Pro'pe,  near      Pi-ox' imus,  nearest;  next. 


PROPIN'QUITY,    (Lat.  propin'- 

quitas),  nearness. 
PROX'IMATE,  nearest;  next. 
PROXIM'ITY,   immediate    near- 


APPROX'IMATE,  APPROACH', 
(Fr.  approcher^),  to  come 
near. 

REPROACH',  (Fr.  reprocher},  to 


132  THE"  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

416.  Pru'priuSj  belonging  to;  peculiar. 

APPROPRIATE,  v.  to  take  for  PROP'ERTY,  that  which  belongs 
one's  own  use.  to  a  person  or  thing. 


APPROPRIATE,  a.  suitable,  fit. 
PROP'ER,    fit ;    suitable :    also, 
belonging  to;  peculiar. 


PROPRIETOR,  an  owner  of  pro- 
perty, [ownership. 
PROPRIETY,  suitableness :  also, 


417.  Pu'er,  a  boy. 
PU'ERILE,  boyish.  (PUERIL'ITY,  boyishness. 

418.  Pii(/nus,  the  fist. 

PUGNA'CIOUS,  (Lat.  pug'na,  ajExpuGN*',  to  conquer. 

battle),  quarrelsome;  disposed  i  IMPUGN',  to  attack;  to  reproach. 

to  fight.  [fists,  j  OPPUGN',  to  oppose;  to  resist. 

PU'GILIST,  a   fighter  with  the  |  REPUG'NANGE,  reluctance. 

419.  Pnl' vis,  (pul'verii),  dust. 

PUL'VERIZE,  to  reduce  to  pow- 1  PULVER'ULENT,   consisting   of 
der.  I     fine  powder. 

420.  Pun'go,  (punc'tum),  to  prick. 

PUN'GENT,  pricking;  sharp.        PUNCTUALITY,  scrupulous  ex- 
PUNCT'URE,  a  hole  pierced.  actness  in  regard  to  time. 

PUNCTUA'TION,  (Lat.^unc'fum,  COMPUNC'TION,   the    sting    of 


fot.pi 
,  the 


conscience. 


a  point  or  dot),  the  art  of 

pointing  written  language.        EXPUNGE',  to  cross  out  or  ef- 
PuNCTii/lous,exact  in  behavior,  j      face. 

421.  Pu'nio,  (jcntnfturn),  to  punish. 


Pux'isn,  to  inflict  pain  for  evil 
conduct. 

PU'NITIVE,  awarding  or  inflict- 
ing punishment. 


IMPU'NITY,  freedom  from  pun- 
ishment; freedom  or  exemp- 
tion from  evil  consequences. 


422.   Pu'to,  (pnta'tum),  to  think. 

ACCOUNT,  (Fr.  compte),  a  reck- 1  AM'PUTATE,  to  cut  off.* 

ouing;  a  narrative.  |  COMPUTE',  to  count  or  reckon. 

*  The  primary  signification  of  the  Latin  word  ptito  is  to  lop  off  or  prune  ; 
it  also  signifies  secondarily,  to  adjust  accounts  ;  to  reckon. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


133 


COUNT,  to  enumerate.  j  DISPUTE',  to  contend  in  argu- 

DEPUTE',  to  send  as  a  substitute.  I      ment. 


DEP'UTY,  one  appointed  to  act 

for  another. 
DEPUTA'TIO.V,    the    person    or 

persons  deputed. 


IMPUTE',  to  set  to  the  account 
of;  to  ascribe. 

REPUTA'TION,  REPUTE',  charac- 
ter; public  estimation. 


423.    Qua'lis,  such  as;  of  what  kind. 
QUAL'ITY,    character;    nature ;  I QUALIFICA'TION,  fitness;  modi- 


degree  of  excellence. 
QUAL'IFY,  (152),  to  render  fit. 


fication. 
DISQUALIFY,  to  render  unfit. 


424.    Quan'tus,  how  great;  as  great  as. 

QUAN'TITY,  that  property  of  any- '  QuAN'TUM,the  required  amount, 
thing  which  may  be  increased  i  AL'IQUANT,  an  arithmetical 
or  diminished.  term. 


425.    Qua'tio,  (quas'sum~),  to  shake. 


QUASH,  to  crush ;  to  annul. 
QUASSA'TION,  a  shaking. 
CONCUS'SION,*  a  violent  agita- 


Discuss',f  to  examine;  to  debate. 
PERCUs'siON,astriking;  astroke. 
SQUASH,  something  easily  crush- 


tion;  a  shock.  ed;  a  fruit. 

*  From  concu'tio,  which  is  compounded  of  con  and  qnu'tio. 
•(•  From  discn'tio,  signifying  to  shake  apart  or  in  pieces. 


42G. 


f  four;    Quad'ra,  a  square  body. 


QUAD'RAXT,  a  quarter  of  a  cir- 
cle ;  an  instrument. 

QUADRAT'IC,  pertaining  to  the 
square  or  second  power  of  a 
quantity. 

QUADRAN'GULAR,  having  four 
angles. 

QUAD'RATE,  to  suit;  to  corres- 
pond. 

QUADRILAT'ERAL,  (250),  four- 
sided. 

QUAD'RUPED,  (380),  a  four- 
footed  animal. 

QUAD'RUPLE,  fourfold. 


QUAR'ANTINE,!  the  term  during 

which  a  vessel  suspected  of 

infection  is  kept  at  a  distance 

from  the  port  or  city. 
QUART,   the   fourth   part  of  a 

gallon. 
QUART'AN,  an  ague  returning 

every  fourth  day. 
QUART'ER,  the  fourth  part. 
QUART'ERN,  the  fourth  part  of  a 

pint. 
QUAR'TO,  a  book  in  which  every 

sheet  makes  four  leaves. 
QUATERN'ION,  the  number  four. 


J  Literally,  the  space  of  forty  days. 


134 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


SQUAD'RON,*  a  division  of  a  SQUARE,  (Fr.  quarre},  having 
fleet;  a  detachment  of  ships  four  equal  sides  and  four  right 
of  war.  angles. 

*  Primary  signification,  a  square  or  square  form. 

427.    Que'ror,  (ques'tui),  to  complain. 

QUAR'REL,  (Fr.  quereller),  to  QuERlMO'NIOUS,apttocomplain. 
contend  angrily;  to  find  fault ;  QUER'ULOUS,  disposed  to  mur- 
to  cavil.  mur. 

428.    Qua^ro,  (qucesHtvm,}  to  seek;  to  ask. 


QUEST,  search;  inquiry. 

QUE'ET,  QUES'TION,  an  asking; 
a  doubt. 

ACQUIRE',  to  obtain. 

ACQUISITION,  the  thing  ac- 
quired; the  act  of  acquiring. 

CON'QUER,  (Fr.  conquerir*),  to 
subdue;  to  gain  by  force. 

CON'QUEST,  the  act  of  conquer- 
ing. 

DISQUISI'TION,  a  systematic  ex- 
amination of  a  subject. 

EX'QUISITE,|  nice;  excellent. 

INQUIRE',  to  ask  a  question. 


INQUIS'ITIVE,  apt  to  ask  ques- 
tions ;  curious. 

INQUISI'TION,  an  investigation 
or  trial. 

INQUISITO'RIAL,  pertaining  to 
the  Catholic  court  of  inquisi- 
tion. 

PER'QUISITE,  a  fee;  an  allow- 
ance beyond  the  stated  wages. 

REQUEST',  to  solicit;  to  entreat 

REQUIRE',  to  demand. 

REQUIREMENT,  REQUISITION, 
a,  demand.  [sary. 

REQ'UISITE,    required ;    neces- 


j-  Literally,  sought  out  from  among  others  ;  whence,  choice  ;  select. 

429.    Qui'es,  (quie'tis),  rest. 

QUIET,  tranquil ;  at  rest.  |  DISQUI'ET,  to  disturb. 

QUI'ETUDE,     QUIES'CENCE,     a :  RE'QUIEM,|    (in    the    Romish 
state  of  repose.  church),    a    hymn    or    mass 

ACQUIESCE',  to  assent;  to  rest       sung  for  the  dead,  for  the  rest 


satisfied. 


of  the  soul. 


J  So  called  from  the  first  word  of  the  form  used. 


430.    Quin'que,  five. 

QUINQUEFO'LIATED,  having  five  QUINTESSENCE,    the    fifth    es- 
leaves.  sence ;    the    essence    highly 

QUINQUEN'NIAL,    (14),   occur-      refined. 

ring  once  in  five  years.  QUINTUPLE,  five-fold. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


I3r> 


QUO'TA,  a  just  part  or  share. 
QUOTJD'IAN,  (118),  daily. 


431.    Quot,  how  many;  as  many. 

QUO'TIENT,  the  number  which 
shows  how  often  the  divisor 
is  contained  in  the  dividend. 


432.  Ra'bies,  madness. 
RAB'ID,  mad,  as  a  dog.  |  RAVE,  to  be  delirious  or  furious. 

433.  Ra'dius,  a  rod;  a  spoke. 


RA'DIUS,  the  semi-diameter  of  a 

circle. 
RAY,  a  line  of  light. 


RA'DIATE,  to  emit  rays. 
RA'DIANCE,  effulgence. 
IRRA'DIATE,  to  illuminate. 


434.  Ra'dix,  (rackets),  a  root. 
RAD'ICAL,    pertaining    to    the  RAD'ICLE,  the  germ  of  the  root. 


root;*  deep  seated. 

•ord  radical,  wt 
with  first  principles,  rejecting  artificial  arrangements. 


ERADICATE,  to  root  out. 

*  The  word  radical,  when  used  in  a  political  sense,  denotes  a  disposition 
to  go  to  the  root  in  respect  to  the  constitution  of  society,  and  to  set  out  anew 


435.  Ra'do,  (ra'swm),  to  shave.- 


ABRADE',  to  rub  or  wear  off. 
ABRA'SION,  the  act  of  rubbing 

off. 

ERASE',  to  rub  out;  to  obliterate. 
ERA'SURE,  RA'SURE,  the  act  of 


erasing. 


RASE  or  RAZE,  to  demolish;  to 

destroy  utterly. 
RA'ZOR,     an     instrument     for 

shaving.  _ 
RAZEE',  a  ship  of  war  cut  down 

to  a  smaller  size. 


436.  Ra'mus,  a  bough  or  branch. 


RAM'IFY,  to  branch  out ;  to  be  RAMIFICA'TION,    division    into 


divided  and  subdivided. 


branches. 


437.  Ra'pio,  (rap'fum),  to  snatch. 


RAP'INE,  plunder. 

RAPA'CIOUS,  RAV'ENOUS,  plun- 
dering; greedy. 

RAPT,  carried  away  by  feeling 
or  enthusiasm. 

RAPT'URE,  ecstasy;  transport. 

RAPT' URDUS,  ecstatic. 


ENRAPT'URE,  to  put  into  ec- 
stasy; to  delight. 

RAP'ID,  swift. 

RAV'AGE,  to  lay  waste. 

RAV'ISII,  to  bear  away  with  joy 
or  transport.  [stealth. 

SURREPTI'TIOUS,       done       by 


136  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

438.  Re' go,  (red turn),  to  direct;  to  rule. 

RE'GAL,  (Lat.  rex,  (refgis),  a 
.king),  kingly. 

ARRECT',  (Lat.  recftus,  straight), 
raised  up;  attentive. 

CORRECT',  to  make  right. 

DIRECT',  v.  to  guide;  to  order. 

DIRECT',  a.  straight;  not  wind- 
ing. 

DIRECT'LY,  immediately. 

ERECT',  upright;  perpendicular. 

INCOR'RIGIBLE,  bad  beyond  cor- 
rection. 

INTERREG'NUM,  (Lat.  rey'num, 
a  reign),  the  time  in  which  a 
throne  is  vacant  between  two 
reigns. 

REC'TIFY,  (152),  to  set  right. 


RE'GENT,  a  governor. 

REC'TOR,  a  director;  a  pastor. 

RECTILIN'EAR,  (-65),  consist- 
ing of  right  lines. 

REC'TITUDE,  virtue ;  upright- 
ness. 

REG'ICIDE,  (41),  the  murderer 
of  a  king. 

REG'IMEN,  a  system  of  regula- 
tions; a  course  of  diet. 

REG'ULAR,  agreeable  to  rule. 

REG'ULATE,  to  adjust  methodi- 
cally. 

REIGN,  to  exercise  royal  autho- 
rity. 

RIGHT,  fit;  just;  true. 

SOVE'REIGN,  a  supreme  ruler. 


439.  JRe'or,  (ra'tiis),  to  think;  to  judge. 
RATE,  v.  to  determine  value  ac-IllATiONA'LE,  a  series  of  reasons 


cording  to  a  standard. 

RATE,  s.  mode  of  estimating. 

RAT'IFY,  to  sanction,  to  confirm. 

RATIFICATION,  confirmation. 

RATIOCINA'TJON,  (Lat,  ra'tio, 
reason),  a  process  of  reason- 
ing- 


assigned. 
RA'TIONAL,  agreeable  to  reason. 
IRRA'TIONAL,  not  rational. 
REAS'ON,     (Fr.    raison),     the 

faculty    of    judging,    which 

man  possesses. 
RA'TION,  a  fixed  allowance. 


440.  Re'po,  (rep'tuni),  to  creep. 

REP'TILE,  a  creeping  animal.     !  IRREPTI'TIOUS,  privately  intro- 
I      duced. 

441.  Res,  a  thing. 
RE'AL,  actually  existing.  i  RE'ALIZE,  to  bring  into  actual 


REAL'ITY,  actual  existence. 


existence ;  to  consider  as  real. 


442.  Ri'deo,  (ri'surn),  to  laugh. 

RID'ICULE,  s.  a  laughable  repre-  RID'ICULE,  v.  to  mako  sport  of. 
sentation.  RIDIC'ULOUS,  worthy  of  ridicule. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE   LATIN. 


137 


DERIDE',  to  laugh  at  in  a  con- 
temptuous manner. 
DERIS'ION,  contempt. 


IRRIS'ION,  laughing  at  another. 
EJS'IBLE,  pertaining  to  laughter; 
laughable. 


443.  Ri'geo,  to  be  stiff,  as  with  cold. 

RIG'IB,  stiff;  strict;  exact.         jRio'oR,  austerity;  severity. 
RIGIB'ITY,  stiffness;  harshness.  |  RIG'OROUS,  severe ;  exact. 

444.  Ri'yo,  (riga'tum),  to  water. 
IP/RIGATE,  to  water,  as  a  garden.  |  IRRIG'UOUS,  watered;  watery. 

445.  Rivus,  a  stream. 


RIV'ULET,  a  little  stream. 
BJV'ER,  a  large  stream. 
ARRIVE',*  to  come  to  or  reach. 


DERIVE',^  to  deduce  or  draw 

from  some  source. 
RI'VAL,|  a  competitor. 


*  Literally,  to  come  to  the  shore  or  bank.      Webster. 

f  This  word  signifies,  primarily,  to  draw  a  rivulet  from  the  main  stream 
or  reservoir. 

J  Among  the  Romans,  those  whose  lands  were  separated  by  a  brook  were 
called  rii:a'les  ;  the  word  rival  seems  to  have  originated  in  the  idea  of  con- 
tention as  occurring  between  such  proprietors. 

446.  Ro'bur,  (roUoris),  strength. 
CORROBORATE,  to  confirm;  to 


make  more  certain. 


ROB'ORANT,  strengthening. 
ROBUST',  strong;  vigorous. 


Mir 


447.  Ro'f/o,  (roga'tum'),  to  ask. 


AB'ROG ATE, §  to  repeal;  to  annul. 

AR'ROGATE,  to  claim. 

AR'ROGANCE,  claiming  much 
for  one's  self;  pride;  con- 
ceitedness. 

AR'ROGANT,  haughty;  conceited. 

DER'OGATE,  to  detract;  to  dis- 
parage. 

DEROG'ATORY,  tending   to  de- 


tract  from  the  estimation  in 
which  anything  is  held. 


INTERROGATION,  the  act  of 
questioning;  a  question. 

INTERROG'ATIVE,  containing  a 
question. 

PREROG'ATIVE,||  an  exclusive 
privilege. 

PROROGUE',^"  to  put  off;  to  ap- 
point at  a  future  time. 

SUPEREROGA'TION,  performance 


of  more  than  duty  requires. 
SUR'ROGATE,  a  deputy. 

g  Literally,  to  propose  or  seek  freedom  from. 

||  A  privilege  sought  or  asked  which  places  the  person  before  others,  or 
gives  superiority. 
^  To  ask  or  propose  with  respect  to  future  time. 


138 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
448.  Ro'ta,  a  wheel. 


RO'TARY,  RO'TATORY,  turning, 
as  a  wheel  on  its  axis. 

ROTA'TION,  rotary  motion. 

ROTE,  a  round  of  words;  repe- 
tition of  mere  words. 


ROTUND',  round;  spherical. 
ROTUND'ITY,  roundness;  sphe- 
ricity. 

ROTUND'O,  a  round  building. 
ROUTINE',  a  round  of  business. 


449.  Ru'dis,  unpolished;  uncultivated. 
RUDE,     rough;      coarse;     un-  RU'DIMENT,  an  elementary  truth 


or  principle. 
RUDIMENT'AL,  initial;  primary. 


finished. 
ER'UDITE,*  learned. 

*  Compounded  of  e,  from,  and  rudis,  and  signifying,  literally,  brought  out 
from  ignorance  or  rudeness. 


450.  Ru'ga.  a  wrinkle. 
COR'RUGATE,  to  wrinkle.  j  RU'GOSE,  wrinkled. 


451.    Rum'po,  ( 

RUP'TURE,  a  breaking. 

ABRUPT',  broken  off  short; 
having  a  sudden  termination  ; 
unconnected. 

BANK'RUPT,  a  trader  who  can- 
not pay  his  debts. 

CORRUPT',  decomposed ;  de- 
based; impure. 


to  break. 


CORRUPTIBLE,  capable  of  be- 
coming corrupt. 

DISRUPTION,  the  act  of  break- 
ing asunder. 

ERUP'TION,  a  bursting  out. 

INTERRUPT',  to  break  in  upon 
the  progress  of  anything. 

IRRUP'TION,  a  bursting  in. 


452.  JRus,  (ru'ris),  the  country. 


RU'RAL,  belonging  to  the  coun- 
try. 
RUS'TIC,  plain;  unpolished. 


RUSTIC'ITY,  the  qualities  of  a 

countryman. 
RUS'TICATE,  to  reside  for  a  time 

in  the  country. 


453.   Sa'cer,  consecrated. 

SA'CRED,  holy;  inviolable.  J  EX'ECRATE,  (Lat.  ex'sccror,  to 
CON'SECRATE,  to  devote  to  sa-l  utter  imprecations),  to  detest. 

cred  purposes.  j  SACERDO'TAL,  (Lat.  sacer'dos,  a 

DES'ECRATE,  to  abuse  or  pervert  j  priest),  belonging  to  the  priest- 

a  sacred  thing.  j      hood. 

xx  • 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


139 


SAC'RAMENT,  a  religious  cere- 
mony. 

SAC'RILEGE,  a  violation  of  what 
is  sacred. 


SAC'RIFICE,  a  religious  offering; 
a  surrender  of  some  good 
for  the  sake  of  an  ulterior 
object. 


454.   -Sa'gus,  wise;  discerning. 


SAGE,  wise;  prudent. 
SAGACI'TY,  discernment;  acute- 


SAGA'CIOUS,  discerning. 
PRE'SAGE,  a  prognostic. 


455.   Sal,  (sa'lii),  salt. 


SAL'AD,  (Fr.  salade),  raw  herbs 
dressed  with  salt,  &c. 

SAL'ARY,*  a  fixed  annual  com- 
pensation for  services. 


SALINE',  partaking  of  the  quali- 
ties of  salt. 

SALT,  the  chloride  of  sodium. 
SALSU'GINOUS,  saltish. 


*  The  Latin  word   sala'rium,  signifies,  properly,  money  for  salt;  hence, 
allowance  for  expenses.     Leverett. 


456.    Sa'lio,  (sal1  turn),  to  leap;  to  spring. 


ASSAIL',  ASSAULT',  to  attack. 

ASSAIL'ANT,  one  who  makes  an 
attack. 

DES'ULTORY,  leaping;  passing 
immethodically  from  one  sub- 
ject to  another. 

EXULT',  to  rejoice  greatly. 

INSULT',  to  treat  with  contempt 
or  abuse. 


RESIL'IENT,  rebounding. 

RESULT',  to  fly  back  or  rebound; 
to  follow  as  an-  effect. 

SAL'LY,  to  rush  out  suddenly. 

SA'LIENT,  leaping ;  shooting 
out. 

SALM'ON,  a  leaping  fish. 

SALTA'TION,  a  leaping  or  jump- 
ing; palpitation. 


457.   Sa'lus,  (salu'tis),  health;  safety. 


SAL'UTARY,  healthful;  advanta- 
geous. 

SAFE,  free  from  danger. 

SALU'BRITY,  tendency  to  pro- 
mote health.  [or  success. 

SALUTE',  to  greet;  to  wish  health 

SALUTA'TION,  a  greeting. 

SALVA'TION,  preservation  from 
destruction. 


SAL'VAGE,  a  reward  allowed  by 
law  for  saving  a  vessel  or  its 
cargo  from  loss  at  sea. 

SAL'VO,  an  exception;  a  reser- 
vation. 

SALVE,  an  ointment. 

SAVE,  to  preserve ;  to  rescue. 

SAV'IOUR,  one  who  rescues. 


140  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

458.   San'cio,  (sane' turn),  to  consecrate;  to  ordain  or  establish. 

SAINT,  a  person  sanctified.  SANC'TION,    confirmation  ;    ap- 

SANC'TIFY,  (152),  to  make  holy,       proval. 

SANCTIMO'NIOUS,    having    the  i  SANC'TITY,  (Lat.  sanc'tus,  holy), 

appearance  of  sanctity.  sacredness;  holiness. 

SANC'TUS,  a  chant.  i  SANC'TUARY,  a  sacred  place. 

459.   San'guis,  (san'yuinis),  blood. 


SAN'GUINARY,  bloody. 
SAN'GUINE,  ardent  in  feeling; 


confident. 


CONSANGUIN'ITY,    relationship 

by  blood.  [blood. 

ENSAN'GTJINE,    to    stain    with 


460.   Sa'nus,  sound;  healthy. 


SANE,  sound;  having. reason. 
SAN'ITY,  soundness;  reason. 
INSANE',  disordered  in  mind. 


INSAN'ITY,  derangement;  mad- 


ness. 


SAN'ATIVE,  tending  to  heal. 


X  v  v 

461.   'Sa'pio,  to  have  flavor  or  taste;  to  be  wise. 

SA'PIENT,  wise;  discerning.  I INSIP'ID,  tasteless. 
SA'PIENCE,  wisdom.  SA'VOR,  taste  or  odor. 

SAP'ID,  having  flavor.  SA'VORY,  pleasing  to  the  organs 

SAPORIF'IC,  producing  taste.  of  taste  or  smell. 

462.    Sapo,  (sapo'nis'),  soap. 

SAPONA'CEOUS,  soapy.  I  SAPON'IFY,   (152),    to   convert 

I      into  soap. 

463.    Sa'tis,  enough. 
SATE,  SA'TIATE,  to  feed  to  the !  SAT'URATE,  to  add  an  ingredient 


full;    to  fill   beyond    natural 
desire. 


until  no  more  can  be  absorbed. 
SAT'ISFY,  (152),  to  gratify  wants 

SATI'ETY,  an  excess  of  gratifica- 1  or  demands  to  the  full  extent, 
tion ;  fulness  producing  dis-  i  INSA'TIABLE,  INSA'TIATE,  not 
gust.  i  to  be  satisfied. 


464.   Sca'la,  a  ladder. 

SCALE,  to  climb,  as  by  a  lad- 1  ESCALADE',  an  attack  on  a  for- 
der.  tified  place. 


WORDS    DERIVED   FROM   THE    LATIX. 
465.   Scan' do,  (scan' sum},  to  climb;  to  mount. 


141 


ASCEND',  to  climb  or  go  up.       I  CONDESCENSION,  voluntary  de- 
ASCENT',  the  way  by  which  one!      scent  from  rank,  &c. 


ascends. 

DESCEND',  to  go  down. 

CONDESCEND',  to  stoop  ;  to  de- 
scend from  the  dignity  of  rank 
or  character. 


TRANSCEND',  to  rise  beyond;  to 

surmount. 
SCAN,  to  examine  with  critical 

care;  to  examine  a  verse  by 

counting  the  feet. 


466.   Scin'do,  (sciVswm),  to  cut;  to  divide. 


SCIS'SORS,  small  shears. 
EXSCIND',  to  cut  off. 


RESCIND',  to  abrogate;    to   re- 
voke. 


467.   Sci'o,  to  know ;   Scien'tia,  knowledge. 

SCI'ENCE,  knowledge.  j  CONSCIOUSNESS,  the  knowledge 

SCIENTIFIC,      pertaining       to!      of  what  passes  in  one's  own 

science.  mind. 

SCI'OLIST,  asmatterer;  one  who  CONSCIENTIOUS,  obedient  to  the 

knows   many  things   superfi-       dictates  of  conscience. 

cially.  OMNIS'CIENCE,    (345),    know- 

CON'SCIENCE,  the  knowledge  of!      ledge  of  all  things. 

right  and  wrong.  i  PRESCI'ENCE,  foreknowledge. 

&  *  "* 

468.   Scri'bo,  (scrip*  turn),  to  write. 


SCRIBE,  a  writer ;  a  secretary. 

SCRIB'BLE,  to  write  carelessly. 

SCRIPT'URE,  a  writing.* 

SCRIVE'NER,  one  who  draws 
contracts  or  other  writings. 

SCRIP,  a  small  writing  or  certi- 
ficate. 

SUBSCRIBE',  to  write  under- 
neath ;  to  sign  with  one's 
own  hand. 

DESCRIBE',!  to  give  an  account 
of. 


PRESCRIBE,  to  give  a  written 
direction;  to  give  a  rule  of 
conduct. 

PROSCRIBE',;};  to  censure  and 
condemn  as  .unworthy  of  re- 
ception. 

TRANSCRIBE',  to  write  a  copy 
of  anything. 

CIRCUMSCRIBE',  to  limit;  to 
enclose  by  a  boundary. 

INSCRIBE',  to  write  upon ;  to 
dedicate  in  a  short  written 
address. 


ASCRIBE',  to  attribute  to. 

*  Used  only  in  reference  to  the  Sacred  Writings  contained  in  the  Bible. 
•(•  Literally,  to  write  concerning. 

J  Primitire  signification,  to  write  the  name  of  a  person  on  the  list  of  those 
M-bo  are  placed  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law. 


142  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

CONSCRIP'TION,  an  enrolling.       MAN'USCRIPT.  (282),  that  which 
SUPERSCRIPTION,  that  which  is       is  written  with  the  hand, 
written  on  the  outside.  POST'SCRIPT,  something  written 


SCRUTOIR',  a  kind  of  writing- 


desk. 


after  a  letter  has  been  con- 
cluded and  signed. 


469.  -Scru'torj  (scruta'tus),  to  examine. 


SCRU'TINY,  close  examination.     INSCRU'TABLE,     unsearchable; 


SCRUTINIZE,  to  examine  closely. 


nut  to  be  understood. 


470.  SJco,  (scc'turn),  to  cut.      A 

SE'CANT,  in  geometry,  a  line  j  DISSECT',  to  cut  in  pieces  in 
which  cuts  another  or  divides  j  such  a  manner  as  to  show  the 
it  into  two  parts.  [tion.  |  several  constituent  parts. 

SEC'TION,  a  part;  a  distinct  por- ;  IN'SECT,  a  small  animal. 

SECT,  a  party  holding  peculiar  J!NSEC'TION,  a  cutting  in. 


sentiments   in   philosophy  or 
religion. 
SEG'MENT,  a  part  cut  off. 


INTERSECTION,  the  point  where 

lines  cut  each  other. 
VENESEC'TION,   (Lat.  ve'na, 


BISECT',   to   separate   into   twoj      vein),  the  act  of  opening  a 
equal  parts.  I      vein. 

471.  Sec'ulum,  an  age. 

SEC'ULAR,    pertaining    to    the !  SEC'ULARIZE,  to  make  worldly, 
present  world. 

472.   Stfdeo,  (seJsum),  to  sit. 


SED'ENTARY,  accustomed  to  sit- 
ting. 

SES'SION,  a  sitting. 
SEDATE',  settled;  calm;  sober. 


POSSESS',    (Lat.  possid'eo),    to 

hold;  to  own. 

PRESIDE',  to   be   set  over;    to 
RESIDE',  to  dwell.  [direct. 


SED'IMENT,  that  which  settles.   jREs'iDUE,  the  remaining  part. 
ASSID'UOUS,    SED'ULOUS,   dili-!  SUBSIDE',  to  sink  away. 

gent  in  application.*  !  SUBSIDIARY,  aiding;  furnishing 

INSID'IOUS,  [properly,  lying  in  |      supplies. 

wait],  deceitful;  treacherous.  ;SuB'siDiZE,  to  purchase  the  as- 
ASSESS',  to  fix  the  value  of  pro-  j      sistance  of  another. 

perty  for  the  purpose  of  taxa- 


tion. 


ASSIZE',  a  kind  of  court. 


SUPERSEDE',!  to  ta^e  tne 
of;    to   set   aside   by  having 
superior  influence. 


*  Literally,  sitting  close  to  work, 
f  Literally,  to  sit  above. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM    THE   LATIN.  143 

v.  y  y  473.   Se'men,  (sem'inis),  seed. 

SEM'INAL,  pertaining  to  seed  jIDissEM'ix  ATE,  to  scatter  abroad, 

elementary.  [tion.*       as  seed. 

SEM'INARY,  a  place  of  cduca-j 

*  Because  the  seeds  of  knowledge  are  there  planted. 

X 

474.   Sem'i,  (an  inseparable  particle),  half. 


SEM'I-AN'NUAL,  half  yearly. 
SEM'IBREVE,  a  note  in  music. 
SEM'I-CIRCLE,  half  of  a  circle. 


SEM'I-DIAM'ETER,      half      the 

diameter.  [tone. 

SEM'I-TONE,  (in  music),  half  a 


475.   St'nex,  aged — Se'nior,  older. 


SE'NIOR,  one  more  advanced  in 
years  or  in  the  course  of  ap- 
pointment or  station. 

SE'NILE,  pertaining  to  old  age. 


SEN'ATOR,  a  member  of  a  sen- 

ate.f 
SEIGN'IOR,  a  nobleman;  a  title 

of  honor. 


|  The  Romans  called  their  highest  legislative  body  the  Senate,  from  its 
having  been  composed  at  first  of  the  older  men. 

•^  >.    r 
476.   Sen'tio,  (sen'suin),  to  perceive;  to  think. 

SEN'TIMENT,  thought  ;  opinion  ;  SENSITIVE,  easily  affected. 

SENS'IBLE,  able  to  perceive;  in- 
telligent;  perceptible  by  the 


notion. 


SENTIMENT'  AL,  reflective. 


SEN'TIENT,  having  the  faculty 

of  perception.  ASSENT',  to  agree  to. 

SEN'TENCE,   a    judgment    pro-  CONSENT',  to  yield. 

nounced   upon  a  criminal  ;  a  DISSENT',  to  differ  in  opinion  ; 

complete  expression  in  words.       to  refuse  assent. 
SENSE,  the  faculty  of  perceiving  PRESENT'IMENT,    apprehension 

by  the  senses  or  by  the  intel-  :      of  something  future. 

lect;  meaning.  j  RESENT',  to  manifest  anger  in 

SENS'UAL,    pertaining    to    the!      consequence   of    a    supposed 

senses.  i      injury. 

477.    Sepe'lio,  (sepul'tuni),  to  bury. 


SEP'ULCIIRE,  a  tomb  or  place  of 
burial. 
10 


SEP'ULTURE,  burial ;  the  act  of 


interring. 


144  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

478.   Scp'tem,  seven. 

SEPTEM'BER,       the       seventh  SEP'TUAGINT^    (Lat.    srptua- 
month.*  gin' tu,  seventy),  a  Greek  ver- 

SEP'TENAR  Y,consisting  of  seven. ;      sion  ur  translation  of  the  Old 
SEP'TUPLE,  seven-fold.  |     Testament. 

*  Reckoning  from  March,  which  was  once  accounted  the  first  month  in  the 
year. 

f  So  called  hecause  it  was  made  by  seventy  (or  more  exactly  seventy-two) 
interpreters.  The  date  of  its  execution  was  about  280  B.  C. 

479.   Se'quor,  (secu'tus),  to  follow. 

SE'QUEL,  the  succeeding  part,    j  PEB'SECUTE,  to  pursue  with  in- 
SE'QUENCE,   a   following;    suc-j     juries  and  vexation. 

PROS'ECUTE,    to   follow  with  a 


CON'SEQUENCE,  that  which  fol- 
lows from  any  act  or  event. 

CONSEC'UTIVE,  following  in 
regular  order. 

EX'ECUTE,  (Lat.  ex'sequor*),  to 
carry  into  effect. 


view  to  accomplish;  to  bring 
to  trial. 

OB'SEQUIES,  funeral  solemnities. 

ENSUE',  to  follow  as  a  conse- 
quence. 

PURSUE',  to  follow ;  to  chase. 


OBSE'QUIOUS,   complying  in  a  |  SUBSEQUENT,    occurring  at   a 
servile  manner.  I     later  period. 

480.   Se'ro,  (ser'tum^),  to  knit  together;  to  connect. 

SE'RIES,  a  succession  of  things,  j  DESERT',  to  forsake. 
SER'MON,  (Lat.  ser'mo,  speech),  DISSERTA'TION,  a  treatise, 
a  discourse.  ""          '  .--..«. 


ASSERT',  to  declare ;  to  affirm. 
ASSERT'OR,  a  vindicator. 


EXERT',  to  put  forth ;  to  put  into 

action. 
INSERT',  to  set  in  or  among. 


481.   Ser'po,  to  creep. 
SER'PENT,  a  creeping  animal,     j  SER'PENTINE,  winding;  spiral. 

482.   Ser'ra,  a  saw. 

SER'RATE,  SER'RATED,  notched  SER'RULATE,     finely     serrate  j 
like  a  saw.  having  minute  teeth. 

483.   So-'vo,  (serva'tum),  to  watch;  to  preserve;   Se^vus,  a 
slave  or  servant. 

SERVE,  (Lat  ser'vio),  to  attend  |  SERV'ANT,  one  who  serves, 
at  command;  to  wait  on.         I  SERF,  a  kind  of  slave. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


145 


SERV'ICE,  labor  performed  for 

another. 

SER'VILE,  slavish. 
SER'VITUDE,  slavery. 
CON'SERVE,  a  sweet-meat. 
CONSERVATORY,  a  place  where 

anything  is  preserved. 
DESERVE',  to  merit. 
OBSERVE',  to  watch;  to  have 

regard  to. 


PRESERVE',  to  save. 

RESERVE',  to  keep  back ;  to 
keep  in  store. 

SUBSER'VIENT,  useful  as  an  in- 
strument in  promoting  some 
end. 

RES'ERVOIR,  a  place  for  con- 
taining what  is  kept  in  store; 
particularly  a  cavity  for  hold- 
ing a  fluid. 


484.   Seve'rus,  severe. 

SEVERE',  sharp;  strict;  exact.    PERSEVERE',  to  persist   in  an 

attempt. 

ASSEVERA'TION,  a  solemn  af- 
firmation. 


, 

SEVER'ITY,    sharpness ;    strict 
ness,  [pursuit. 
PERSEVE'RANCE,  constancy  in  a 


485.   Sex,  six. 

SEXAGENA'RIAN,  (Lat.  seoca-  \  SEX'TANT,  the  sixth  part  of  a 
ffin'ta,  sixty),  one  at  the  age  circle;  an  instrument  for 
of  sixty  years.  measuring  angles. 

486.   Si'dus,  (sid'eris),  a  star. 

SIDE'REAL,  pertaining  to  stars.    CONSID'ER,  to  think  of;  to  de- 
liberate. 


SIGN,  s.  a  token ;  a  mark. 

SIGN,  v.  to  write  one's  name 
under  any  form  or  document. 

SIG'N  AL,  that  which  gives  notice. 

SIG'NIFY,  to  express ;  to  mean. 

INSIGNIP'ICANT,  wanting  mean- 
ing; unimportant. 

ASSIGN',  to  allot;  to  appoint. 


487.   Sig'num,  a  sign ;  a  seal. 

CONSIGN',  to  deliver  over;  to 

commit. 

DESIGN',  to  purpose ;  to  plan. 
DESIGNATE,  to  point  out. 
DESIGNATION,  a  name. 
EN'SIGN,  a  standard;  a  badge. 
RESIGN',  to  yield ;  to  give  up. 
SIG'NET,  a  seal. 


488.   Sim' His,  like. 


SIM'ILAR,  like;  resembling. 
SIM'ILE,  an  illustrative  compari- 
son. 
SIMILARITY,        SIMIL'ITUDE, 


SEM'BLANCE,RESEM'BLANCE, 
likeness;  comparison. 
ASSI.M'ILATE,  to  make  like;  to 
cause  to  resemble. 


146  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

. 
DISSEM'BLE,   to   hide   under  a/lliESEM'BLE,  (Fr.  ressemUer),  to 

be  like. 

SIMULTANEOUS,   (Lat.  si'mu?, 
together),  at  the  same  time. 


false  appearance. 
DISSIMULATION,  hypocrisy. 
DISSIM'ILAR,  unlike. 


FAC-SIM'ILE,   (152), 
iinitation. 


in   exact  j  SIMULATION,    pretence;     dis- 
I      guise. 


honest. 


489.    Sinister,  left. 
,    left    handed;    dis-  1  SIN'ISTROUS,  wrong;  perverse. 


490.   Si'nus, 


SI'NUS,  a  bay. 
SINUOS'ITY,  a  bending 
insr  in  and  out. 


fold;  a  bosom. 

INSIN'UATE,    to    introduce    by 

slow,  gentle  or  artful  means. 
INSINUATION,  a  hint. 


491.   Sis' to,  or  sto,  (sta'tum),  to  stand;  to  place;  to  set  up. 


STATE,  condition. 
STA'TION,  a  standing  place. 
STATIONARY,  fixed;  settled. 
STAT'URE,  the  height  of  a  person. 
STAT'UE,  an  image  set  up. 
STA'BLE,   STALL,  a  house   for 

beasts  to  stand  in. 
STABILITY,  steadiness. 
AR'MISTICE,    (25),  a  cessation 


from  hostilities;  a  truce. 

ARREST',  to  stop. 

ASSIST',  to  stand  by;  to  help. 

CIR'CUMSTANCE,*  something  at- 
tending a  fact  or  case. 

CONSIST',  to  stand  together;  to 
be  composed  of. 

CONSIST'ENT,  compatible;  con- 
gruous, [tinual. 

CON'STANT,    unchanged ;    con- 


CON'STITUTE,  to  form  or  com- 


pose. 


CONSTITUTION,  established  sys- 


... 


tern. 


CoN'sTABLE,f  an  officer  of  the 

peace. 

DESIST',  to  stand  off;  to  stop. 
DES'TITUTE,     not     possessing ; 

needy. 

DIS'TANT,  remote;  far  off. 
DIS'TANCE,  space  between  two 

objects. 

ESTAB'LISH,  to  settle  firmly. 
EXIST',  to  be. 
EX'TANT,  now  in  being. 
INSIST',  to  stand  upon  ;  to  urge. 
IN'STANT,  pressing;  present;  a 
oint  of  time. 


P 

IN'STANCE,  urgency;  example. 
INSTATE',  to  set  or  place. 
IN'TERSTICE,    a    narrow    space 

between  things.         [the  way. 
OB'STACLE,  that  which  stands  in 
PERSIST',  to  persevere. 
PROS'TITUTE,    to   devote    to  a 

base  purpose. 
RESIST',  to  withstand. 

Literally,  that  which  stands  around  or  near, 
f  Lat.  co'mes  stab'uli,  overseer  of  the  stable;  an  office  which  existed  under 
the  Roman  emperors. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


147 


RESTITUTION,  giving  back. 

SOL'STICE,  (493),  the  tropical 
point 

STAT'ICS,  that  branch  of  mechan- 
ics, which  treats  of  bodies  at 
rest. 

STA'MEN,  the  fixed,  firm  part  of 
a  body  which  gives  it  strength. 

STAND,  to  be  erect;  to  remain 
fixed. 


SUBSTITUTE,  that  which  is  put 
in  the  place  of  something  else. 

SUBSIST',  to  be;  to  continue. 

SUBSISTENCE,  being;  support. 

SuB'sTArcE,  being;  body. 

SUBSTANTIVE,  having  separate 
existence. 

SUBSTANTIAL,  not  imaginary; 
solid. 

SUPERSTI'TION,  false  religion. 


492.   So'cius,  a  companion. 


SO'CIABLE,  agreeable  as  a  com- 
panion; familiar. 

SOCI'ETY,  a  union  of  persons 
for  any  particular  purpose. 

SO'CIAL,  pertaining  to  society. 


ASSO'CIATE,    CONSO'CIATE,     to 

unite. 
ASSOCIATION,  CONSOCIA'TION, 

union;  alliance. 
DISSO'CIATE,  to  disjoin. 


493.  Sol,  (so'lis),  the  sun. 

SO'LAR,  pertaining  to  the  sun.      IN'SOLATE,   to   expose    to   the 

heat  of  the  sun. 


494.  Sol'idus,  solid. 


SOI/ID,  not  fluid ;  stron 

pact. 

SOLID'ITY,  firmness; 
SOLID'IFY,  to  make  solid. 
CONSOLIDATE,*  to  form  into  a 

compact  mass. 

*  Con'sols,  in  England,  are 
annuities. 


SOL'DER  or  SOD'ER,  to  unite  by 
a  metallic  cement. 


a  man  engaged  in 
military  service. 

SOLD'IERY,  the  body  of  military 
men. 

tocks  formed  by  the  consolidation  of  different 


•(•  The  Romans  had  a  gold  coi 
that  the  word  soldier  was  dern 


n  called  the  Sol'idus  or  Sol'dus ;  it  is  supposed 
ed  from  the  mode  of  military  payment. 


495.   So'lor,  (sola' (us),  to  comfort ;  to  soothe. 


CONSOLE',  to  comfort;  to  cheer. 

DISCONSOLATE,  destitute  of  con- 
solation; dejected;  not  expect- 
ing comfort. 


INCONSOL'ABLE,  not  to  be  con- 
soled. 
SOL' ACE,  alleviation ;  comfort. 


148  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

496.   Solus,  alone ;  only. 

SOLE,  single;  only.  IDESOLA'TION,  destitution;  ruin. 

SOL'ITARY,  living  alone.  j  SOLIL'OQUY,  (270),  a  speech  to 

SOL'ITUDE,    a    state    of    being)     one's  self  alone. 

alone ;  a  lonely  place,     [less. '  SO'LO,  a  passage  of  music  for  a 
DES'OLATE,  laid  waste;   cheer-:     single  instrument  or  voice. 


497.   SoTvo,  (solu'tum),  to  loose. 

SOLVE,  to  explain.  \  ABSOLVE',  to  clear;  to  acquit  of 

SOLU'TION,  the  process  of  dis-|     a  crime, 
solving;  explanation. 

SOL'UBLE,  capable  of  being  dis- 
solved. 

SOL'VENCY.  ability  to  pay. 

SOL'VENT,  a  fluid  which   dis- 
solves a  substance.  RESOLVE',  to  determine. 

498.  Som'nus,  sleep. 

SOMNAM'BULIST,  (8),  one  who  SOMNIF'IC,  causing  sleep, 
walks  in  sleep  SOM'NOLENCY,  drowsiness. 

499.  So'nus,  a  sound. 

SOUND,  a  noise.  I  CON'SONANT,  a.  consistent. 

SONO'ROUS,  giving  sound.  i  DIS'SONANCE,  discord. 

CON'SONANT,  s.  a  letter  that  can  RESOUND',  to  send  back  sound. 

be  sounded  only  in  connection  UNISON,  agreement  of  sound. 

with  a  vowel  I  RES'ONANT~,  resounding. 

500.   So'por,  drowsiness ;  lethargy. 
SoPORip'ic,(152),  causing  sleep. '  SOPORIF'EROUS,  (167),  inducing 


AB'SOLUTE,  complete,  uncondi- 
tional, [sion. 
ABSOLUTION,  acquittal;  remis- 
DIS'SOLUTE,  loose  in  morals. 
DISSOLVE',  to  melt ;  to  break  up. 


501.  Sors,  (sor'tis),  a  lot;  chance;  a  share. 


ASSORT',  to  separate  into  classes. 
CON'SORT,   s.    a   companion;    a 

wife  or  husband. 
CONSORT',  v.  to  associate. 


RESORT',  to  betake ;  to  repair. 
SORT,  a  kind. 

SORT'ILEGE,  the  drawing  of  lots. 
SORTI'TION,  selection  by  lot. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE    LATIN. 
502.   iSpar'go,  (spar'surn),  to  strew;  to  scatter. 


149 


SPARSE,  thinly  scattered.  |  DISPERSE',  to  scatter;  to  dissi- 

ASPERSE',    to    bespatter    with 


calumny. 
ASPER'SION,  calumny. 


pate. 

INTERSPERSE',   to    scatter    be* 
tween. 


503.   Spa' t turn,  space. 


SPACE,  room;  extension. 


EXPA'TIATE,  to  move  at  large ; 


SPA'CIOUS,  roomy ;  extensive.  to  enlarge  in  discourse. 

504.   Spe'cio,  (spec1  tuni] ,  to  look;  to  see. 


RESPECTIVE,  particular. 

RE'TROSPECT,  a  looking  back  on 
things  past. 

SPE'CIAL,  ESPE'CIAL,  particu- 
lar; uncommon. 

SPE'CIES,  a  sort  or  kind. 

SPE'CIE,  coin. 

SPECIF'IC,  designating  the  pecu- 
liar properties. 

SPEC'IFY,  to  mention  particu- 
lars. 

SPEC'IMEN,  a  sample. 

SPE'CIOUS,  apparently  right ; 
having  a  fair  or  plausible  ap- 
pearance. 

SPEO'TACLE,  a  sight ;  a  show. 

SPEC'TACLES,  glasses   to  assist 

the  sight. 
PROS'PECT,    view    of     objects  'SPECTA'TOR,    one     who    looks 

within  the  reach  of  the  eye.     !      on. 
PROSPECTIVE,    regarding    the  JSPEC'TRE,  an  apparition. 

future.  SPEC'ULATE,    to    contemplate ; 


AS'PECT,  appearance;  view. 

CIR'CUMSPECT,  watchful;  cau- 
tious. 

CONSPIC'UOUS,  easily  seen;  pro- 
minent. 

DESPISE',  to  look  down  upon;  to 
abhor. 

DES'PICABLE,  worthy  of  con- 
tempt. 

EXPECT',  to  look  or  wait  for. 

INSPECT',  to  look  on  or  into ;  to 
examine. 

PERSPECTIVE,*  appearance  re- 


T£ 


on  a  plane  surface. 
ERSPICAC'ITY,  acuteness  of  dis- 
cernment. 

PERSPICU'ITY,  clearness;  free- 
dom from  obscurity. 


RESPECT',  regard. 
RESPECT'ABLE,worthy  of  regard. 


to  theorize. 
SUSPECT',  to  mistrust. 


*  Primary  signification,  a  glass  through  which  objects  are  viewed. 

505.   Spe'ro,  to  hope. 


DESPAIR',  hopelessness. 
DES'PERATE,     without     hope ; 
reckless. 


PROS'PER,  to  be  successful. 
PROSPERITY,    successful    pro- 
gress, [ful. 


DESPERA'DO,  a  desperate  fellow.  PROS'PEROUS,  thriving;  success- 


150  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

506.   Spi'ro,  to  breathe. 

SPIR'IT,  an   immaterial,  intelli-j  INSPIRE',  to  breathe  into;  to  in- 

cent  beinsr;  courage.  fuse  into  the  mind. 

SPIRITUAL, immaterial; mental.   INSPIRA'TION,  a  drawing  in  of 
SPIR'ACLE,  a  breathing  hole.  the  breath;  a  supernatural  in- 

ASPIRE',  to  aim  at  something       fusion  of  ideas  ioto  the  mind, 
elevated.  j  INSPIR'IT,  to  animate;  to  enliven. 

ASPI'RANT,  one  who  aspires.       j  PERSPIRE',  to  send  out  moisture 
ASPIRA'TION,  a  breathing  after,  j      from  the  skin.- 
AS'PIRATE.  to  pronounce  with  a:  RESPIRE',  to  breathe;   to  catch 

breathing,  as  the  h  in  horse.          breai!^ 

CONSPIRE',  to  agree  together.  "  j  TRANSPIRE',  to  pans  oiit  in  va- 
CONSPIR'ACY,  a  plot;  treason,    j.     per; -to  .escape  from  secrecy. 
EXPIRE',   to  breathe  out;    to  SUSPIRA'TION,  a  sigh;  a  deep 


die. 


breath. 


507.   Splen'deo,  to  shine. 

SPLEN'DID,    shining;    magnifi-  SPLEN'DOR, brilliancy;  elegance, 
cent;  showy.  RESPLEN'DENT,  very  bright. 

AS**'  ^~V 

508.   Spon'deo,  (spon'sum'),  to  promised 

SPON'SOR,  one  who  promises  for  DESPOND',  to  be  cast  down;  to 

another.  lose  courage. 

SPON'SAL,  relating  to  marriage,  i  RESPOND',  to  answer. 
SPOUSE,  a  husband  or  wife.         I  RESPONSE',  a  reply. 
ESPOUSE',  to  marry;  to  take  to  RESPONSIBLE,  accountable;  nn- 

one's  self.  swerable. 

CORRESPOND',  to  answer;  to  be •  IRRESPONSIBLE,  not t liable  or 

congruous;    to   communicate!      able    to    answer    for    cocse- 

by  letters.  quences. 

509.   SlePla,  a  star. 
CONSTELLA'TION,  a  cluster   of  STEL'LAR,  starry;  pertaining  to 


fixed  stars. 


stars. 


510.   Ster'no,  (stra'luni),  to  spread;  to  strew. 

STRA'TUM,  (pi.  stra'ta),  a  layer, '  CONSTERNA'TION,  great  surprise 

;is  of  earth.  and  terror. 

STRAT'IFIED,  placed  in  strata.    I  PROS'TRATE,  lying  flat. 
SUBSTRA'TUM,  a  lower  layer.      [  PROSTRA'TION,  loss  of  vigor. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
511.   StiPla,  a  drop. 


151 


INSTIL',  to  pour  in  gradually ; ;  DISTILLA'TION,  the  act  of  dis- 

to  teach  slowly.  tilling1. 

DISTIL',  to  fall   by  drops  ;    to  DISTILL'ERY,  a  place  where  dis- 

extract  by  heat  and  evapora-j      tilling  is  carried  on. 

tion.  |  STILL,  a  vessel  for  distillation. 


5I2..Sti'po,  (stipa'tum),  to  fill  up;  to  stuff. 

CON'STIPATE,  to  stop,  by.  filling  j  CONSTITUTION,     fulness     and 

a  passage. 
COS'TIVE,  constipated. 


"  ^    j  . .  obstruction  of  the  intestinal 
canal. 


513.   Stirps,  (stir' pis},  a  root  or  stock. 


EXTIR'PATE,  to  root  out. 


j  EXTIRPA'TION,       eradication ; 
I      total  destruction. 


514.   Strin'go,  (sti'ic'tuni),  to  bind. 


STRICT,  rigorously  nice;  exact; 
severe. 

STRICT'URE,  a  contraction;  cri- 
tical censure. 

ASTRIN'GENT,  binding ;  con- 
tracting. 

CONSTRAIN',  to  compel. 

CONSTRAINT',  confinement. 

CONSTRIC'TION,  a  contraction. 

CONSTRICT'OR,  that  which  binds. 


DISTRAIN',  to  seize;  to  lay  hold 
on. 

DIS'TRICT,  circuit  of  authority. 

RESTRAIN',  to  withhold ;  to  re- 
press. 

RESTRICT',  to  limit ;  to  confine. 

RESTRICTION,  limitation 

STRAIGHT,  not  crooked. 

STRAIT,  narrow;  compressed. 

STRAIN,  to  extend  with  force. 


515.  Stru'o,  (struc'tum),  to  build;  to  construct. 

STRUCT'URE,  an  edifice ;  a  build-  OBSTRUCT',  to  hinder;  to  block 

ing.  up. 

CONSTRUCT',  to  form ;  to  build.  |  DEOB'STRUENT,   removing    ob- 
CONSTRUCT'IVE,  not  directly  ex- !     structions. 


pressed,  but  inferred. 
CON'STRUE,  to  interpret;  to  ex- 


plain. 


[by  precept. 


INSTRUCT',  to  teach,  to  inform 
INSTRUMENT,   a   tool;    means 
employed. 


DESTROY',  to  lay  waste,  to  put 

an  end  to 

DESTRUCTION,  waste;  ruin. 
SUPERSTRUCTURE,  an  erection 

upon  something  else. 


152  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

516.   Sua'deo,  (sua'sum),  to  advise. 


PERSUADE',  to  bring  over  to  an 


opinion.  suade. 


DISSUADE',  to  exhort  or  advise 
against  any  proposed  course. 


DISSUA'SIVE,    tending    to   dis- 


SUA'SION,  the  act  of  persuad- 
ing. 


517.   Sua'vis,  sweet;  pleasant. 

SUAV'ITY,  softness;  agreeable- j INSUAV'ITY,  unpleasantness, 
ness. 

518.   Su'do,  (suda'lum'),  to  sweat. 

EXSUDE'  or  EXUDE',  to  flow  out|  SU'DATORY,  a  sweating-bath. 

in  the  manner  of  sweat.  SUDORIF'IC,  exciting   perspira- 

SUDA'TION,  a  sweating.  j      tion. 

519.   Su'i,  of  one's  self. 


SU'ICIDE,  (41),  self-murder. 


SUICI'DAL,  destructive  to  one's 
self. 


520.   Sum,  I  am;  Es'se*  to  be;  Ens,  (en'tis),  being;  Futu'rus, 
about  to  be. 

EN'TITY,  a  real  being.  j  FU'TURE,  to  be  hereafter. 

NONEN'TITY,  non-existence.        j  FUTU'RITY,  time  to  come. 
ES'SENCE,  the  peculiar  nature  j  AB'SENT,  not  present. 

or  quality  of  anything.  PRES'ENT,  at  hand;  near;  before 

ESSEN'TIAL,  necessary  to  the  ex-       the  face. 

istenceof  a  thing;  pertaining;  REPRESENT',  to  exhibit;  to  de- 

to  elementary  or  constituent!      scribe. 

principles,  J!N'TEREST,  concern;  advantage. 

*  Es'se,  is  the  present  infinitive  of  the  verb  Sum,  Ens  the  present  participle, 
and  Futu'rus  the  future  participle. 

521.   Su'mOy  (sump1  turn) ,  to  take. 

ASSUME',  to  take ;  to  claim.       |  PRESUMP'TION,  confidence ;  ar- 

ASSUMP'TIOX,  a  taking;  a  sup-  rogance;  strong  probability. 

position.  RESUME',  to  take  back;  to  begin 

CONSUME',  to  waste;  to  destroy.  again. 

CONSUMPTION, waste;  a  disease.  SUMP'TUARY,    (Lat.    sump'tus, 

PRESUME',  to  suppose;  to  ven-  expense),  relating  to  expense. 

ture.  SUMP'TUOUS,  expensive. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


522.   Su'per,  above;  over. 


153 


SUPE'RIOR,  higher  in  place  or 
excellence. 

SUPER'LATIVE,  highest  in  de- 
gree ;  most  eminent. 

SUPERB',  grand ;  splendid. 

Su'PERABLE,  (Lat.  su'pero,  to 
overcome),  that  may  be  over- 


INSU'PERABLE,  not  to  be  over- 
come or  surmounted. 

SUPERCIL'IOUS,  Lat.  supercil'- 
inm,  the  brow),  haughty; 
overbearing. 

SUPREME',  highest  in  authority; 
greatest. 

SUPREM'ACY,  highest  power. 


523.   Sur'go,  (surrec'lum),  to  rise. 


INSUR'GENT,  rising  in  opposition 

to  the  government. 
INSURRECTION,  a  rising  in  re- 


bellion. 


RESURREC'TION,  a  rising  again. 
SURGE,  a  billow;  a  rolling  swell 

of  water. 
SURGE'LESS,  smooth;  calm. 


524.    Taler'na,  a  shed;  a  shop. 

TAB'ERNACLE,  a  temporary  habi-  TAV'ERN,   an  inn;  a  drinking 
tation.  place. 

525.    Ta'ceo,  (tac'itum~),  to  be  silent. 
TAC'IT,  silent:  implied  but  not  TAC'ITURN,   habitually   silent; 


expressed. 


not  free  to  converse. 


526.    Tan'go,  (tad turn),  to  touch. 


TAN'GENT,  a   line   touching   a 

curve. 
TAN'GIBLE,  that  can  be  touched 

or  taken  hold  of. 
TACT,  peculiar  skill,  faculty  or 

aptness. 


CONTA'GION,  communication  of 
disease  from  body  to  body. 

CON'TACT,  touch;  close  union. 

CONTIGUOUS,  touching ;  having 
no  intervening  space. 

CONTIGU'ITY,  contact. 


TACTIL'ITY,    perceptibility    by  CONTINGENT,   accidental;    de- 
the  touch.  pending  on  an  uncertainty. 

527.   Te'yo,  (tec'tum^),  to  cover. 

TEG'UMENT,    INTEG'UMENT,   a  |  DETECT',  to  discover  in  spite  of 

covering.  concealment. 

TEG'ULAR,  (Lat.  te</ula,  a  tile),  JDETEC'TION,  discovery. 

consisting  of  tiles.  •  RETEC'TION,    uncovering;    dis- 

PROTECT',  to  cover;  to  defend.        closure. 


154  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

528     Tem'pus,  (tem'poris'),  time. 

TIME,  measure  of  duration.         !  TEM'PER,  v.  to  modernte.f 
TEM'PORAL,  relating   to  time ;!  TEM'PER,  s.  disposition. 


not  eternal. 

TEM'PORARY,  lasting  only  a  time. 

CONTEM'PORARY,*  living  at  the 
same  time. 

TENSE,  (Fr.  temps'),  an  inflec- 
tion of  verbs  by  which  time 


TEM'PEST.  storm;  commotion. 
TEM'PORIZE,  to  comply  with  the 

time  or  occasion. 
ATTEM'PER,  to  regulate;  to  mix. 
TEM'PERANCE,  moderation. 
INTEM'PERANCE,  excess. 


is  denoted.  DISTEM'PER,  disease. 

EXTEMPORA'NEOUS,    produced  j  TEMPERAMENT,  native  consti- 
at  the  time;  not  premeditated.  |      tution. 

*  For  the  sake  of  easier  pronunciation,  this  word  is  often  changed  to  cotem- 
porary,  which  Dr.  Webster  considers  the  preferable  word. 

f  The  primary  signification  seems  to  be,  to  appoint  a  time  or  limit. 


529.    Ten' do,  (ten' sum  or  ten' turn),  to  stretch;  to  go  towards; 
to  aim  at. 

TEND,    to    move    towards ;    to  INTENS'IVE,  giving  force. 

watch.  OSTENSIBLE,  (Lat.  osten'do,  to 

TEND'ENCY,    direction   towards       show),  seeming. 

any  result;  inclination.  OSTENTA'TION,    ambitious    dis- 

ATTEND',  to  listen;  to  have  re-       p'ay. 

gard  to.  PORTEND',  to  forebode;  to  fore- 

ATTEN'TION,  regard.  token. 

CONTEND',   to  strive;    to   con-  PORTENT'OUS,  ominous. 

test.  ,  PRETEND',  to  hold  out,  as  a  false 

DISTEND',   to    fill    out ;    to    ex- ;      appearance. 

pand.  (PRETENCE',  a  feigning  or  pre- 


DISTEN'TION,  expansion  by  fili- 


ng- 


tending. 
PRETEN'SION,  a  claim. 


EXTEND',  to  spread;  to  enlarge,  j  SUBTEND',  to  extend  under. 

EXTENT',  compass ;  size.  |  SUPERINTEND',  to  have  the  di- 

EXTENS'IVE.  large;  wide  spread,  j      rection  of. 

INTEND',  to  purpose.  ^TEN'OON,  a  cord. 

INTENT^  INTEN'TION,  s.  design. :  TENSE,  stretched  to  stiffness. 

INTENT',  a.  fixed  on;  eager  in  TEN'SION,  tightness. 

pursuing.  jTENT,  a  covering  stretched  on 

INTENSE',  strained;  vehement  j!     poles. 

ardent  JTENT'ER,  a  hook  for  stretching 

INTENSITY,  vehemence  cloth  on  a  frame. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
530.    Te'neo,  (ten' turn},  to  hold ;  to  keep. 


155 


TEN'URE,  a  holding.  I  LIEUTEN'ANT,   an   officer   who 

TEN'ABLE,  that  can  be  held  or  i      supplies  the  place  of  a  supe^ 


maintained. 
TENA'CIOUS,  holding  fast. 
TEN'ET,  an  opinion  held. 
ABSTAIN',  to  refrain  from. 
AB'STINENCE,  the  act  of  refrain- 


rior  in  his  absence. 
MAINTAIN',  (282),  to  uphold. 
OBTAIN',  to  gain  ;  to  get. 
PERTAIN',  to  belong  to. 
PER'TINENT,  applicable. 


ing.  [hend.  j  IMPER'TINENT,  inapplicable;  ill- 

CONTAIN',  to  hold;  to  compre-       mannered. 
CON'TENT,  s.  that  which  is  con-  PERTINA'CIOUS,  adhering  reso- 

tained.  lutely ;  obstinate.       [stinacy. 

CONTENT',*  a.  satisfied.  ;  PERTINAC'ITY,  inflexibility;  ob- 

CON'TINENCE,     restraint    upon 


passion. 

CONTIN'UE,  to  remain. 

CONTIN'UAL,  uninterrupted. 

CONTINU'ITY,  unbroken  connec- 
tion. .     . 
*CouN;TENANCE,f  the  visage  or 
look. 

DETAIN',  to  keep  back. 

DETEN'TION,  restraint;  confine- 
ment. 

ENTERTAIN',   to    receive   with 
hospitality;  to  cherish. 


RETAIN',  to  hold  ;  to  keep. 

RETEN'TIVE,  having  the  power 
to  retain. 

SUSTAIN',  to  hold  up ;  to  support. 

SUS'TENANCE,  support. 

TEN'ANT,  one  who  holds  or  oc- 
cupies a  house  and  lands. 

TEN'DRIL,  the  clasper  of  a  vine. 

TEN'EMENT,  a  dwelling  or  habi- 
tation. 

TEN'ON,  the  end  of  a  stick  of 
timber  fitted  to  a  mortise. 

TEN'OR,  continued  course. 


*  Literally,  held,  restrained. 

•j-  Primary  sig.,  the  contents  of  a  body. 


531.    Ten' to,  (ienta'tum),  to  try. 
TENT'ATIVE,  trying;  essaying.    TEMPT,  to  solicit  or  incite. 


ATTEMPT',  an  endeavor. 


TEMPT'ING,  attractive. 


532.    Ten'uis,  slender. 


TEN'UOUS,  thin ;  small. 
TENU'ITY,  thinness;  smallness. 


ATTEN'UATE,  to  make  slender. 
EXTEN'UATE,  to  lessen;  to  pal- 
liate. 


533.   Ter'go,  (ter'sum),  to  scour;  to  make  clean. 

DETER'GENT,  cleansing;  purify- j  TERSE,  elegant  in  style  without 
ing.  I     pompousness. 


156  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

534.    Te/minus,  a  bound  or  limit. 

TERM,  a  limit;  a  limited  time;  j  DETERMINATE,    limited;    defi- 

a  word  or  expression.  nite. 

TERMINATE,  to  bring  to  an  end. 
CONTERM'INOUS,  having  a  com- 


mon boundary. 
DETERMINE,  to  fix;  to  decide. 


EXTERMINATE,  to  drive  away; 

to  destroy  utterly. 
INDETER'MINATE,  not  definite. 
INTERMINABLE,  boundless. 


535.    Te'ro,  (tri'tum*),  to  wear  by  rubbing. 

TRITE,  worn  out.  j  DET'RIMENT,  damage ;  injury. 

ATTRITION,  the  act  of  wearing  i  DETRI'TUS,  matter  worn  off. 

by  friction.  [sin.  TRIT'URATE,  to  grind  to  a  fine 

CON'TRITE,  broken-hearted  for  I      powder. 

536.    Ter'ra,  the  earth. 

INTER',  to  bury  in  the  earth.      !  TERRA' QUEOUS,  (19),  consisting 
MEDITERRANEAN,    (287),   the  i      of  land  and  water. 

sea     between     Europe     and  \  TERRENE',  TERRES'TRIAL,  per- 
Africa.  tainins  to  the  earth. 


SUBTEHRA'NEAN,   beneath    the 

surface  of  the  earth. 
TER'RACE,    a   raised    bank    of 


TER'RIER,  a  dog  that  hunts  un- 
der ground. 
TER'RITORY,  a  district;  a  tract 


earth;  a  flat  roof.  |      of  land. 

537.    Ter'reo,  (ter'ritum'),  to  affright. 

DETER',  to  stop  by  fear.  ITER'RIFY,  to  frighten. 

TER'ROR,  fear;  dread.  TERRIF'IC,  (152),  causing  ter- 

TER'RIBLE,  frightful ;  dreadful,  j     ror. 

538.   Tes'lis,  a  witness. 


ATTEST',  to  bear  witness;  to 
certify. 

ATTESTA'TION,  solemn  declara- 
tion. 

CONTEST',  to  strive ;  to  litigate. 

DETEST',  to  abhor.  [will. 

INTEST'ATE,*  not  having  made  a 


PROTEST',  to  make  a  formal  de- 

claration. 
PROT'ESTANT,f  one  who  joins 

in  a  protest. 
TEST'AMENT,  a  will. 
TESTA'TOR,  one  who  makes  a 

will. 


*  A  will  was  called  by  the  Latins  testamcn'tnm. 

f  Martin  Luther  protested  against  a  decree  of  Charles  V.,  and  the  diet  of 
Spires ;  his  followers  are  therefore  called  Protestants. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE    LATIN.  1OI 

TEST'IFY,  to  bear  witness.          '  TEST'IMONY,  that  which  is  af- 
TESTIMO'NIAL,  a  certificate.  firmed  by  a  witness. 

539.    Tex'o,  (tex'tuni),  to  weave. 
CONTEXT',  knit  or  woven  toge-  TEXT,  a  composition  on  which 


ther. 


a  commentary  is   written;    a 


CON'TEXT,  the  connected  pas-       passage  of  Scripture. 

sages.  ITEXT'ILE,  woven. 

PRE'TEXT,  a  pretence;  an  osten- 1 TEXT'URE,  a  web;  that  which 

sible  reason,  assumed  to  con- !      is  woven,  or  the  manner  of 

ceal  the  true  one.  j     weaving. 

540.    Tim' co,  to  fear. 


TIM'ID,  fearful. 

TIM'OROUS, cowardly;  heartless. 


INTIM'IDATE,  to  render  fearful ; 
to  deter. 


541.    Tin' go,  (lincftuni),  to  dip;  to  dye. 
TINOE,  to  infuse  or  impregnate  TINCT'URE,  a  liquid  containing 


slightly. 
TAINT,  stain ;  infection. 
TINT,  a  slight  coloring. 


the  principal  qualities  of  some 
substance;  a  slight  quality 
added  to  anything. 


542.  Tol'lo,  to  lift  up ;  to  bear  away. 

EXTOL',  to  praise  highly.  I  TOI/ERATE,  (Lat.  tol'ero~),  to  cn- 

I     dure. 

543.  Tor'peo,  to  be  numb  or  stupid. 

TOR'PID,  inactive;  stupid.  TORPES'CENT,  becoming  torpid. 

TOR'POR,  sluggishness;  want  of  TORPE'DO,  an  electric  fish, 
activity  or  feeling.  [ToRPORlF'lc,  (152),  stupifying. 

544.    Tor'queo,  (tor'turn),  to  twist. 

CONTOR'TION,    a    twisting    or  HETORT',  to  throw  back  a  cen- 

writhing.  sure  or  objection. 

DISTORT',  to  twist  out  of  shape.  TOR'MENT,  extreme  pain. 

EXTORT',  to  wrest  or  force  from  TORT'URE,  pain  inflicted  by  an- 

one.  other ;  agony. 

EXTOR'TION,    illegal   exaction  ;  TORT'UOUS,  crooked;  winding, 
unreasonable  demand.              j  TOB'SEL,  anything  twisted. 


158 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

545.   To'tus,  whole ;  all. 


TO'TAL,  the  whole. 
FACTO'TUM,  (152),  one  who  can 
perform  all  kinds  of  service. 


TO'TALLY,  wholly;  entirely. 
SURTOUT',  (Fr.   sur  tout,  over 
all),  an  overcoat. 


546.    Tra'do,  (trad'itum},  to  deliver. 

TRADI'TION,     that     which     is  TRAI'TOR,  (Fr.  traitre),  one  who 

his   country   to   its 


handed  down  from  age  to  age 
by  oral  communication. 


delivers 
enemy. 


547.    Tra'lio,  (trac'tum),  to  draw. 


AB'STRACT,  a.  separate;  exist- 
ing in  the  mind  only. 

ABSTRACT',  v.  to  draw  from;  to 
separate. 

ATTRACT',  to  draw  to ;  to  allure. 

ATTRACTIVE,  engaging. 

CONTRACT',  to  draw  together. 

DETRACT',  to  take  from  the  re- 
putation or  value  of  anything. 

DETRACTION,  slander. 

DISTRACT',  to  draw  apart;  to 
separate;  to  throw  into  con- 
fusion. 

DISTRAC'TION,  confusion ;  de- 
rangement of  reason. 

EXTRACT',  to  draw  out. 

PORTRAY',  to  delineate. 

POR'TRAIT,  a  likeness. 


PROTRACT',  to  prolong. 

RETRACT',  to  draw  or  take  back. 

SUBTRACT',  to  deduct. 

SUB'TRAHEND,  the  number  to 
be  deducted. 

TRACE,  a  mark  left  by  anything 
passing. 

TRACK,  a  foot-print;  a  path. 

TRACT,  a  region;  a  small  trea- 
tise. 

TRACT'ABLE,  manageable. 

TRACT'ILE,  ductile. 

TRAIL,  to  draw  along  on  the 
ground. 

TRAIT,  a  feature ;  a  line. 

TREAT,  (Fr.  trailer*),  to  use;  to 
discuss. 

TREAT'Y,  a  contract  or  league. 


NOTE. — The  words  draw,  drag,  betray,  seem  to  be  of  the  same  family  with 
traho. 


548.    Tre'mo,  to  shake. 


TREM'BLE,  to  quake ;  to  totter. 
TREMEN'DOUS,  fitted  to  excite 
trembling;;  terrible. 


TRE'MOR,  a  trembling. 
TREM'ULOUS,  shaking;  quiver- 


549.    Tres,  (tri'a),  three. 
TREB'LE,  TRTP'LE,  three-fold.      TRI'ANOLE,    a    figure    having 


TRI'AD,  the  union  of  three. 


three  anjrl 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE    LATIN. 


159 


TRI'DENT,  (111),  an  instrument 

having  three  prongs. 
TRIN'ITY,    (563),   a  union   of 

three  in  one. 


TRI'O,  a  passage  in  music  fot 

three  performers. 
TRI'POD,  a  three  legged  stool. 
TRIVIAL, unimportant:  see  584. 


550.  Trib'uo,  (tribu'tum),  to  render  or  give. 


TRIB'UTE,  a  tax  paid  to  a  con- 
queror. 
TRIB'UTARY,  paying  tribute. 


DISTRIB'UTE,  to  divide ;  to  dis- 


RETRIBU'TION,  reward  or  pun- 


ATTRIB'UTE,  to  ascribe.  ishment. 

CONTRIB'UTE,  to  give  iu  com-  RETRIB'UTIVE,  repaying;  bring- 


mon  with  others. 


ing  reward  or  punishment. 


551.  Tru'do,  (tru'sum*),  to  thrust;  to  push. 


ABSTRUSE',  concealed;  obscure. 

DETRUDE',  to  thrust  down. 

EXTRU'SION,  the  act  of  thrust- 
ing out. 

INTRUDE',  to  thrust  one's  self 
in ;  to  encroach. 


INTRU'SIVE,  entering  without 
right. 

OBTRUDE',  to  thrust  in  or  on. 

OBTRU'SIVE,  bold ;  coming  un- 
invited. 

PROTRUDE',  to  thrust  forward. 


552.  Tu'ber,  a  swelling ;  an  excrescence. 

PROTU'BERANCE,  a  prominence;  I  TU'BER,  a  knob  in  roots. 
a  swelling.  |  TU'BERCLE,  a  small  tumor. 


553.  Tu'eor,  (tuftiu),  to  view ;  to  guard. 

INTUI'TION,  immediate  percep- j  TU'TELAR,  protecting. 

tion  of  truth.  I  TU'TOR,  an  instructor  or  guar-" 


TUI'T ION,  instruction;  guardian- 
ship. 


dian. 
UNTU'TORED,  uninstructed. 


554.  Tu'meo,  to  swell. 


TU'MID,  swollen ;  pompous. 

TU'MOR,  a  swelling. 

CON'TUMACY,  stubbornness ; 
contempt  of  authority. 

CON'TUMELY,  insolence;  con- 
temptuous language. 

IN TUMES'CENCE,  a  swollen  state. 
11 


TOMB,  (Lat.  (u'mulus,  a  mound), 
a  grave;  a  place  of  burial. 

TUMEFAC'TIOX,  (152),  the  pro- 
cess of  swelling. 

TU'MULAR,  in  the  form  of  a  hil- 
lock. 

TU'MULT,  a  commotion. 


160  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

555.  Tun' do,  (tu'suvn),  to  beat  ;  to  bruise. 
CONTU'SION,  a  bruise.  |OBTUSE',  blunted;  dull. 

556.  Tur'ba,  a  crowd  ;  a  bustle. 


DISTURB',  to  disquiet. 

DISTURBANCE,  confusion. 

PERTURBA'TION,  disquiet  or  agi- 
tation of  mind. 

IMPERTURB'ABLE,  not  to  be  dis- 
quieted. 


TROUB'LE,  perplexity. 
TUR'BID,  muddy;  not  clean,. 
TUR'BULENCE,  insubordination; 

violence. 
TUR'BULENT,  tumultuous. 


557.  Tur'geo,  to  be  inflated. 

TUR'GID,  bloated;  tumid;  pomp-  TURGES'CENCE,  inflation;  bom- 
ous.  bast. 


558.  Tur'ris,  a  tower. 


TUR'RET,  a  little  tower. 


TUR'RETED,  furnished  with  tur- 
rets. 


559.  Ul'timus,  last. 


UL'TIMATE,  furthest;  final;  last. 
UL'TIMATELY,  finally;  in  the  end. 
ULTiMA'TUM,afinal  proposition. 
ULTE'RIOR,  (Latin  comparative), 
further. 


PENULT',  (375),  the  last  syllable 
of  a  word  except  one. 

ANTEPENULT',  the  syllable  be- 
fore the  penult. 


560.  Urn'bra,  a  shade. 


UMBRA'GEOUS,  shady. 
UM'BRAGE,  suspicion  of  injury ; 
offence. 


PENUM'BRA,  (375),  a  partial 
shade  on  the  margin  of  the 
perfect  shade  in  an  eclipse. 


UMBREL'LA,  a  shade  or  screen  !OBUM'BRATE,     to 
carried  in  the  hand.  darken. 


shade ;     to 


561.  Un'da,  a  wave. 


UN'DULATE,  to  have  a  motion 

like  that  of  waves. 
UN'DULATING,  rising  and  falling. 
ABOUND',  (Lat.  aburido),  to  be 

in  great  plenty. 


ABUND'ANCE,  plenty. 
INUN'DATE,  to   flow   upon;    to 

overflow. 
REDUND'ANT,  literally,  flowing 

back ;  superfluous. 


UN'GUENT,  ointment. 
UNC'TION,  an  anointing. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE   LATIN.  161 

562.   Un'guo,  (wncVwrn),  to  anoint. 

UNC'TUOUS,  oily;  having  an  oily 


consistency. 


563.  U'nus,  one. 


U'NITY,  oneness. 

UNITE',  to  make  one;  to  join. 

DISUNITE',  to  unite  again. 

KEUNITE',  to  unite  again. 

UNANIM'ITY,  (13),  agreement 
in  opinion. 

UNIFORM'ITY,  sameness;  regu- 
larity. 

U'NION, conjunction;  agreement. 


UNIQUE',  sole;  without  another 
of  the  kind. 

U'NISON,  concord  of  sounds; 
perfect  harmony. 

U'NIT,  a  single  thing. 

U'NIVERSE,*  the  whole  system 
of  created  things. 

UNIVERS'AL,  all;  whole;  com- 
prehending the  whole. 


*  The  Latin  word  univer'sua  signifies  literally — turned  into  one,  collected 
into  one  whole. 


564.  U'tor,  (z/sws),  to  use. 


UTIL'ITY,  profitableness;  advan- 
USE,  to  employ.  [tage. 

ABUSE',  to  use  improperly. 
DISUSE',    cessation    of    use    or 

practice. 

MISUSE',  to  treat  ill. 
PERUSE',  to  read. 
U'SAGE,  custom;  treatment. 


USE'FUL,  beneficial ;  profitable. 
U'SUAL,  customary;  ordinary. 
U'SURY,  illegal  or  exorbitant 

interest. 
USURP',  (Lat.  usur'po),  to  seize 

without  right. 
UTEN'SIL,  that  which  is  used; 

an  instrument. 


565.  Va'do,  (va'sum),  to  go. 
EVADE',  to  escape ;  to  elude,      j  PERVADE',  to  pass  through ;  to 


EVA'SION,  an  artifice  to  elude. 
INVADE',  to  enter  as  an  enemy. 


permeate. 
WADE,  to  walk  in  water. 


566.  Va'ffus,  wandering. 
EXTRAV'AGANT,  going  beyond  VAGA'RY,  a  wandering  of  the 


proper  limits. 
EXTRAV'AGANCE,  excess. 
VAQ'ABOND,    (Lat.    vagabun'- 

dus),  a  wanderer ;  an  outcast. 


thoughts. 
VA'GRANT,  wandering;  having 

no  home. 
VAGUE,  unsettled;  indefinite. 


162  TUE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

567.   Va'leo,  to  be  strong ;  to  have  force  or  value. 


AVAIL',  to  be  of  use;  to  have 

effect. 
CONVALESCENT,        recovering 

health  and  strength. 
COUNTERVAIL',  to  oppose  -with 

equal  power, 
EQUIV'ALENT,  of  equal  force  or 

value. 

INVAL'ID,  a  of  no  force. 
IN'VALID,  s.  an  infirm  person. 
INVALIDATE,  to  lessen  the  force 

of.  [influence. 

PREVAIL',  to  overcome ;  to  gain 


PREV'ALENT,  victorious;  having 
influence  extensively. 

VALEDIC'TORY,*  a  farewell  ad- 
dress. 

VALETUDINA'RIAN,  a  person 
seeking  health. 

VAL'IANT,  brave;  strong. 

VAL'ID,  effectual;  having  force. 

VAL'OR,  bravery;  prowess. 

VAL'UE,  worth;  importance. 

VALUA'TION,  apprizeraent. 

INVAL'UABLE,  precious  above 
estimation. 


*  From  va'le,  farewell,  and  di'co,  to  speak. 


568.   Ve'ho,  (vec'tum),  to  carry. 


VE'HICLE,  a  carriage. 
CON'VEX,  swelling;  spherical. 
CONVEY',  to  carry. 


INVEIGH',  to  rail  against;  to  re- 
proach. 
INVEC'TIVE,  censure;  reproach. 


569.  Vel'lo,  (vufsum),  to  pluck ;  to  tear. 


AVUL'SION,  a  rending. 
VELLICA'TION,  twitching. 


CONVUI/SION,  violent  muscular 
contraction. 


570.  Ve'Io,  to  cover;  to  conceal. 


VAIL   or  VEIL,  a  curtain ;    a 

covering. 

DEVEL'OP,  to  unfold;  to  disclose. 
ENVEL'OP,  to  wrap  up. 


REVEAL',  to  disclose;  to  make 

known. 
REVELA'TION,  a  disclosing  what 

was  before  hidden. 


571.  Yen' do,  to  sell. 


VEND,  to  sell. 
VEND'ER,  a  seller 
VENDUE',  an  auction. 


VE'NAL,  (Lat.  vJneo,  to  be  sold), 
mercenary;  that  may  be  ob- 
tained for  money. 


572.   Ve'nio,  (ven'tum'),  to  come. 

AD'VENT,    a    coming;    appro-' ADVENTITIOUS,  added  extriu- 
priately,  the   coming  of  our       sically. 


Saviour. 


[hazard. 
ADVENT'URE,  an  enterprise  of 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


163 


AV'ENUE,  a  passage. 

CIRCUMVENT',  to  come  round; 
to  deceive  by  stratagem. 

CONTRAVENE',  to  oppose;  to 
baffle. 

CONVENE',  to  assemble. 

CONVEN'TION,  a  coming  toge- 
ther. 

CON'VENT,  a  household  of 
monks  or  nuns. 

CONVENIENT,  fit ;  suitable ; 
commodious. 

CONVENTIONAL,  agreed  upon. 

COV'ENANT,  a  mutual  agreement 
or  stipulation. 


EVENT',  that  which  happens  or 
takes  place. 

EVENT'UALLY,  in  the  event  or 
issue. 

INTERVENE',  to  come  between. 

INVENT',  literally,  to  come 
upon ;  to  devise. 

PREVENT',*  to  hinder,  to  ob- 
struct. 

REV'ENUE,  the  income  of  the 
government. 

SUPERVENE',  to  come  in  addi- 
tion. 

VEN'TURE,  to  run  a  hazard ;  to 
dare. 


•*•  Literalli/,  to  come  before;  it  is  used  in  this  sense  in  the  New  Testament, 
]  Thess.  iv.  15. 

573.  Ven'ter,  (veritris),  the  belly. 


VEN'TRICLE,  a  small  cavity  in 

an  animal  body. 
VENTRIC'ULOUS,  distended. 


VENTRIL'OQUIST,  (270),  //>- 
rally,  one  who  speaks  from 
the  stomach  or  belly. 


574.  Vcn'tus,  the  wind. 


VENT,  an  air-hole. 


VEN'TILATE,  to  afford  free  cir- 


VEN'TIDUCT,  a  passage  for  air.        culation  of  air. 
575.   Vcr'bum,  a  word. 


AD'VERB,*  a  part  of  speech. 
PROV'ERB,   a  maxim ;   a   brief 

saying. 
VERBA'TIM,  (Latin),  word  for 

word. 


VERB'AL,  spoken;  expressed  in 

words. 

VERB,  a  part  of  speech. 
VERBOSE',  full  of  words. 
VERB'IAOE,  superabundance  of 

words. 

*  Literally,  a  word  joined  to  another  word. 

576.  Ve'reor,  to  fear. 

REVERE',  to  regard  with  fearjREVEREN'TiAL,  feeling  or  ex- 
and  respect.  pressing  reverence. 

REV'KRKNT,  impressed  with  REV'EREND,  worthy  of  reve- 
reverence.  rence;  a  clerical  title. 


164  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

577.    Ver'go,  to  turn  or  tend  towards. 

VERGE,  to  tend ;  to  incline.        I  DIVERGE',  to  separate  or  recede 
CONVERGE',  to  tend  to  one  point.  |     more  and  more. 


578.  Ver'mj.s,  a  worm, 
composition 


VERMICEL'LI,     a 

used  in  cookery. 
VERMIC'ULAR,  pertaining  to  or 

resembling   a   worm    or    the 

motion  of  a  worm. 


YER'MIFUGE,  (197),  a  medicine 
which  destroys  worms  in  ani- 
mal bodies. 

VERM'IN,  noxious  animals,  in- 
sects, &c. 


ward. 

INVERT',  to  turn  into  the  con- 
trary position. 

IN  VERSE' LY, in  an  inverted  order. 


579.  Ver'to,  (ver'sum),  to  turn. 

ADVERT',  to  turn  the  attention  to.  j  INTROVER'SION,  a  turning  in- 

INADVERT'ENCE,  heedlessness. 

AD'VERSE,  opposed;  hostUe. 

ADVERS'ITY,  calamity;  affliction. 

AD'VERSARY,  an  enemy. 

ADVERTISE',  to  publish  a  notice.  MALVERSATION,  (Lat.  ver'so,  to 

ANIMADVER'SION,  (13),  a  criti- !      conduct),  evil  conduct. 

cism ;  a  censure.  PERVERT',  to  turn  to  a  wrong 

AVERT',  to  turn  away.  use. 

AVER'SION,  disinclination;  dis- j PERVERSE',  obstinately  wrong. 

like.  !  PERVER'SION,  a  wrong  use  or 

CON'TROVERT,    to     oppose     in       interpretation. 

argument. 

CONTROVERSY,  disputation. 
CONVERT',  to  change  from  one 

state  to  another. 
CONVERSE',  to  diseourse  or  asso- 


REVERT',  to  turn  back. 

REVERSE',  to  change  to  an  op- 
posite direction. 

SUBVERT',  to  overthrow  from 
the  foundation. 

SUBVERSIVE,  tending  to  over- 
throw. 


ciate  with. 
CON'VERSE, familiar  intercourse;  J 

an  opposite  proposition.  I  TRANSVERSE',  lying  across. 

DIVERT',  to  turn  off;  to  amuse. (TRAV'ERSE,  to  cross;   to  pass 
DrVTcn'siOW,  amusement.  over. 

VERS'ATILE,  easily  turned  from 
one  employment  to  another. 


DI'VERSE,  different ;  various. 
DIVERS'ITY,  difference. 
DIVERS'IFY,  (152),  to  vary. 
DIVORCE',  a  legal  dissolution  of 
the  bonds  of  matrimony. 


VERSE,*   a   line   of  poetry; 
short  division  of  any  compo- 
sition. 


*  A  furrow  was  anciently  called  ver'sus,  because  at  the  end  of  it  the  plough 
was  turned  round  ;  hence,  a  line  in  writing,  from  its  resemblance  to  a  furrow, 
received  the  same  nanio. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 


165 


VER'SION,*  a  translation. 
VERT'EBRA,  (plural  vertebrae), 

a  joint  of  the  spine. 
VERT'EBRAL,  having  vertebrae. 


VER'TEX,f  the  top. 

VERT'ICAL,  over  head. 
VERT'IGO,  giddiness. 
VOR'TEX,  a  whirlpool. 


*  Literally,  a  turning  from  one  language  into  another. 
|  The  turning  point. 

580.  Ve'rus,  true. 


VER'ITY,  truth. 

VERAC'ITY,  habitual  observance 

of  truth. 

VERA'CIOUS,  observant  of  truth. 
VER'DICT,  (117),  the  report  of  a 


VER'IFY,  (152),  to  prove  to  be 


true. 


VERISIMILITUDE,    (488),   the 

appearance  of  truth. 
VER'ITABLE,  true;  genuine. 


i  VER'ILY,  truly. 

581.  Vestiy'ium,  a  foot-step. 
VES'TIGE,  a  track ;  a  trace.        |  INVESTIGATE,  to  search  into. 

582.  Ves'tis,  a  garment. 

INVEST',  to  clothe.  |  VEST'URE,  a  robe. 

VEST,  to  put  in  possession  of.      VEST'RY,  a  room  in  which  the 

VEST'MENT,  a  garment.  sacerdotal  vestments  are  kept. 

583.  Ve'tus,  (vet'eris),  old ;  ancient. 


VET'ERAN,  an  old  soldier. 


INVET'ERATE,  fixed  by  long  con- 
tinuance. 


584.  Vi'a,  a  way. 


DE'VIATE,  to  turn  aside  from 

the  path. 

DF/VIOUS,  wandering. 
OB'VIATE,|  to  remove. 
OB'VIOUS,§  evident. 
PER'VIOUS,||  penetrable. 


IMPER'VIOUS,  not  to  be  pene- 
trated or  passed  through. 

PRE'VIOUS,  antecedent. 

TRIV'IAL,^"  unimportant. 

VI'ADUCT,  (133),  a  structure 
supporting  a  carriageway  or 
railway, 

J  Properly,  to  meet  in  the  way  and  oppose  or  conquer ;  hence  to  put  out 
of  the  way  an  obstacle. 

$  Meeting  one  in  the  way. 

|i  Admitting  a  way  or  passage  through. 

^  The  Romans  worshipped  some  of  their  minor  deities  at  places  where 
three  roads  met ;  which  deities  were  thence  called  Di'i  Triv'ii.  Thus  the 
word  trivial  derived  the  signification  secondary,  unimportant. 


166 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 
585.   Vi'cis,  change;  succession. 


VI'CAR,  a  substitute. 
VICA'RIOUS,  acting  for  another. 
VICEGE'RENT,  (203),  a  deputy. 


VICE-PRES'IDENT,  one  .  who 
takes  the  place  of  the  presi^ 
dent. 


586.  Vid'eo,  (yfsuni),  to  see. 


Vis'ioV,  sight. 
VIS'IBLE,  that  can  be  seen. 
VIS'IONARY,  imaginary. 
VIS'IT,  to  go  to  see. 
VIS'UAL,  pertaining  to  sight. 
VI'SOR,  a  mask. 
VIS'AGE,  the  countenance. 
VIS'TA,  a  view  or  prospect. 
VIEW,  (Fr.  vuc~),  to  look  at 
VI'DE,  (Latin),  see. 
EV'IDENT,  apparent;  clear. 
INVISIBLE,  not  to  be  seen. 


PROVIDE',*  to  prepare. 

PROV'IDENCE,  forethought;  pru- 
dence. 

PROVIS'ION,  that  which  is  pro- 
cured or  prepared  beforehand. 

PROVI'SO,  an  exception  provided 
for. 

PRU'DEXT,  cautious ;  wise. 

PURVEY'OR,  a  provider. 

REVISE',  to  examine  again. 

SUPERVISION,  oversight. 

SURVEY',  to  look  over  carefully. 


*  Literally,  to  look  out  beforehand. 

587.  Vtfyeo,  to  flourish;  to  thrive. 
VIG'OR,  strength;  energy.          |  INVIG'ORATE,  to  strengthen. 


588.   Tin' co,  (vie' turn),  to  conquer. 


CONVINCE',  to  persuade. 
CONVIC'TION,  the  state  of  being 

convinced;  belief. 
CONVICT',  to  prove  one  to  be 

guilty. 


PROV'INCE,  a  country  subject  to 
a  foreign  power ;  a  district  or 
division  of  a  country. 

VAN'QUISH,  to  conquer. 

VIC'TOR,  a  conqueror. 


CON'VICT,     a     person      found,  VIC'TORY,  success  over  an  ene- 

guilty. 

EVINCE',  to  make  evident. 
INVIN'CIBLE,  unconquerable. 


my. 

VIC'TIM,  a  living  being   sacri- 
ficed. 


589.  Vindex,  (vin'dicis),  a  defender  or  avenger. 


VIN'DICATE,  to  defend ;  to  sus- 
tain. 
VINDIC'TIVE,  revengeful. 


REVENGE',  to  return  an  injury. 
VEN'GEANCE,    recompense    of 
evil. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    LATIN. 
590.   Vi'nurn,  wine. 


167 


VINE,  the  plant  which  produces ;  VI'NOUS,  having  the  qualitiea 

grapes.  of  wine. 

YIN'EGAR,  vegetable  acid. 
VINE'YARD,    a    plantation    of 


grape-vines. 


VINT'AGE,  the  gathering  of  the 
crop  of  grapes. 


591.   Vir,  a  man. 


VI'RILE,  masculine. 
VIRA'GO,  a  bold  woman. 


iVm'TUE,    (Lat. 
ciency;  excellence. 


effi. 


592.  Vi'rus,  poison;  venom. 


VIR'ULENCE,  malignancy. 


VIR'ULENT,  malignant;  venom- 
ous. 


593.   Vi'to,  to  shun;  to  avoid. 
INEVITABLE,  unavoidable.         |  INEV'ITABLY,  certainly. 

594.  Vi'trum,  glass. 
VIT'REOUS,  resembling  glass.      |  VIT'RIFY,  to  convert  into  glass. 

595.  Vi'vo,  (vic'tum),  to  live. 


CONVIV'IAL,  festal;  social. 
REVIVE',  to  live  again;  to  arouse. 
SURVIVE',  to  outlive. 
VI'AND,  an  article  of  food. 
VICT'UALS,  food;  provisions. 


VI'TAL,   (Lat.  vi'ta,  life),  per- 
taining to  life. 


VIVAC'ITY,  liveliness. 
VIV'ID,  lively;  bright. 


[life. 


VIV'IFY,  (152),  to  endue  with 


596.   Vo'co,  (voca'tum),  to  call. 

AD'VOCATE,  a  pleader.  I  PROVOCA'TION,  a  calling  out;  an 

AVOCA'TION,   a  calling  or  em-i      incitement. 

^Moyment.  I  REVOKE',  to  call  back ;  to  repeal. 

CONVOCATION,  an  assembly.      !  IRREVOCABLE,  that  cannot  be 


EQUIV'OCAL,  ambiguous. 
EQUIV'OCATE,  to  use  ambiguous 

expressions. 

EVOCA'TION,  a  calling  forth. 
INVOCA'TION,  a  solemn  address 

or  prayer. 


repealed. 

VOCAL,  (Lat.  vox,  (vo'cis),  the 
voice),  pertaining  to  the  voice. 

VO'CABLE,  a  word. 

VOCAB'ULARY,  a  list  of  words. 

VOCA'TION,  a  business  or  pro- 
fession. 


168 


THE   SCHOLAR  S   COMPANION. 


VOC'ATIVE,  (in  grammar),  the  VOICE,    sound   uttered   by   the 


case  of  address. 


mouth. 


VOCIF'ERATE,  (167),  to  cry  out  VOUCH,  to  attest;  to  affirm, 
loudly.  I  VOW'EL,  a  simple  sound. 

597.  Vo'lo,  (vola'tum},  to  fly. 


VOI/ATILE,    easily  evaporated; 

gay;  fickle. 
VOL'ATILIZE,  to  cause  to  pass 


in  vapor. 


VOL'LEY,  a  flight  of  shot ;  a 
burst  or  emission  of  many 
things  at  once. 

VOL'LEYED,  discharged. 


598.  Volo,  to  will ;  to  wish. 


BENEV'OLENCE,  (38),  good  will. 
MALEV'OLENCE,  (279),  ill  will. 
VOLI'TION,  the  act  or  power  of 
willing. 


Voi/UNTARY,actingfrom  choice. 

VOLUNTEER',  s.  a  voluntary  sol- 
dier. 

VOLUNTEER',  v.  to  offer  or  be- 
stow voluntarily. 


599.  Volup'tas,  pleasure. 

VOLUP'TUOUS,  given  to  luxury  VOLUP'TUARY,  a  person  devoted 
and  pleasure.  to  pleasure. 

COO.  Vol'vo,  (volu'tum*),  to  roll. 


CON'VOLUTE,  rolled  together. 
DEVOLVE',     literally,     to     roll 

down;  to  deliver  over. 
EVOLVE',  to  unroll ;  to  unfold. 
INVOLVE',  to  envelop;  to  infold. 
REVOLT',  to  renounce  allegiance. 


REVOLVE',  to  roll  in  a  circle. 

REVOLUTION,  rotation;  an  en- 
tire change. 

VOL'UBLE,  rolling;  fluent. 

VOL'UME,  primarily,  a  roll ;  a 
book. 


601.  Vo'ro,  to  devour. 


DEVOUR',  to  eat  up  greedily. 
VORAC'ITY,  greediness  of  appe- 


tite, flesh. 

602.   Vo'veo,  (vo'turti),  to  vow. 


VORA'CIQUS,  ravenous. 
CARNIV'OROUS,  (50),feeding.on 


Avow',  to  declare  openly. 
DEVOTE',    to   dedicate;    to   set 
apart.  [devoted. 

DEVOTEE',  one  who  is  wholly 
DEVOUT',  earnest  in  worship. 


VO'TARY,  one  devoted  or  ad- 
dicted. 

VOTE,  (Lat.  vo'tum,  a  wish), 
suffrage ;  a  ballot. 

VO'TIVE,  given  by  vow. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    GREEK.  169 

603.  Vul'gus,  the  common  people. 


DIVULGE',  to  make  public. 
VUL'GAR,  common;  unrefined. 
VUL'GARISM,  a  vulgar  phrase  or 


expression. 


VULGAR'ITY,  grossness  or  clown- 

ishness. 
VUL'GATE,*  an   ancient   Latin 

version  of  the  Bible. 


*  So  called  from  its  extensive  use  in  the  Latin  church. 


604.  Vul'nus,  (yul'neris),  a  wound. 

VULNERABLE,    that    may    be  I  INVUL'NERABLE,  that  cannot  be 
wounded.  wounded. 


CHAPTER  III. 

WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GREEK. 


Greek  Alphabet. 

Letter. 

Sound. 

Name. 

A 

a       ."     .      .      . 

a      

Alpha. 

It 

iM  .   .    .   . 

b      

Beta. 

r 

Y       .... 

g     

Gamma. 

4 

S       .... 

d     

Delta. 

E 

e       .... 

e  as  in  met     .     . 

Epsilon. 

Z 

C         .       .       ;      . 

z      

Zeta. 

II 

1)      .... 

e  as  in  me 

Eta. 

9 

0$    .      .      .      . 

th    

Theta. 

/ 

i       

Iota. 

K 

A 

/I      .... 

k      
1       

Kappa. 
Lambda. 

M 

UL        .       .      .       . 

m     ..... 

Mu. 

N 

v         .... 

n      

Nu. 

S 

$        .      •      •      • 

x      

Xi. 

0 

o        .... 

o  as  in  not 

0  micron. 

u 

77  Gf      . 

p      

Pi. 

p 

p           .        .         .        . 

r      

Rho. 

2 

ff,  s  final 

s      

Sigma. 

T 

T 

t       

Tau. 

Y 

U           .... 

uory    .     .     .     . 

Upsilon. 

* 

<f          .        .        .        . 

ph    

Phi. 

X 

#           .... 

ch    

Chi. 

r 

^          .... 

ps     

Psi. 

a 

(0          .... 

o  as  in  no  . 

Omega. 

170  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

Gamma  has  always  the  hard  sound  of  <j,  as  in  give. 

Kajipa  is  represented  by  c  in  English  words,  although  in  Greek  it  has  but 
one  sound,  that  of  our  k. 

Upsilon  is  represented  by  y  in  English  words  ;  in  Greek  it  has  always  the 
sound  of  u  in  mute. 

Chi  is  represented  in  English  by  ch  having  the  sound  of  k  ;  as  in  chronic. 

In  Greek  words,  as  in  Latin,  there  are  always  as  many  syllables  as  there 
are  vowels  and  diphthongs. 

The  accents  placed  over  the  Greek  letters  need  not  be  regarded  in  pronun- 
ciation. 

An  inverted  comma  placed  over  a  letter  denotes  that  the  sound  of  our  h 
precedes  that  letter.  Thus,  the  word  tf  is  pronounced.  he  x.  A  comma  not 
inverted  does  not  affect  the  sound  of  the  vowel  over  which  it  is  placed.  For 
information  respecting  accentual  marks,  <ie..  see  the  Greek  grammars. 

1.  Acade'mia,  (dxa<Jij/«a),  a  place  near  Athens,  where  Plato 
rt>  taught  philosophy. 

ACAD'EMY,  a  high  school.  ACADEM'IC,  belonging  to  a  school 

or  college. 

2.  Ach'os,  («?»?),  pain. 
ACHE,  to  suffer  pain.  |  ACH'ING,  painful. 

3.  Ak'me,  (d*//^),  the  summit. 

4.  AJcou'o,  (dxoww),  to  hear. 

ACOUS'TICS,    the    science     of  OTACOUS'TIC,    (Gr.    wra,    the 
sounds.  I      ears),  fitted  to  aid  the  hearing. 

5.   Attron,  (axpov~),  the  extremity. 

ACROP'OLIS,  (187),  the  height  j  ACROS'TIC,   (208),  a  kind   of 
or  citadel.  |      poetical  composition.       tip 


6.  Adel'phos,  (d&vtyoc),  a  brother. 
This  word  is  used  in  forming  botanical  terms. 

7.  A'er,  («ij/>),  the  air. 

AE'RIAL,  consisting  of  air.  j  AEROSTA'TION,  (204),  aerial 
A'EROLITE,  (127),  a  meteoric]  navigation. 

stone.  j  AEROI/OGY,  that  branch  of  phi- 

A'EHOXAUT,  (145),  one  who:  losophy  which  treats  of  the 

sails  in  the  air.  |     air.  ^-. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    GREEK.  171 

8.  A' (jo,  («V<o),  to  lead. 

DEM'AGOGUE,  (67),  a  leader  of  PED'AGOGUE,  (163),  a  school- 
the  people.  master. 

9.  A' yon,  (a^wi/),  a  contest. 
AG'ONY,  anguish.  |  AG'ONIZE,  to  writhe  with  pain. 

10.  Al'yos,  (U^'YO!;),  pain. 
CEPH'ALALGY,  (45),  the  head-  ODONTAL'GIA,  (153),  the  tooth- 


ache. 


ache. 


11.  Allax'is,  («U/a|£?),  a  change. 


PAR'ALLAX,    an     astronomical  PARALLAC'TIC,     pertaining    to 


term. 


the  parallax. 


12.  Al'pha,  («Va)>  the  first  letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet. 


AL'PHABET,  (34),  a  list  of  the 
letters  of  a  language. 


ALPHABETICAL,  pertaining  to 
the  alphabet. 


13.  An'emos,  (ave/zoc),  the  wind. 


ANEMOM'ETER,  (137),  a  wind- 


gauge. 


ANEM'ONE,  the  wind-flower. 


14.  An'er,  (avTjjO,  a'v(5/?oc),  a  roan. 


AN'DROID,  (122),  a  machine  in 
human  form. 


ANDROPH'AGUS,  (170),  a  man- 
eater. 


15.  Anggel'lo,  (dyylttw*'),  to  bring  tidings. 
AN'GEL,   a  spirit;    a   spiritual  EVAN'GELIST,  (89),  a  preacher 


me.ssencer. 


of  the  gospel. 


The  first  yamma  has  the  souud  of  ny  when  the  letter  is  doubled. 


16.  An'thos,  («v0o<?),  a  flower. 

ANTIIOL'OGY,  (128),  a  discourse!  HELIAN'TIIUS,  (105),  the  suu- 
on  flowers.  flower. 


172  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

17.  Anthro'pos,  (&0/Mnc0c),  man. 
MIS'ANTHROPE,  (139),  a  hater  PHILANTHROPIST,     (175),     a 


of  mankind. 


friend  of  the  human  race. 


18.  A/che,  (apyj^),  the  beginning;  government. 


AN'ARCHY,  want  of  government. 

AR'CHAISM,  an  ancient  phrase. 

ARCHAN'GEL,  the  highest  angel. 

ARCHEOL'OGY,  (128),  a  dis- 
course on  antiquity. 

AR'CHETYPE,  (222),  the  original 
or  model. 


AR'CHITECT,  (Or.  T&-WV,  a 
builder),  one  skilled  in  build- 

•    in?- 

AR'CHIVES,  records. 

PA'TRIARCH,  (Gr.  -ar^p,  a  fa- 
ther), the  father  and  ruler  of 
a  family. 


19.  Ark'los,  (apzros),  a  bear. 
ARC'TIC,*  northern.  |  ANTARC'TIC^  southern. 

*  Literally,  pertaining  to  the  constellation  called  the  Bear, 
f  Opposite  to  the  north  or  north  pole. 

20.  Ar'gos,  (dpyos*),  inactive. 

LETH'ARGY,  (125),  drowsiness;  JLETHAR'GIC,  inactive, 
stupidity. 

21.  Aris'tos,  (a/Hero?),  best. 


ARISTOC'RACY,  (60),  the  rule  or 
government  of  the  nobility. 


AR'ISTOCRAT,  one  who  favors 
an  aristocracy. 


22.  AritJi'mos,  (a^o.'0/zos),  number. 


ARITHMETIC,   the   science   of 
numbers. 


LOG'ARITHM,    a    mathematical 


term. 


23.   Aro'ma,  (apcu;j.a),  spicy  flavor. 
AROMAT'IC,  fragrant;  spicy.      |AR'oMATizE,to  give  a  spicy  taste. 

24.  As'keOj  (dffx^oi),  to  exercise ;  to  train. 
ASCET'IC,   a.    self  mortifying; ;  ASCET'IC,    s.    one   who    retires 
austere ;     retired     from    the  j      from  the  world  and  devotes 
world.  |  •  himself  to  religious  discipline. 

; 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM   THE   GREEK.  173 

25.  As'tron,  (aarpov),  a  star. 

AS'TERISK,  a  mark  like  a  star.    |  AS'TRAL,  star-like. 
ASTROL'OGY,  divination  by  the  ASTRON'OMY,  (149),  the  science 
stars.  I     of  the  stars. 

26.  Ath'los,  (60/to?),  a  combat. 

ATHLET'IC,  pertaining  to  active  I  ATH'LETE,  a  contender  for  vic- 
sportsj  vigorous.  tory. 

27.  Atmos,  (drjao?),  vapor;  steam. 


AT/MOSPHERE,  (Gr.  e^alpa,  alATMOSPHER'ic,    pertaining    to 
sphere),  the  air,  &c.,  above  us.  I     the  atmosphere. 


28.  Au'los,  (au/<k),  a  pipe.  ^N 

HYDRAU'LIC,  (119),  transmit-  1  HYDRAU'LICS,  the  science  of  the 
ting  water  through  pipes.        |     motion  and  force  of  fluids. 

29.  Au'tos,  (euro?),  one's  self. 


AU'TOCRAT,    (60),   a    despotic 

ruler. 
AU'TOGRAPH,  (99),  one's  hand 

writing. 


AUTOM'ATON,    a    self   moving 

machine. 
AUTON'OMY,   (149),  the   right 

of  setf-government. 


30    Bal'lo,  (/Sd/Uto),  to  cast  or  throw. 

EM'BLEM,*  a  representation.       j  PROB'LEM,|     a    question    pro- 
HYPER'BOLE,|an  exaggeration.       posed. 
PAR'ABLE,  a  similitude.  SYM'BOL,  a  sign. 

*  The  Greek  word  t/«/?X);^a  signifies  anything  inserted ;  hence,  mosaic  tcurk, 
or  a  picture. 

•(•  A  casting  over  or  beyond. 

1  Something  cast  or  placed  before  one. 

31.  Bapti'zo,  (/9a7rr£<«>),  to  baptize. 


BAP'TISM,    a    Christian    sacra- 
ment, [tism. 
BAPTIS'MAL,  pertaining  to  bap- 


PE'DOBAPTIST,  (Gr.  xais,  a 
child),  one  who  holds  to  infant 
baptism. 


32.    Ba'sis,  (/3d<T.'?),  a  foundation. 
BASE,  s.  the  fcu'nchticn ;  a.  ^  A  DEBASE',  to  render  mean  or  vile. 


174  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

33.  Ba'ros,  (/3a/;y?),  weight. 


BAROM'ETER,  (137),  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere. 


BAR'YTONE,     having    a    grave 
deep  sound. 


34.  Be'ta,  OS,; TO),  the  second  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet, 
(see  12.) 

35.  BiVlos,  (/3c/?/*oO>  a  book. 


BI'BLE,  the  Holy  Scriptures. 
BIB'LICAL,   pertaining    to    the 


BIBLIOG'RAPHY,  (99),  a  history 
or  description  of  books. 


Bible. 

36.  Bi'os,  0%?),  life. 

AMPHIB'IOUS,*      having     the  BIOG'RAPHY,  (99),  the  history 
power  of  living  in  two  elements.       of  a  person's  life. 

*  Literally,  having  double  life. 

37.  Bot'ane,  (/3ora'viy),  an  herb  or  plant. 

BOT'ANY,  the  science  of  vege- 1  BOT'ANIST,  one  skilled  in  bot- 
tables.  any. 

38.  Bou'colos,  (/Souxoylo?),  a  herdsman. 
BUCOL'IC,  a.  pastoral.  |  BUCOL'IC,  s.  a  pastoral  poem. 

39.  Ka'kos,  (xaxo?),  bad. 

CACHEX'Y,  (G-r.  ?c«c,  condition),  I  CACOPH'ONY,  (176),  harshness 
a  deranged  state  of  the  body.  |      of  sound. 

40.   Kalup'to,  (xa/urrw),  to  cover;   to  veil. 

APOC'ALYPSE,  ^gvelation.         I  APOCALYP'TIC,  pertaining  to  a 

*  I      revelation. 

41.  Kan'on,  (xavaj;/),  a  rule. 


CAN'ONIZE,    to   declare    one   a 

-saint. 


CAN'ON,  a  rule  or  law;  a  cata- 
logue of  saints. 

42.  Kai'o,  (xaiu),  xatjffw'),  to  burn. 
CAUS'TIO,  burning;  corroding. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    GREEK.  175 

43.  Kar'dia,  (xapoia),  the  heart. 

CAR'DIAC,    pertaining    to    the  PERICAR'DIUM,    a    membrane 
heart.  enclosing  the  heart. 

4 

44.  Ken'tron,  (x&rpov*),  a  central  point. 

CEN'TRE,  the  middle  point.         j  CENTRIF'UGAL.  (197),  tending 
CONCEN'TRATE,  to  bring  toge- 1      from  the  centre. 

ther;  to  bring  into  a  smaller  j  ECCEN'TRIC,  deviating  from  the 
compass.  centre;     irregular;     anoma- 

I     lous. 

45.   Keph'alc,  (xe^o^),  the  head. 

CEPHAL'IC,   pertaining   to   the! HYDROCEPH'ALUS,  (119),  drop- 
head.  I     sy  of  the  head. 

46.  Ke'ras,  (x£pa$'))  a  horn. 

MOXOC'EROS,  (141),  an  animal 
having  but  one  horn. 


RHINOC'EROS,  (Gr.  /Hs/,  the 
nose),  an  animal  having  a 
horn  upon  the  nose. 


47.   Chaos,  (/a'o?),  a  chasm  or  abyss. 
CHA'OS,  confusion ;  disorder.      |  CHAOT'IC,  without  order. 

48.    Charts,  (%dpt<;,  y/ipiros},  favor;  grace. 

CHAR'ITY,  kindness;  good  will.  EU'CIIARIST,   (89),  the  Lord's 

supper. 

49.    Cheir,  (%s}p),  the  hand. 

CHIROG'RAPHY,     (99),     hand-  i  CHIRUR'GEON,  (83),  a  surgeon, 
writing. 

50    Chole,  (-/oAr^,  bile ;  anger. 


CHOI/ERA,  a  disease. 
CHOL'ER,  anger;  wrath. 


CHOI/ERIC,  irascible.  |     tion. 

*  Gr.  n&as,  black  ;  literally,  black  bile. 
12 


COL'IC,  pain  in  the  bowels. 
MEL'ANCHOLY,*  gloom;  dejec- 


176  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

51.    Chorco,  (%wpiio),  to  go. 
AN'CHORET,  or  AN'CHORITE,  a      society  to  avoid   the  tempta- 


hermitj  one  who  retires  from[      tionsjplthe  world. 


ty  to 
jplt 


52.    Chriiitos,  (XpterozJbe  Anointed. 

CHRIST,  the  Messiah.  |CHRIST'MAS,  a  Christian  festi- 

CHRISTIAN'ITY,  the  religion  of      val. 

Christ.  CHRISM,  consecrated  oil. 

53.  Chroma,  (%pa>/j.a)  color. 

CHROMAT'ICS,   the  science   of  ACHROMAT'IC,  destitute  of  color. 
colors. 

54.  Chron'os,  (ypuvot;'),  time. 


CHRON'IC,  of  long  duration. 
CHRON'ICLE,  a  record   or   his- 
tory. 
CHRO.\oi/OGY,(128),  the  science 


CHRONOM'ETER,  (137),  a  time- 
piece. 

ANACH'RONiSM,an  error  in  dates. 
IsocH'RONOUS,(123),  performed 


of  time  or  eras.  in  equal  times. 

55.  Chru'sos,  (ypuaoq),  gold. 

CHRYS'ALIS,  the  caterpillar  in  j  CHRYS'OLITE,   a   mineral   of  a 
its  dormant  state.*  I      yellowish  color. 

*  TheMiame  is  derived  from  the  golden  color. 

56.  Konche,  (xt>YXTi)i\  a  shell- 

CONCH,  a  marine  shell.  1  CONCHOL'OGY,  (158),  the  sci- 

CONCHOID'AL,    (122),    shaped  •     ence  of  shells. 
like  a  shell.  I       ^ 

f  Gamma  here  has  th^ound  of  ng. 
57.     Kop'tO,   (*07TTw),   tO  CUt. 

APOC'OPATE,  to  cut  offfrom  thelSYN'coPATE,  to  remove  letters 
end  of  a  word.  from  the  middle  of  a  word. 

58.  AWmos,  (wkr/ioy),  the  world. 
COSMOG'OXY,  (94),  an  account 


of  the  origin  or  creation  of 
the  world. 


COSMOP'OLITE,  (187),  a  citizen 
of  the  world. 


WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GREEK.       177 

MIC'ROCOSM,     (138),    a    little;     signed   to  beautify  the  corn- 
world,  plexion.* 
COSMET'IC,   a  preparation    de-l 

*  A  primary  signification  of  the  word  *&>•/«>{,  is — order  ;  beautiful  arrange, 
nient. 

59.  Kra'nion,  (xpavio>y,  the  skull. 


CRA'XIUM,  the  skull. 
PERICRA'NIUM,      (Gr.      7^, 

around),  the  membrane  which 

covers  the  skull. 


CRANIOL'OGY,  the  science  of 
skulls. 

CRANIOS'COPY,  (197),  the  exa- 
mination of  the  skull. 


60.   Kra'tos,  (xpdTotf),  might;  power. 
The  terminations  cracy,  cratic,  Ac.,  are  from  this  word.     See  21. 

61.   Kri'tes,  (x/KT^?),  a  judge. 

CRIT'IC,  a  judge  in  literature  or  j  HYPERCRiT'iCAL,critical  beyond 

art.  [ing.  |      reason. 

CRITE'RIOX,  a  standard  of  judg-  1  CRI'SIS,  the  deciding  point. 

62.  Krup'to,  (xpu-rio),  to  conceal. 

APOC'RYPHAL,  of  doubtful  ori-  j  CRYPTOG'AMY,  (91),  concealed 
gin.  I     union. 

63.  Kuk'los,  (xyx^.oc),  a  circle. 

CY'CLE,  a  period  of  time.  I  CYCLOPE'DIA,  ENCYCLOPE'UIA, 

CVcLOiD,  (122),  a  curve.  |      (163),  the  circle  of  sciences. 

64.  Ku'on,  (xuwv},  a  dog. 
CYx'iCAL,f  surly;  austere.         |  CYN'OSURE,];  a  constellation. 

f  The  Cynics  were  philosophers  who  valued  themselves  on  their  contempt 
of  riches  and  amusements,  and  laughed  at  the  errors  and  follies  of  mankind. 

J  Literally,  the  dojj's  tail.  That  which  attracts  general  notice,  is  some- 
times culled,  figuratively,  a  c-jr.oture. 


65.  Kits'  t  is,  (xwffrt?),  a  bladder  ;  a  bag. 
CYST,  a  bag  ;  a  vesicle.  |  ENCYST'ED,  enclosed  in  a  bag. 

66.  Dek'a,  (<5<?za),  ten. 

DEC'ALOGUE,    (128),    the    ten  i  DEC'AGON,  (98),  a  figure  having 
commandments.  ten  angles. 


178  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

G7.  De'mos,  (<3/>o?),  the  people. 

DEM'AGOGUE,    (8),  a  popular ;  DEM'OCRAT,    one    who    favors 

leader.  democracy. 

PEMOC'RACY,'  (60),  a  popular  EPIDEM'IC,  (I-},  upon),  a  pre- 

government.  |      vailing  disease. 

68.  Dcspo'tes,  ((Jsff-onj?),  a  master  or  lord. 
DES'POT,  a  monarch;  a  tyrant  j |DES' POTISM,     unlimited     mon- 
an  absolute  ruler.  I      archy. 

69.  Diflas'ko,  (o'.ddffzat'),  to  teach. 


DIDAC'TIC,  adapted   to   teach; 
preceptive. 


DIDAC'TICALLY,     in   a   didatic 


70.  Dox'a,  (doZa),  an  opinion. 

HET'ERODOX,    (111),    holding  PAR' ADOX,  a  proposition  seem- 

erroneous  opinions.  i^ly  absurd. 

OR'THODOX,  (160),  correct  in  DOXOL'OGY,*  (1-8),  an  ascrip- 

opiriion.  I      tion  of  praise. 

*  The  word  &£<z  signifies  also,  ylory  ;  renoicn. 

71.   Dra'ma,  (<J(oa,uaf),  an  action;  a  drama. 

DRAMAT'IC,  pertaining   to  the  DRAM'ATIST,  a  writer  of  plays, 
drama. 

f  From  fydoj,  to  do  or  perform. 

72.  Drom'os,  (dputius),  a  race. 

DROM'EDARY,     a    species     of  I  OR'THODROMY,    sailing    in    a 
camel.  I      straight  course. 

73.  Du'namis,  (ouva//ic),  power. 
DYNAM'ICS,  the  science  of  forces.  |  DY'NASTY,  a  race  of  kings. 

74.  Dus,  (<Jt>c),  an  inseparable  particle,  denoting  difficulty, 
pain,  &c. 


DYS'ENTERY,  (Gr.  iV—oa,  the 
bowels),  a  disease  of  the 
bowels.  [speaking. 


DYSPEP'SY.   (Gr.  x£6tz.  diges- 
tion), difficulty  of  digestion. 
DYSPXCE'A,     (Gr.     ->£«>,     to 


DYS'PHONT,  (176),  difficulty  of  ;      breathe),  difficult  breathing. 


WORDS   DERIVED    FROM    THE    GREEK.  179 

75.  Otkos,  (o:xo?),  a  house. 

DI'OCESE,*  the  jurisdiction  of  a  PAR'ISH,|  an  ecclesiastical  dis- 
bishop. 

EcoN'oMY,f  a  system  of  manage- 
ment; frugality. 


tnct. 


PARO'CHIAL,    pertaining   to    a 
parish. 


55  From  cioUrtaif,  which  signifies,  primarily,  the  management  of  a  household. 

f  Sometimes  written  ceconomy.  The  Greek  diphthong  ot  is  usually  repre- 
sented in  English  by  a>  or  e.  OiKOvopia  is  compounded  of  o^xo;  and  vfyoj,  (149), 
a  rcy illation  or  rule ;  and  therefore  signifies  the  regulation  of  a  house,  of 
family.  Economy  is  the  corresponding  English  word. 

\  From  Trapourqo-iy,  which  signifies  the  state  of  dwelling  near ;  a  neighbor* 
hood. 

76.  Hed'ra,  (?8pa),  a  seat. 

CATHE'DRAL,  (Gr.  xaOldpa),  the  |  SAN'HEDRIM,    (Gr.   ffw£8pto<,\ 
see  or  seat  of  a  bishop;  the)      the  chief  council  of  the  Jews, 
principal  church  in  a  diocese.  TETRAHE'DRON,  (213),  a  solid 
having  four  faces  or  sides. 

77.  Hege'sis,  (rfaffts),  a  leading ;  an  explanation. 
EXEGE'SIS,  (^l^frtT),  exposi-  EXEGET'ICAL,  pertaining  to  exe- 


tion. 


gess. 


78.  E'meo,  (£//c'o>),  to  vomit. 

EMET'IC,  a  medicine  that  causes;  EM'ETIN,  a  substance  obtained 
vomiting.  |      from  the  ipecacuana. 

79.   En'tera,  (k'vrspa),  the  bowels.  *. 


DYS'ENTERY,  (74),  a  disease  of  MES'ENTERY,  (Gr.  itlffoq,  mid- 
the  bowels.  [intestines,  j      die),  a  membrane  supporting 

ENTERI'TIS,  inflammation  of  the       the  intestines. 

80.  Eii'lomox,  (ivr^o?),  cut  into.     See  217. 

ENTOMOL'OGY,  (128),  the  sci-  j  ENTOMOL'OGIST,  one  versed  in 
ence  which  treats  of  insects.§  j      the  science  of  insects. 

£  The  words  innec'tum  in  Latin  and  CITO/IOI/  in  Greek  correspond  to  each 
other  precisely.  The  former  is  compounded  of  in,  into,  and  se'co,  to  cut;  and 
the  latter  of  tv  and  rifivai,  which  have  the  same  significations  as  the  Latin 
words  above  mentioned.  The  names  were  undoubtedly  suggested  by  the  form 
which  many  insects  have,  i.  e.,  the  appearance  of  being  almost  cut  in  two. 


180  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

81.  Ep'os,  («roc),  a  speech;  a  poem. 

EP'IC,  containing  narration  of  OR'THOEPY,  (160),  correct  pro- 
an  elevated  character.  nunciation. 


82.  JEr'emos,  (ipfjfj.os'),  lonely. 

ER'EMITE,  one  who  lives  in  alHER'MiT,  (same  signification), 
wilderness. 


83.  E/ffon,  (epYov),  a  work. 


EN'ERGY,  (ivipyeta),  vigor  of 


operation. 


LIT'URGY,  (Gr.  hry,  prayer),  a 
formulary  of  public  prayer. 


METALLURGY,  (Gr.  titraMav,  a 
metal),  the  art  of  working 
metals  and  obtaining  them 
from  the  ore. 


84.  Es'o,  (eVw),  within. 
ESOT'ERY,  (little used), mystery. |  ESOTER'IC,  private;  secret. 

85.  Ai'lher,  (fl£:%>),  the  air. 

E'THER,  a  light  fluid.  |  ETHE'REAL,  immaterial ;  subtile. 

86.  Eth'os,  (?^oc),  a  custom. 

ETH'ICS,  the  science  of  morals;  I  ETH'ICAL,  relating  to  morals  or 
moral  philosophy.  duty. 

87.  Eth'nos,  (e'0j<o?),  a  nation. 

ETH'NICAL,  relating  to  the  races!  ETHNOL'OGY,  (128),  a  classifica- 
of  mankind.  tion  and  description  of  races. 

88.  Et'iimon,  (ery/jov),*  the  true  derivation. 

ET'YMON,  a  root  or  primitive  ETYMOL'OGY,  the  study  of  deri- 
word.  vation  and  inflection. 

*  The  adjective  t'ru/wy  signifies  true,  genuine. 


WORDS   DERIVED   FROM   THE    GREEK. 
89.  En,  (eo),  well;  rightly. 


181 


EU'LOGY,  (128),  praise;  pane- 
gyric. 

EU'PHONY,  (176),  pleasantness 
of  sound. 


EVAN'GELIST,*  (15),  a  preacher 

of  the  gospel. 
EVAN'GELIZE,  to  instruct  in  the 


gospel. 

*  The  Greek  «  had,  in  certain  words,  the  sound  of  the  English  v.     The 
word  cvtiyycXtov  signifies,  primarily,  good  tidings. 

90.    Ga'lax,  G-a/laf),  milk. 
GAL'AXY,  the  milky  way ;  a  splendid  assemblage. 

91.  Ga'meo,  (^a/^w),  to  marry. 

BIG' AMY,  (Lat.  37),  the  crime  I  POLYG'AMY,  (188),  the  having 
of  having  two  wives  at  once.    |     a  plurality  of  wives. 

92.  Gas'ter,  (yaureijp'),  the  belly. 


GAS'TRIC,  belonging  to  the  sto- 


mach. 


93.    Ge, 


GEOG'RAPHY,  (99),  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  earth's  surface. 

GEOL'OGY,  (128),  the  science  of 
the  structure  of  the  earth. 

GEOM'ETRY,!   the    science    of 


GASTRIL'OQUIST,     a     ventrilo- 
quist, (see  Lat.  270). 

),  the  earth. 

GEOPON'ICS  (Gr.  TTOVO?,  labor), 

agriculture. 
AP'OGEE,  greatest  distance  from 

the  earth. 
PER'IGEE,  nearest  approach  to 

the  earth. 


magnitude. 

f  Primarily,  the  art  of  measuring  the  earth  or  globe. 

94.  Genna'o,  (jevvdia),  to  produce.     Ge'nea,  (jevea),  birth;  origin. 

GENEAL'OGY,  (128), lineage;  anjGEN'ESis,  (Gr.  ?^v£<n<r),  origin; 
account  of  one's  descent.  creation. 

95.  Glo'tta  or  Glossa,  (j/.d>rra  or  /v.cSrrffa),  the  tongue ;  language. 

GLOT'TIS  and  EPIGLOT'TIS, 
parts  of  the  throat,  lying  near 
the  root  of  the  tongue. 

96.    Glu'pho,  (f>lu^«>),  to  carve  or  engrave. 

GLYPH,  a  kind  of  ornament  in  HI'EROGLYPH,  (114),  a  mystical 
sculpture.  character  or  symbol. 


POL'YGLOT,  (188),  in  many  lan- 
guages. 
GLOSS' ARY,  a  limited  dictionary. 


182  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

97.    Gno'mr,  (pco/zij),  reason ;  judgment.      Gno'sis, 
knowlede. 


DIAGNO'SIS,  judgment  respect- 
ing the  character  of  a  disease. 

IG'NORANT,  destitute  of  know- 
ledge. 

GXOS'TICS,  an  ancient  sect  of 
philosophers. 


PHYSIOG'XOM  Y,  ( 1 80),  the  art  of 
discerning  the  character  of  the 
mind  from  the  countenance. 

PROGNOS'TIC,  a  sign  by  which 
a  future  event  mav  be 


known. 


may 


98.   Go'nia,  (fiu'sta),  an  angle  or  corner. 


DIAG'ONAL,  passing  through  the 
opposite  angles. 

GOMOM'ETER,  (137),  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  angles. 


POL'YGOX,  (188),  a  figure  hav- 
ing many  angles. 

TRIGONOM'ETRY,  (137),  the 
measuring  of  triangles. 


99.    Graph'o,  (ypdiput'),  to  write  :  Gramma,  (ypd/j.[j.a),  a  writing. 

AN'AGRAM,  a  transposition  of  GRAPH'ITE,    a   substance   used 

the  letters  of  a  word.  for  pencils. 

ATJ'TOGRAPH,  (see  29).  |  PAR'AGRAPH,  a  distinct  part  of 

DI'AGRAM,  a  delineation;  a  fig-!     a  composition. 

PARALLEL'OGRAM,      a     figure 
whose  opposite  sides  are  par- 


ure. 


EP'IGRAM,    a    short,     pointed 
poem. 


allel. 


GRAM'MAR,  the  science  which  STEXOG'RAPHY,*  (206),  short- 

treats   of    the    laws   of    lan-|      hand. 

guage.  TELE'GRAPH,  (Gr.  -?7/b,  afar),  a 

GRAPH'IC,  well  delineated  ;  giv-  !  machine  for  communicating 

ing  vivid  description.  intelligence  by  signals. 

*  The  termination  graphy,  which  is  found  in  a  large  class  of  words,  denotes 
a  writing  or  treatise. 

100.   Gum'nos.  (JU/JLVO^,  naked. 


GYMNA'SIUM,|  a  place  for  ath-  1  GYMNAS'TIC,   belonging    to    a 

letic  exercises.  gymnasium. 

f  In  the  ancient  games  the  combatants  were  naked,  or  nearly  so,  and  hence 
their  exercise  was  called  ye/iuwfa. 

101.    Gu'ne,  (^yviy),J  a  woman. 

GYN'ARCHY,  (18),  government  :  GYN^OC'RACY,    (60),    govern- 
by  a  female.  ment   over   which 


a    woman 


X.  relating  to  women.       may  preside. 
J  The  word  ywrj  enters  into  a  number  of  botanical  terms. 


WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GREEK.       183 

102.    Gu'ros,  (jD/>oc),  a  circle. 
GYRA'TION,  a  whirling  round.    |  GY'RAL,  whirling. 


103.  Ilel'domos,  (e/Wo/w?),  the  seventh. 
HEB'DOMAD,  (obsolete),  a  week.  |  HEBDOM'ADAL,  weekly. 

104.  Hck'aton,  (&OTOV),  a  hundred. 

HEC'ATOMB,  (Gr.  /9oy<r,  an  ox),  I     of  a  hundred  oxen  or  other 
an    ancient  heathen    sacrifice!      animals  at  once. 

105.  He'lios,  (jjAw?),  the  sun. 

APHE'LION,    greatest    distance  HE'LIOTROPE,    (221),   a   plant 
from  the  sun.  that  turns  to  the  sun. 

HELI'ACAL,  emerging  from  the  j  PERIHE'LION,*  nearest  approach 
lisht  of  the  sun   or   passing  I      of  a  planet  to  the  sun. 
into  it. 

*  The  word  >"Xwf  enters  into  various  astronomical  terms. 

106.  EeHen,  ("EUr^,  a  Greek. 


HELLEN'IC,       pertaining 


Greece. 


HEL'LENIST,  one  skilled  in  the 
Greek  language. 


107.  Hai'ma,  (a?/to),  blood. 


HEM'ORRHAGE,  (195),  a  flow  of  j  HEM'ORRHOIDS,    bleeding    tu- 
blood.  I     mors. 

108.  He'mera,  (rj/xs/?a).  a  day. 
EPHEM'ERAL,  lasting  but  a  day.  |  EPHEM'ERIS,  a  kind  of  almanac. 

109.  ffe'mi,  (^/j»)>  a  Prefix  signifying  half. 

HEMISPHERE,    (Gr.  ffyalpa,  aiHEM'isTiCH,  (208),  half  a  line 
ball),  a  half  sphere.,  in  poetry. 

110.  fhp'ta,  (c£7rrd),  seven. 

HEP'TAGON,  (98),  a  figure  hav- :  HEP'TARCHY,  (18),  a  govern- 
ing seven  angles.  j      ment  by  seven  persons. 


184  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

111.  Hetfcros,  (?«/oo?),  other;  another. 

HET'ERODOX,  (70),   heretical ;  j  HETEROGE'NEOTJS,  (94),  of  dif- 
holding  erroneous  sentiments.  |      ferent  nature  or  kind. 

112.  Hex,  (I,-),  six. 

HEX'AGON,  (98),  a  figure  hav- '  HEXAM'ETER,  (137),  having  six 
ing  six  angles.  metrical  feet. 

113.  Hi'p'pos,  (F-ro?),  a  horse. 

HIPPOPOT'AMUS,     (189),     the  i  HIP'PODROME,  (71),  anciently, 
river  horse.  I     a  circus. 

114.  Hteros,  (ispo-),  sacred. 

HI'EBARCHY,  (18),  ecclesiasti-  HIEROGLYPH'IC,  (96),  a  sacred 
cal  government.  I      character  or  symbol. 

115.  Hom'ilos,  (ojuf/los'),  an  assembly  or  company. 

UOM'ILY,  a  discourse  pronoun-  j  HOMILET'IC,  pertaining  to  pulpit 
ced  to  an  audience.  discourse. 


116.  JHom'os,  (J//o?),  united;  like. 

HOMOGE'NEOUS,   (94),   of  the  HOMOLOGOUS,  (128),   propor- 
same  kind  or  nature.  tionate  to  each  other. 

117.  Ho'ra,  (wpof),  an  hour. 

HO'RAL,  relating  to  an  hour.      i  HOROL'OGY,  the  art  of  making 
,      time-pieces. 

118.  Hori'zo  (<;/?!'!>),  to  fix  a  limit. 

HORI'ZON,     the    limit    which  HORIZONTAL,   parallel   to   the 
bounds  the  sight.  j      horizon. 

119.  Uii'dor,  (o8a>p),  water. 


HY'DRA,  a  water  serpent. 
HY'DRANT,  a  pipe  for  discharg- 
ing water. 


HYDRAUL'IC,  (28),  relating  to 
the  conveyance  of  water 
through  pipes. 


WORDS  DERIVED  FROM  THE  GREEK.       185 


HYDROSTAT'IC,  (204),  relating 
to  the  weight  and  equilibrium 
of  fluids. 

DROP'SY,  (Gr.  udpta^,  a  disease. 


HY'DROGEN,  (94),  one  of  the 

elements  of  water. 
HYDROPHO'BIA,     (Gr. 

fear),  dread  of  water. 

120.  Ich'thus,  0>0y<0>  a  fish. 

ICHTHYOL'OGY,  the  science  of  ICH'THYOLITE,  (127),  fossil  fish, 
fishes. 

121.  Id'ios,  (f&o?),  belonging  to  onej  peculiar. 


ID'IOM,  peculiarity  of  expression 

or  phraseology. 
ID'IOT,*  a  fool. 


IDIOSYN'CRASY,  (Gr.  auYxpaats, 
constitution),  peculiar  liability 
to  some  form  of  disease. 

*  The  Greek  word  lSi^Trj(  signifies  a  private  individual;  it  was  used  also 
to  signify  a  very  ignorant  pernon. 

122.  fdos,  (e?<Jo<r),  appearance;  figure. 


CY'CLOID,!  (63),  a  geometrical 


SPHEROID',  a  solid  resembling  a 
sphere. 

f  Literally,  the  likeness  or  resemblance  of  a  circle.  The  termination  oid 
is  found  in  a  number  of  words  not  here  given,  and  has  the  same  signification, 
viz. :  resemblance. 


123.  1'sos,  (f<ro?)i  equal. 


ISOCH'RONOUS,  (54),  performed 
in  equal  times,  (as  the  vibra- 
tion of  a  pendulum). 


ISOS'CELES,  (Gr.  ffxllos,  the  leg), 
having  two  legs  or  sides  which 
are  equal. 


124.  Ln'os,  (Aao?),  the  people. 
LA'ITY,  the  people,  as   distin-  LAY,  not  clerical.  [gyman. 


guished  from  the  clergy. 


LAY'MAN,  one  who  is  not  a  cler- 


125.  Le'the,  (ytij'0)?),  forgetfulness ;  oblivion. 

LETHE'AN,  inducing  forgetful- 1  LETH'ARGY,  (20),  morbid  drow- 
ness.  [     siness. 

126.  Lex' is,  (^4^?)?  a  word  or  expression. 

LEX'ICON,   a   dictionary,    (An- 1  LEXICOG'RAPHY,  (99),  the  com- 
ylice,  a  word-book).  pilation  of  a  dictionary. 


186  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

127.  Lfthos,  (MOos),  a  stone. 

LITIIOG'RAPHY,    (99),   writing  I  CHRYS'OLITE,*  (55),  a  precious 
or  drawing  on  stone.  I      stone. 

*  The  termination  lite,  from  Affloj,  is  found  in  many  names  of  minerals. 

128.  Log' os,  (^.«^o?),  a  speech,  account,  or  description. 

LOG'IC,  the  art  of  reasoning. 
LOGOM'ACHY,  (130),  a  war  of 

words* 
PniLOL'oGY,f  (175),  the  science 

of  language. 


ANAL'OGY,  correspondence. 
APOL'OGY,  an  excuse;  a  plea. 
CAT'ALOGUE,  (Or.  xardXoytf<i), 

list. 
DI'ALOGUE,  a  conversation. 


f  The  termination  or  suffix  logy,  which  is  found  in  a  large  number  of  words, 
is  from  Atfyoy,  and  denotes  art,  science,  description,  account,  &c. 


129.  Lu'sis,  (At«n?),  a  loosing  or  dissolving. 

ANAI/YSIS,  the  separation  of  a  PARAL'YSIS,  palsy. 

compound  into  its  constituent!  PARALYT'IC,  afiected  with  palsy. 
parts. 

130.  Mach'omai,  (/JU^O/MK),  to  fight. 

MONOM'ACHY,     (141),    "single  |  NAU'MACHY,  (145),  a  sea-fight. 
combat. 

131.  Manfei'a,  (jctovteta),  soothsaying;  divination. 

The  snffix  mancy,  as  in  nee'romanry,  is  from  this  word.  Necromancy, 
(Gr.  wpof,  dead),  signifies  the  revcaliny  of  future  events  by  pretended  commu- 
nication with  (he  dead. 


132.   Mar'tnr,  (ndprup),  a  witness;  a  martyr. 

MAR'TYR,  one  who   is  put   to  ;  MAR'TYRDOM,  the  death  of  a 
death    for  adherence   to  any  i      martyr.  [martyr. 

I  PRO'TO-MARTYR,  (192).  the  first 


133.  Mathc'mo,  (juUhj/ui),  knowledge;  that  which  is  learned. 

MATIIEMAT'ICS,  the  science  of  i  CirtiESTOM'ATiiY,  (Gr. 

quantity.  [knowledge,  j      easily 

POLYM'ATHY,     (188),    various!     lessons. 


quantity.  [knowledge,  j      easily  used),  a  series  "of  easy 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE   GREEK.  187 

134.  Meckan'ttO,  (fU]%aydia'))  to  contrive  or  invent. 
MECH'ANISM,  the  construction  I  MECHANICS,  the  science  which 


of  a  machine,  engine,  or  in- 


treats of  forces,  the  laws  of 
motion,  &c. 


135.  Mel'os,  ((j./ttos),  a  song 


strument. 


MEL'ODY,  an  agreeable  succes-IMELo'mous,    musical;    agree- 
sion  of  sounds.  able  to  the  ear.  « 

136.  Meteo'ros,  (p.£riwpoq\  floating  in  the  air. 

ME'TEOR,  a  shooting  star.  I     which  treats  of  the  atmosphere 

METEOROL'OGY,    that     science]     aud  its  phenomena. 


137.  Met'ron, 

ME'TRE,  arrangement  of  poetical 

feet. 

MET'RICAL,  pertaining  to  metre. 
DIAM'ETER,    measure    through 

anything. 


SYM'METRY,  due  proportion  of 
parts. 

THERMOM'ETER,     (Gr. 

heat),  an  instrument  for  mea- 
suring heat. 


KOTE.  —  The  suffixes  meter  and  metry,  in  such  words  as  barometer,  geome- 
try, Ac.,  are  derived  from  pcrpov.  Many  words  having  these  suffixes  will  be 
found  in  this  book,  and  a  reference  to  this  paragraph  usually  accompanies 
them. 

138.  Mik'ros,  (tJ.upoq),  small. 

MIC'ROCOSM,  (58),  a  little  world;  MIC'ROSCOPE,  (200),  a  glass  for 
(man  is  often  so  called).  viewing  minute  objects. 

139.  Mi'sos,  (/j.'iffo<;^,  hatred. 

MISAN'THROPY,  (17),  hatred  of   MISOG'AMIST,  (91),  a  hater  of 
mankind.  marriage. 

140.  Mne'me,  (/jt^'/-"j)>  memory. 

MNEMONICS,  the  art  of  memory.       act    of    oblivion;    a   general 
AM'NESTY,  (Gr.  a^rjirrsia),  an       pardon. 


141.  Mon'os,  (jwvof),  sole;  only. 


MON'AP,  an  indivisible  thing. 
MONK,  (Gr.  (ju»a%os')> a  religious 
recluse. 


MON'ACHISM,  the  condition  of 
monks;  a  monastic  life. 


188  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


MONASTERY,  a  house  of  reli- 
gious retirement. 

MONAS'TIC,  pertaining  to  the 
life  of  a  monk. 

MOX'ARCH,  (18),  a  sole  ruler; 
a  king. 


MONOPOLIZE,  (186),  to  become 
the  only  dealer  in  any  com- 
modity; to  engross  the  whole. 

MONOSYL'LABLE,*  a  word  of 
one  syllable. 

MoNOT'oNY,sameness  of  sound; 


•MON'OGRAM,  (99),  a  character!     want  of  variety. 

combining  several  letters.        j 
*  Jhe  prefix  mono  or  mon,  which  is  found  in  a  number  of  words,  is  from  p6vo>. 

142.  Mor'plie,  (,u<Y>e>}j),  form;  shape. 
AMORPH'OUS,  of  irregular  shape,  j  METAMORPH'OSE,  to  transform. 

143.  Mu'thos,  (futOus),  a  fable. 


MYTH'IC,  fabulous. 
MYTHOL'OGY,  (128),  the  system 


of  fables  respecting  heathen 
deities. 


144.  Nar'ke,  (ydpxy*),  numbness;  stupor. 
NARCO'SIS,  stupefaction.  INARCOT'lC,  causing  stupor. 

145.  Naus,  (vats'),  a  ship. 

NAU'SEA,    properly,     sea-sick- 1  XAUT'ICAL,  pertaining  to  navi- 

ness;  disposition  to  vomit.  gation. 

NAU'SEOUS,  sickening;  disgust-  NAU'TILUS,  the  shell-fish  which 

ing;  loathsome. 


146.  Ne'os,  (v<?«<r),  new. 

NEOL'OGY,  (128),  a  new  system  I  NE'OPHYTE,  (Gr.  yurov,  a  plant 
of  doctrines.  I     or  shoot),  a  novice. 

147.  JVe'sos,  (vijffot;),  an  island. 
PELOPOXNE'SUS,  the  island  of  POLYNE'SIA,  (188),  a  part  of 


Pelops,  now  called   the   Mo- 


the  Pacific  Ocean,  containing 


many  islands. 

148.  Neu'ron,  (v£upov~),  a  cord;  a  nerve. 

NEUROL'OGY,  (128),  a  descrip-  XEURAL'GIA,  (10),  a  diseased 
tion  of  the  nerves,  (a  depart-  j      state  of  the  nerves, 
ment  of  anatomy).  |  EN'ERVATE,  to  weaken. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE   GREEK.  189 

149.  No'mos,  (j/<5/.zos),  a  law  or  rule. 


ANOM'ALY,  a  deviation  from  the 
general  course  or  law. 

ANTINO'MIAN,  against  law;  un- 
dervaluing good  works. 


DEUTERON'OMY,  (Gr.  dsurepo-, 
second),  the  second  book  of 
the  law. 

ECON'OMY,*  see  75. 


*  The  suffix  nomy,  which  is  found  in  many  words,  as  in  astronomy,  (25), 
is  from  v6uo;. 


150.  No' sos,  (voffos\  disease. 


NOSOL'OGY,  the  description  of 


diseases. 


NOSOI/OGIST,  one  who  classifies 
and  describes  diseases. 


151.   O'de,  (<u&y),  an  ode;  a  song. 


ODE,  a  short  poem  or  song. 
MEL'ODY,  (135),  sweetness  of 

sound. 
PAL'INODE,    (Gr.    xdhv,   back 

again),  a  recantation. 
PAR'ODY,  a  humorous  imitation. 


PROS'ODY,  the  study  of  versifi- 
cation. 

PSAL'MODY.-J-  the  singing  of 
sacred  songs. 

RHAP'SODY,  an  unconnected 
effusion. 


f  The  Greek  word  t//uAAco  signifies  to  play  on  a  stringed  instrument. 

152.    O'dos,  (o<W?),  a  road  or  way. 


Ex'oDUS,J  a  departure. 


METH'OD,§  arrangement;  man- 
ner. 


PE'RIOD,||  a  circuit. 

" 


an  ecclesiastical  con- 
vention. 

J  Particularly,  the  departure  of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt, 

g  Compounded  of  ficra,  according  to,  and  060;  ;  signifying,  therefore,  the 
following  of  a  way  or  mode. 

||  From  Trcpl,  around,  alout,  and  6<5dy. 

^[  From  o-wk,  together,  and  aids;  and  signifies  a  journeying  or  coming  to 
meet  one  another. 

153.    Od'ous, 


us,  6dtJVTo<i),  a  tooth. 


ODONTAL'GIA  or  ODONTAL'GY,  \  ODONTAL'GIC,  pertaining  to  the 
(10),  toothache.  |     toothache. 

154.  For  the  suffix  oid,  see  122. 

155.   Ol'igos,  (dXlyos),  few;  small. 

OLIGARCHY,    (18),   a   govern-       ment  in  which  a  few  persons 

hold  the  supreme  power. 


190 


THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

156.  On'oma,  (ovo/ia),  a  name. 


ANON'YMOUS,  without  name. 
METON'YMY,  a  change  of  names. 
PARON'YMOUS,  resembling   an- 
other word. 


SYNON'YMOTJS,    conveying    the 

same  idea. 
SYN'ONYM,    a   word   conveying 

the  same  idea  as  another. 


157.  Op'tomai,  (o-ro,ua:),  to  see. 


OP'TICS,  the  science  of  light  and 

vision. 
OP'TICAL,  pertaining  to  sight. 


OPIITHAL'MIA,  (Gr.  6<f0a^/jLu~, 
the  eye),  a  disease  of  the  eyes- 
SYNOP'SIS,  a  general  view. 


158.  Ora'ma, 


,  a  sight  ;  a  spectacle. 


DIORA'MA,  (Gr.  &«,  through),  I  PANORA'MA,  (164),  a  complete 
an  optical  machine.  j     or  entire  view. 


159.  0/nis,  (opvts,  opvtOoq})  a  bird. 

ORNITHOL'OGY,  (128),  the  sci-  ORNITH'OLITE,  (127),  a  petrified 
ence  of  birds.  bird. 


160.  Or'thos,  (dp0o~),  erect;  right. 


OR'THODOX,    (70),   correct   in 


opinion 


belief. 


OR'THOEPY,  (81),  correct  pro- 


nunciation. 


OR'THOEPIST,  one  skilled  in  pro- 


nunciation. 


ORTHOG'RAPHY,    (99),   correct 
spelling. 


161.  Os'teon,  ( 

OSTEOL'OQY,  (128),  that  part  of 
anatomy  which  treats  of  the 
bones. 


tor^ov),  a  bone. 

PERIOS'TEUM,  a  vascular  mem- 
brane investing  the  bones  of 
animals. 


162.  Ox'us,  (o'?u?),  sharp;  acid. 


OXAL'IC,  (Gr.  dca/k,   sorrel), 

pertaining  to  sorrel. 
OX'YQEN,  (94),  the  gas  which 

iienerates  acids. 


OX'YD,   a    substance    combined 

with  oxygen. 

PAR'OXYSM,  an  exacerbation  or 
I     temporary  violence  of  disease. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE   GREEK. 
163.   Paidetfa,  (rac^eta*),  education. 


191 


PED'AGOGUE,  (8),  a  teacher  of 

children. 
PED'ANT,  one  who  makes  a  vain 

display  of  learning. 


PEDANT'IC,  ostentatious  of  learn- 
ing. 

CYCLOPE'DIA,  ENCYCLOPE'DIA, 
see  63. 


*  From  Troif,  ir<u<5dj,  a  child. 


164.   Pan,  (xav,  ; 

PANACE'A,  a  universal  medicine. 
PANEGYR'ic,f  a  public  eulogy. 
PAN'OPLY,  (Gr.  SxXov,  a  wea- 


every; 


all. 


pon),  complete  armor. 
PANORA'MA,  see  158. 
PAN'THEISM,  (2 16),  the  doctrine 

that  the  universe  is  God. 


PANTHE'ON,    (216),   a  temple 

dedicated  to  all  the  gods. 
PAN'TOMIME,  (Gr.  //.^o?,  a  mim- 


ic), an  imitation  of  all  kinds 
of  action,  &c.,  without  speak- 
ing, [instrument. 
PAN'TOGRAPH,  (99),  a  copying 

f  Compounded  of  irav  and  dyopa,  a>»  assembly. 


165.  Pa'thos,  (xddos),  suffering;  affection;  emotion. 

ANTIP'ATHY,  aversion. 
AP'ATHY,  want  of  feeling. 
PATHET'IC,  exciting  emotion. 


PATHOL'OGY,   the    science    of 

diseases. 
SYM'PATHY,  fellow-feeling. 


166.  Pen'te,  (r^vre),  five. 

PEN'TAGON,  (98),  a  figure  hav-  PEN'TATEUCH,  (reD/*;?,  a  book), 
ing  five  angles. 


the  five  books  of  Moses. 


167.  Pep'  to,  (7r6rr<w),  to  boil;  to  concoct. 

DYSPEP'SY,  (74),  difficulty  of  j  PEP'TIC,  promoting  digestion. 
digestion. 

168.   Petfalon,  (rr<?royU),  a  leaf. 


PE'TAL,  a  flower-leaf. 
PET'ALLED,  having  petals. 


MONOPET'ALOUS,  (141),  having 
only  one  petal. 


169.  Pe'tra,  (x{rpa},l  a  rock. 
PET'RIFY,  to  convert  into  stone.  |  PETRO'LEUM,  rock  oil. 

J  Peter,  (Htrpoj),  the  name  given  to  one  of  the  apostles,  is  from  irirpa.     Sea 
Matt.  xvi.  18. 

19 


192  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

170.  Pha'go,  OG>W),  to  eat. 


ESOPH'AGUS,  or  (ESOPH'AGUS,*  SARCOPHAGUS^  (196),  a  stone 
the  gullet.  coffin. 

*  Compounded  of  0101,  (<."<7w),  to  carry,  and  0iyo>,  and  signifying,  literally, 
that  which,  carries  or  conducts  the  food  to  the  stomach. 

f  The  word  is  derived  from  the  name  of  a  calcareous  stone  anciently  used 
by  the  Greeks,  (>.<&>,-  <r<ip/w0ayoj),  which  rapidly  decomposed  bodies  deposited 
in  it. 

171.  Phai'no,  (ya(vu>~),  to  appear;  to  show. 

DIAPH'ANOUS,  transparent.         :  PHASE,     or      PHA'SIS,      (pf. 
EM'PHASIS,!  special  stress  upon  j      PHASES),  an   appearance,  as 

some  word  or  sentence.  of  the  moon. 

EPIPII'ANY,§  the  manifestation.  'PHENOMENON,  (pi.  PHENOM'- 
PHAN'TASM,  PHAN'TOM,  a  fan-  1     ENA),     an     appearance  ;      a 

cied  appearance.  i      change  ;  an  event. 

J  Literally,  the  making  anything  distinct  or  manifest. 
g  The  manifestation  of  Christ  to  the  Gentiles. 

172.   P/iar'makon,  fodp(uatov)t  a  drug;  a  medicine. 

PHARMACOPOEIA,  (Gr.  xinlw,  to 
make),  a  dispensatory;  a  book 
describing  the  preparation  of 
the  several  kinds  of  medicine. 


PHAR'MACY,  the  art  of  preparing 


medicine. 

PHARMACEUT'IC,  pertaining  to 
the  art  of  pharmacy. 


173,  Phe'mi,  (yrj/ju),  to  say  or  tell. 


BLASPHEME',   to    speak   impi- 
ously. 
PROPH'ESY,  to  foretell. 


PROPH'ET,  (Gr.  TT^O^'TT;?),  one 

who  foretells.  [phecy. 

PROPHET'IC,     containing    pro- 


174.  Phero,  {<f{pa>),  to  bear  or  carry. 

DIAPHORETIC,)!  causing  perspi-lPERipu'ERY,**  circumference. 

ration.  jPHOSPHORUS,ff  a  luminous  sub- 

MET'APHOR,^"  a  short  similitude.  |      stance. 

[|  Literally,  carrying  through ;  i.  e..  causing  moisture  to  pass  through  the 
pores  »f  the  i-kin. 

\  From  [iera<l>lpw,  which  signifies  to  transfer. 

**  The  words  periphery  and  circumference  are  formed  of  corresponding  words 
in  the  Latin  and  Greek.  The  former  has  a  more  limited  siguificatiua  than  tha 
latter. 

ft  Compounded  of  <&,  light,  and  ^p<j,  and  signifying,  literally,  Hylit- 
btaring. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM   THE   GREEK.  193 

175.  Phtlos,  (^cV.o?),  a  friend  or  lover. 
PHILADELPHIA,*  (6),  che  name  j  PHILOI/OGIST,  (128),  a  student 


of  a  city. 
PHILAN'THROPY,  (17),  love  for 


mankind. 


of  language. 
PniLOs'oPHY,f  (202),  the  study 
of  eeueral  laws. 


*  Literally,  brotherly  love ;  the  Greek  wo 
f  Literally,  love  of  wisdom. 

176.  Pho'ne,  ($pw;oy),  a  sound. 


PHONOL'OGY,  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  sounds  uttered  in 
human  speech.  [sound. 

EUPIION'IC,  (89),  agreeable  in 


SYM'PHONY,  property,  a  har- 
mony of  sounds;  an  instru- 
mental passage  in  music,  de- 
signed to  relieve  the  vocalist. 


177.  Phos,  (<pu>^,  light. 


PHOSPHORESCENCE,  faint  lumi- 

nousness.     See  174. 
PHOS'PHATE,  a  chemical  salt. 


PHOTOM'ETER,  an  instrument 
for  measuring  the  intensity  of 
light 


178.  Phra'zo,  (ypd^w),  to  say  or  relate. 

PHRASE,  an  expression  or  short  j  PAR'APIIRASE,  a  fuller  expres- 

sion   of  the   meaning  of  an 


sentence. 

PER'IPHRASE,        ( Gr. 
around),  circumlocution. 


author. 
PERIPHRAS'TIC,  circumlocutory. 


179.  Phren,  (_<pprtv),  the  mind. 

PHRENOL'OGY,  (128),  the  sci-l  PHREN'SY,  madness;  delirium. 
ence  of  the  mind  as  connected  j  FRAN'TIC  or  PHRENET'IC,  vio- 
with  the  brain.  |  lently  delirious. 

180.  Phu'sis,  (^uff«?),    nature. 


PnYs'ics,§  the  study  or  science  PHYSIOL'OGY,  the  science  of  the 
of  nature.  properties   and    functions  of 

PHYS'ICAL,  pertaining  to  nature,  j      animals  and  plants. 

J  The  Latin  verb  nat'cnr  and  the  Greek  verb  Qvu  have  nearly  the  same  sig- 
nification, viz.  :  to  come  into  being.  The  former  gives  rise  to  the  substantive 
nutu'rn,  and  the  latter  to  the  substantive  <-v<ris. 

$  MctapJtysicH  signifies,  literally,  after  or  next  to  pfiysics.  It  is  the  science 
which  treats  of  the  relations  between  abstract  ideas. 


194  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

181.   Peira'o,  (xstpdio'),  to  try. 

EMPIR'ICAL,  derived  from  ex- !  EM'PIRIC,  one  who  makes  ex- 
periment. I     periments;  a  quack. 

182.  Pla'ne,  (?daVij),  a  wandering. 

PLAN'ET,  a  wandering  or  mov- j  PLAN'ETARY,  pertaining  to  the 
ing  star.  planets. 

183.  Plas'so,  (-kdffaui),  to  mould  or  shape. 
PLAS'TIC,  giving  shape.  |  CAT'APLASM,*  a  poultice. 

*  Tho  word  TrXao-o-cj  signifies,  primarily,  to  smear  with  any  soft  mixture,  as 
wet  clay. 

181.  Pne'o,  (--slca),  to  blow;  to  breathe:  Pneu'ma,  (^veD/za),  a 
breath;  a  blast. 


DYSPNGE'A,   (74),  difficulty  of 

breathing. 
PNEUMAT'IC,  pertaining  to  air. 


PNEUMAT'ICS,  the  science  which 

treats  of  the  air.  [lungs. 

PNEUMON'IC,  pertaining  to  the 


185.  Pol'emos,  (rtWe/io?),  war. 
POLEM'JC,  a.  controversial.         |  POLEM'IC,  s.  a  disputant. 

186.  Po'lto,  (rMAttu*),  to  sell. 

BIBLIOP'OLIST,   (35),  a  book- ;  MONOP'OLY,    (141),    exclusive 
seller.  sale. 

187.  Po'lis,  (-«/<?),  a  city. 

METROP'OLIS,    (Gr.    MIJ'TTJ/>,   a  I  PoL'iTY,f  civil  constitution. 

mother),  the  chief  city.  j  POL'ITIC,  prudent  j  sagacious. 

POLICE',  the  government  of  a  j  POL'ITICS,  the  science  of  govern- 

city  or  town.  rnent. 

f  Pul'icy  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  a  course  of  political  measures. 

188.  Po'lus,  (ro^yc),  much ;  many. 

POLYANTH'OS,    (16),   a    plant  j  POL' YGON,  (98),  a  figure  haviug 
which  produces  many  flowers,  j      many  angles. 


WUKDS  DERIVED  FUOM  THE  GREEK.        195 

POL' YPTJS,  (190),  an  insect  hav-  POL'YTHEISM,  (216),  the  doc- 
ing  many  feet.  trine  ot  a  plurality  of  gods. 
NOTE. — The  signification  of  the  prefix  poly  will  be  seen  from  the  above 
examples,  and  it  is  therefore  unnecessary  to  adduce  more. 

189.  Pol'amos,  (TTora/io?),  a  river.     See  113. 

190.  Pons,  ("«<3c,  rodo?),  a  foot. 

AX'TIPODE,   one  who  lives  on,      and  whose  feet  are  directly 
the  opposite  side  of  the  globe,  i      opposite  to  ours. 

191.   Pras'so,  (xpdffffu*'),  to  do;  Prak'tns,  (-/>a*roc),  done: 
Pray' ma.)  (sywEy/wtJ,  a  deed. 

FRAC'TICE,    frequent    perform- 
ance. 
PRAc'llCABLEjthatmay  be  done. 


PRAGMAT'ICAL,  officious;  med- 
dling. 
PRAX'IS,  a  form  to  teach  practice. 


192.   Pro'tos,  (xpioros).  firs*- 

PRO'TOCOL,*  a  record  or  registry.)  PRO'TOTYPE,  (222),  an  original 
PROTiiox'OTARY,t  a  register  or       or  model. 

clerk.  PROTOX'YD,  the  first  oxyd. 

*  Compounded  of  rpcoTOj  and  *<5AAa,  yhie.  The  word  was  originally  used  to 
denote  the  upper  part  of  a  leaf  or  writing,  and  was  probably  derived  from  tho 
practice  of  gluing  or  pasting  pieces  of  paper  or  parchment  together,  as  in 
forming  a  long  sheet  for  an  extended  document;  the  protocol  was,  therefore, 
the  first  of  the  pasted  sheets. 

f  Literally,  the  chief  register  or  clerk. 

193.    Psu'cke,  (^'w/iy),  the  soul. 

METEMPSYCHO'SIS,   the    trans-  j  PSYCHOL'OGY,  (128),  a  discourse 
migration  of  souls.  on  the  human  soul. 

194.  Pur,  (rD/o),  fire. 


EMPYR'EAL,  formed  of  pure  fire 

or  light.  [smoke. 

PYROLIG'NEOUS,;};  produced  from 


PYRE,  a  funeral  pile. 
PYROTECH'MCS,  (212),  the  art 
of  making  fire-works. 


J  Lat.  liy'num,  wood;  pyroligneous,  produced  by  wood  and  fire. 

195.  Rhc'o,  (piw},  to  flow. 


CATARRH',  a  defiuxion  of  mucus, 
il  KM'ORRHAGE,  (107),  a  flow  of 
blood. 


DIARRHE'A,  purging  or  flux. 
RiiEu'MATiSM,§apainful  disease 
of  the  limbs. 


£  So  called  because  the  ancients  supposed  it  to  arise  from  a  defluxion  of 
humors. 


196  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

196.    Sarx,  (aapz,  *«/£""'-)»  flesh. 

SAR'CASM,*  a  satirical  remark ;  HYPERSARCO'SIS,  the  growth  of 
a  taunt.  fungous  or  proud  flesh. 

*  Literally,  a  cutting  or  tearing  of  the  flesh. 

197.   jSkep'tomai,  (qxl—ojjLaf),  to  examine  or  consider. 


SKEP'TIC,  one  who  doubts. 
SKEP'TICAL,  doubting. 


SKEP'TICISM,  a  state  or  habit  of 
doubting. 


198.   Schis'ma,  (ff/tV/za),  a  splitting;  a  division. 

SCHISM,  division  or  separation  SCHISMAT'IC,  promoting  schism. 
in  a  church. 

199.   Scho'le,  (<r/<Mry),  leisure. 

SCHOOL,  a  place  of  instruction.     SCIIOLAS'TIC,    pertaining   to    a 
SCHOL'AR,  one  who  learns ;    a       school,  or  to  the  schools. 
person  of  learning.  SCHO'LIAST,  a  commentator. 

200.  Sko'peo,  (0-xo-cw),  to  observe;  to  watch. 

EPIS'COPAL,       governed       by  STETII'ESCOPE,  (Gr.  <7r£0«c,  the 

bishops/)"  breast),  a  surgical  instrument. § 

EPIS'COPATE,  a  bishopric.  TEL'ESCOPE,    (Gr.    -rij-s,  afar), 

SCOPED    design;    view;    sum-       a   glass    for   viewing    distant 

cient  space.  I      objects. 

f  The  Greek  word,  corresponding  to  our  word  bishop,  is  Maxo-tro;,  which 
signifies,  in  general,  an  overseer. 

J  Literally,  the  object  looked  at  or  aimed  at;  also,  space  in  which  to  look 
about 

I  The  instrument  is  pressed  against  the  chest  or  stomach,  and  the  ear  of 
the  surgeon  is  then  applied  to  it,  for  the  purpose  of  distinguishing  the  internal 
disease  by  the  sounds  communicated. 

NOTE. — The  suffixes  scope,  scopy,  scopic,  are  found  in  many  terms  of  science 
and  art. 

201.   Si'tos,  (fffro?),  food. 

PAR'ASITE,  ||  a  flatterer;  a  hanger  PARASIT'ICAL,  fawning  for  bread 
oil  or  favors. 

||  Literally,  one  who  feeds  beside,  or  at  the  table  of  another.  A  parasitic 
plant  is  one  which  grows  on  the  stem  or  branch  of  another  plant,  as  the 
mistletoe. 


WORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    GREEK. 
202.    So'phia,  (<royjc'a),  wisdom. 


197 


PniLOs'oPHY,   (175),  literally, 

the  love  of  wisdom. 
SOPH'ISM,  a  specious  but  falla- 


cious argument. 


SOPII'ISTRY,    fallacious   reason- 

UNSOPHIS'TICATED,     not     in- 
structed in  evil;  pure. 


203.   Spa'o,  (o-jraw),  to  draw. 


EPISPAS'TIC,  drawing,  as  a  blis- 
ter. 
SPASMODIC,  consisting  in  spasm. 


SPASM,  an  involuntary  contrac- 
tion of  the  muscles;  a  con- 
vulsion. 


204.   -Sta'sis,  (0rd<7£?),  a  standing  or  position;  a  placing. 


APOS'TASY,   a   departure   from 

original  profession. 
EC'STASY,*    excessive    joy    or 


delight. 


HYDROSTAT'IC,  (119),  pertain- 
ing to  the  pressure  of  fluids. 
SYS'TEM,    (<ru0T7j/jta),f   regular 


method. 

*  Literally,  a  sudden  removal  from  the  ordinary  condition  ;  a  distraction 
in  consequence  of  joy. 

•j-  A  standing  together  ;  consistency. 


205.  Stel'lo, 


,  to  send. 


APOS'TLE,  («-<),  from),  one  sent  EPIS'TLE,   a   writing  or   letter 
or  commissioned. 


206.  -Sten'os,  ( 

STENOG'RAPHY,  (99),  the  art 
of  writing  in  short-hand,  i.  e. 
in  a  narrow  compass. 

207.   Ster'eos, 

STEREO  M'ETRY,  (137),  the  art 
of. measuring  solid  bodies. 


STENOG'RAPHER,  a  short-hand 

writer.  [hand. 

STENOGRAPH'iCjWritten  in  short- 

),  standing  firm. 

STER'EOTYPE,  (222),  to  make 
fixed  metallic  types,  or  plates 
of  fixed  types. 


208.   Sti'chos,  (ort/o?),  a  line;  a  row. 

ACROS'TIC,!    (5),    a    kind    oflDis'xicii,    a   couple   of    poetic 

poem.  lines. 

+  Compounded  of  axpov,  an  extremity,  and  arixo;,  and  signifying  a  poem  in 
which  the  first  letters  of  the  lines  form  a  name,  when  taken  in  order. 


198  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

209.   Stro'phe,  (arpo<pri),  a  turning  round. 


APOS'TROPHE,  a  turning  aside 
from  the  course  of  a  speech, 
to  address  some  absent  per- 
son, as  if  present. 


CATAS'TROPHE,  a  turn  or  issue 
of  a  course  of  events;  gene- 
rally used  to  denote  a  disas- 
trous issue. 


210.    Ta'phos,  (ra>«?),  a  tomb. 

CEN'OTAPH,  (Gr.  xsvt><;,  empty),  i  EP'ITAPH,  (£-},  upon),  an  in- 
a  tomb  or  monument  erected  j      scription  on  a  tomb;  a  record 


to   one   who 
where. 


buried   else- 


in honor  of  the  dead. 


211.    Tax'is,  (TGC?:?),  arrangement;    Tak'los,  (raxro?),  arranged. 


SYN'TAX,  the  construction  of 
sentences  according  to  estab- 
lished usage. 


TAC'TICS,  the  art  of  directing 
military  and  naval  move- 
ments. 


212.    Tech'ne,  (T£/V>J),  art  ;  skill. 
TECH'NICAL,  pertaining  to  an  art  TECHNOLOGY,  (128),  a  treatise 


or  profession. 


on  the  arts. 


213.    Tes'sares,  (rlcffapeq,  rlrpa),  four. 
TET'RACHORD,  a  series  of  four  TES'SELATED,  formed  in  little 


sounds. 


squares. 
214.   Thea'omai,  (0sd.ofj.at'),  to  behold. 


THE'ATRE,  a  place   of  exhibi- 
tion; a  conspicuous  place  of 


action. 

215.   The' sis, 


THEAT'RICAL,  resembling  the 
manner  of  dramatic  per- 
formers. 


,  a  putting  or  placing;  The'  ma,  (_0lfj.a), 
something  placed. 

ANATH'EMA,   excommunication  ANTITH'ESIS,  an  opposition  of 

with  curses. 
EP'ITHET,*  an  adjective. 


words  or  sentiments. 
HYPOTH'ESis,f  a  supposition. 

*  Literally,  something  placed  upon;  a  descriptive  word  applied  to  any- 
thing in  representing  it. 

f  A  placing  under;  which  is  the  literal  signification  of  the  word  supposi- 
tion. See  Lat.  399.  A  position  assumed  as  the  basis  of  an  argument. 


\VORDS    DERIVED    FROM    THE    GREEK. 


199 


PAREN'THESIS,*  a  clause  or  sen-  j  SYNTHETICAL,   proceeding  by 
THEME,  a  topic.          [synthesis. 


tence  within  another. 
SYN'THESIS,  a  putting  together; 
a  combining. 


THE'SIS,  a  position;  a  proposi- 
tion advanced. 


Compounded  of  the  prepositions  napa  and  iv,  signifying  in  or  beside,  and 


216.    TJie'os,  (Oety,  God. 


A/THEISM,  the  disbelief  of  the 
existence  of  a  God. 

THE'ISM,  the  belief  of  the  exist- 
ence of  a  God.  [one  God. 

MON'OTHEISM,  the  doctrine  of 


THEOC'RACY,  (60),  government 
by  the  immediate  direction  of 
God. 

THEOLOGY,  (128),  the  science 
of  God  and  divine  things. 


217.    To'me,  (ro/uy),  the  act  of  cutting. 


ANAT'OMY,|  the  art  of  dissect- 
ing. 
Ax'oM,J  an  indivisible  particle. 


EPIT'OME,§   a   compendium   or 

summary. 
TOME,||  a  volume. 


•(•  Literally,  a  cutting  up. 

J  The  A  in  this  word  is  the  A  privative  or  negative.     Atom  therefore  signi- 
fies, a  thing  which  cannot  be  cut  or  divided. 

$  The  Greek  word  i-mroftrj  signifies  a  lopping  or  curtailing. 
||  Literally,  a  section,  or  part  cut  off;  a  portion  of  a  work. 

218.   TO'HOS,  (juvo^,  tension;  tone. 


AT'ONY,  relaxation;  want  of 
vigor. 

DET'ONATE,  to  explode. 

INTONA'TION,  manner  of  sound- 
ing. 


TONE,  tension;  vigor;   sound; 

a  musical  interval. 
TON'IC,    increasing    tension    or 

vigor ;    giving    tone    to    the 

system. 


TOP'IC,  a  subject  of  discourse.      TOPOG'RAPHY,  (99),  the  descrip- 
tion of  a  particular  place. 


219.   To'pos,  (r6-oq),  a  place. 

t 
TOP'ICAL,  local. 

220.    Treis,  (T/K??),  three.     See  Lat.  (549). 
221.    Trop'os,  (rpvxos),  a  turning. 

TROPE,  a  figurative  turning  of  alTROp'iC,  the  point  at  which  the 
word  from  its  ordinary  signi-  sun  appears  to  turn  again  to- 
fication.  j  wards  the  equator. 


200  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

222.    Tu'pos,  (rwros),  a  shape,  figure,  or  model. 

TYPE,  an  emblem;  a  model  or  TYP'IFY,  to  represent  by  figure 

form  of  a  letter,  used  in  print-       or  symbol. 

ing.  |  TYPOGRAPHY,  (99),  the  art  c- 

TYP'ICAL,  symbolical.  operation  of  printing. 

223.  Xu'lon,  (cu/ov),  wood. 
XYLOG'RAPHY,  (99),  the  art  of  engraving  on  wood. 

224.  Zo'on,  (Cow^),  an  animal. 


ZOOL'OGY,  (128),  the  science  or 
description  of  animals. 

ZOON'OMY,  (149),  the  science 
which  treats  of  animal  life. 


Zo'oPHYTE,  (yurov,  a  plant),  a 
body  partaking  of  the  proper- 
ties both  of  an  animal  and  a 
vegetable. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

MISCELLANEOUS    TABLES. 
I.  CORRESPONDING  DERIVATIVES. 

The  first  column  contains  the  icord  derived  from  the,  Greek,  the. 
second  that  derived  from  the  Latin,  and  the  third  the  corres- 
ponding word  or  phrase  of  English  or  Saxon  origin. 

TS.  B. — This  table  may  be  studied  with  advantage ;  but  the  pupil  must  not 
suppose  that  the  corresponding  words  in  the  three  columns  are  »t/nonynnni*. 
In  a  few  cases  they  are  nearly  so.  Some  of  the  words  in  the  third  column 
may  be  remotely  derived  from  the  Latin. 

Amnesty,  oblivion,  forgetfulness. 

Amorphous,  informal,  shapeless. 

Analogy,  correspondence,  likeness. 

Anatomy,  dissection,  a  cutting  up. 

Anomalous,  irregular,  lawless. 

Apathetic,  insensible,  unfeeling. 

Apology,  excuse,  plea. 

Apostle,  missionary,  messenger. 

Bishop,  supervisor,  overseer. 

Catalogue,  inventory,  list. 

Cataract,  cascade,  waterfall. 

Chronical,  enduring,  lasting. 


GREEK  AND  LATIN  PLURALS. 


201 


Chrysalis, 

Democracy, 

Diaphanous, 

Dialogue, 

Didactic, 

Doxology, 

Dynasty, 

Epitome, 

Elliptical, 

Esophagus, 

Eucharist, 

Eulogize, 

Gnomon, 

Graphite, 

Lexicon, 

Metamorphose, 

Monarchical, 

Parable, 

Pathetic, 

Phenomenon, 

Physical, 

Prophesy, 

Rhetoric, 

Sphere, 

Sympathy, 

Tautology, 

Tetragon, 

Theology, 

Tone, 


aurelia, 

republic, 

transparent, 

conversation, 

preceptive, 

glorification, 

dominion, 

abstract, 

oval, 

gullet, 

sacrament, 

commend, 

index, 

plumbago, 

dictionary, 

transform, 

regal, 

similitude, 

affecting, 

appearance, 

medicinal, 

predict, 

oratory, 

globe, 

compassion, 

repetition, 

quadrangle, 

divinity, 

sound, 


grub. 

commonwealth. 

clear. 

talk. 

teaching. 

praise. 

power. 

abridgment. 

egg-shaped. 

throat. 

Lord's  supper. 

praise. 

pointer. 

black-lead. 

word-book. 

change. 

kingly. 

likeness. 

feeling. 

sight. 

healing. 

foretell. 

speaking. 

ball. 

fellow-feeling. 

a  saying  again. 

a  square. 

godliness. 

noise. 


II.   PLURALS  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN  NOUNS  WHICH  ARE  USED 
AS  ENGLISH  WORDS. 

JV.  /?.  The  pupil  must  not  forget  that  in  Latin  and  Greek  words,  a  syllable 
must  be  given  to  every  vowel  and  diphthong.  Ho  must  pronounce  Apsides, 
for  instance,  in  three  syllables.  In  the  following  table,  the  letter  e  with  a 
horizontal  mark  over  it  is  to  be  sounded  as  e  in  me. 


Singular. 

Analysis, 

Antithesis, 
Aphis, 


GREEK. 


f  The    solution    of    any  ) 
(      compound,  } 

Opposition  or  contrast, 
A  minute  insect  on  plants, 


Anal'yses. 

Antitheses. 
Aph'idts. 


202 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


Singular. 

Tlurai. 

Apsis, 

A  point  in  a  planet's  orbit,  Ap'sidcs. 

Automaton, 

A  self-moving  machine,        Autom'ata. 

JJasis, 

A  foundation  or  base,            Jla'ses. 

Chrysalis, 

The  second  state  of  an  insect,  Chryml'idts. 

Crisis, 

The  decisive  point,                  Cri'ses. 

Criterion, 

A  standard  of  judging,           Crite'ria. 

Dictresis, 

The  disjunction  of  vowels,    Dicer'  eses. 

Dogma, 

An  opinion  propounded,        Dog'mata. 

Ellipsis, 
Emphasis, 

A  figure  of  syntax,                 Ellip'ses. 
Particular  stress  upon  a  word,  Em'  phases. 

Ephemeris, 

A  kind  of  almanac,                 Ephemer'idcs. 

Ephemeroh, 

(  A  worm  that  lives  but  ] 
|      one  day,                       }  EPhem  cra- 

Hypothesis, 

A  supposition  or  theory,       Ifypoth'cses. 

Metamorphosis, 

A  transformation,                    Metamor'phoscs. 

Miasma, 

A  pernicious  exhalation,        J\fi«s'mata. 

Oasis, 

A  fertile  spot  in  a  desert,      Oases. 

Phasis, 

Form  or  appearance,              Pha'ses. 

Phenomenon, 

An  appearance,                       PJienom'ena. 

Thesis, 

A  proposition  or  theme,         The'ses. 

LATIN. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Addendum, 

Something  to  be  added,        Adden'da. 

Amanuensis, 

A  private  secretary,                Amanuen'ses. 

Animalcula, 

A  minute  insect,                    Animal'cultv. 

Apex, 

A  tip  or  point,                        Ap'  'ices. 

Appendix, 

Something  added,                   Appeit'dices. 

Arcanum, 

A  secret,                                   Arca'na. 

Aurora  Borealis, 

The  northern  light,                Auro'rae.Borca'tis. 

Axis, 

An  axle,                                    Ax'es. 

Calx, 

A  cinder,                                 Cal'ces. 

Corrigendum, 

Something  to  be  corrected,    Corrigen'da. 

Datum, 

Something  given,                   Da'ta. 

Desideratum, 

A  thing  wanted,                      Desidera'ta. 

Effluvium, 

Odor;  exhalation,                   Efflu'via. 

Encomium. 

Praise;   commendation,          Enco'mia. 

Erratum, 

A  mistake,                                Errata,. 

Fascis, 

A  bundle  of  rods,                   Fas'ces. 

Focus, 

The  point  where  rays  meet,  Fo'ci. 

Formula, 

A  prescribed  form,                 For'mulce. 

Fungus, 

An  excrescence,                     Fun'gi. 

LATIN    WORDS    AND    PHRASES. 


203 


Singular. 

Plural. 

Gen  ius} 

A  spirit, 

Ge'nii. 

Genus, 

A  kind  or  sort, 

Gen'  era. 

Jynis  Faluns, 
Index, 

Will-with-the-wisp, 
A  pointer, 

I/JHCX  fat'ui. 
In'dices. 

Lamina, 

A  thin  plate  or  coat, 

Lam'ina;. 

Magus, 

A  wise  man, 

Ma'.ji. 

Medium, 

Something  intervening, 

Me'dia. 

Memorandum, 

Something  to  be  remembered, 

Memoran'da. 

Mi  nut  la, 

A  minute  particular, 

Minu'tice. 

Momentum, 

Force  of  motion, 

Momen'ta. 

Nebula, 

A  cloudy  appearance, 

Neb'ulce. 

Nucleus, 

A  kernel, 

Nu'dei. 

Radius, 

The  semi-diameter  of  a  circle, 

Ra'dii. 

R<tdixt 

A  root, 

Rad'ices. 

Speculum, 

A  mirror  or  looking-glass, 

Spec'  via. 

Stamen, 

A  fine  thread  in  a  flower, 

Stam'ina. 

Stimulus, 

A  goad  or  incitement, 

Stim'uli. 

Stratum, 

A  layer  or  bed, 

Stra'ta. 

Vertex, 

The  top  of  anything, 

Ver'tices 

Viscus, 

An  intestine  or  eutrail, 

Vis'ccra. 

Vortex, 

A  whirlpool, 

Vor'tices. 

III.  LATIN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES,  WHICH  ARE  FREQUENTLY 
EMPLOYED  BY  ENGLISH  WRITERS. 


LATIN   WORDS. 


Aborig' hies,  the  original  inhabit- 


ants of  a  country. 
A'lias,  otherwise. 
Al'ibi,  elsewhere. 
An'ylice*  in  English. 
Ca'vcat,  let  him  be  cautious. 
Con'tra,  on  the  other  hand. 
Dele,  expunge. 
Detri'tus,  matter  worn  off. 
.Equilib'rium,        equality 

weight. 


Er'go,  therefore. 


Excerp'ta,  extracts. 
Exit,' vice,  cast  skins  of  animals. 
Ex'itrf  departure. 
Ex-tem'pore,  at  the  time;  i.  e., 

without  previous  writing. 
Face'tia",  witty  sayings. 
Fi'at,  let  it  be  done. 
Ffnis,  the  end. 
of    Gra'tis,  for  nothing. 

Hia'tus,  an  opening  or  gap. 

Sec  the  remark  at  the  beginning  of  Table  II. 
A  verb,  signifying,  he  («he  or  it)  gocn  out. 


204 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


Im'pctus,  tendency  to  motion. 

Imprimatur,  let  it  be  printed. 

Impri'mis,  in  the  first  place. 

Impromp'tu,  with  promptness; 
off  hand. 

In'terim,  in  the  mean  time. 

Interregnum,  the  time  between 
two  reigns. 

I'tcm,  also. 

Mi' nes,  departed  spirits. 

Maximum,  the  greatest  quan- 
tity. 

Min'imum,  the  least  quantity. 

Memorabil'ia,  (pi.},  memorable 
events. 

Om' ties.  all. 

Om'nibus,  for  all. 

O'nus,  a  burden. 


Pas'sim,  everywhere. 

Quon'dam,  formerly;  on.-o. 

Recipe,  See  Lat.  47. 

Resur'gam,  I  shall  rise  again. 

Seriatim,  in  regular  order. 

•Sim' He,  a  comparison. 

Syl'labus,  (Gr.  <ruv,  together, 
and  Xdfiw,  to  take),  a  com- 
pendium. 

Vac'uum,  an  empty  space. 

Vale!  farewell! 

Vr.rba'tim,  word  for  word. 

Ver'sus,  against. 

Veto,  I  forbid  it. 

Vi'a,  by  the  way  of. 

Videl'icet,  to  wit. 

Vi'ce,  in  the  place  of. 

Vid'yo,  couimonly. 


LATIN   PHRASES. 


Ab  ini'tio,*  from  the  beginning,  j  Aryumen'lum  ad  hom'inem,  an 
An'nus   mirab'ilis,    a    year   of       argument   particularly    appli- 
cable to  the  person  to  whom 


wonders. 

Ab  o'vo,  from  the  egg;  i.  e. 
from  the  birth  or  origin. 

Ad  captan'dum,  for  the  purpose 
of  taking,  i.  e.,  pleasing. 

Ad  in/mi' turn,  to  an  unlimited 
extent. 

Ad  lil/itum,  at  pleasure. 

Ad  vafo'rem,  according  to  value. 

Al'ma  ma'ter,  gentle  mother. 

A'mor  pa! trice,  love  of  country. 

Absentc  rc.'o,  the  accused  person 
being  absent. 

A  fortio'ri,,*  with  stronger  rea- 
son. 

Aprlu'ri,  beforehand;  from  pre- 
vious knowledge.  [trial. 

A  posterio'ri,  afterwards ;  from 


it  is  offered. 


hear 
hear  both 


,  1U     JLO     Ull^lCVA- 

An'di   al'teram   par' tern, 
3J      the  other  side;  i.  e.;  hea 

sides. 

Bo' na  fide,  in  good  faith. 
Cacoe'thcs    scriben'di,  a   ridicu- 
lous fondness  for  writing. 
Ca'put   mor'tuum,    the    lifeless 

head. 
Ca-t'eris  par' ibus,  other  things 

being  the  same. 
Com'pos      men'tis,      of     sound 

mind. 
Con'tra  bo'nos  mo' res,  contrary 

to  good  manners. 
Co'pia,  verbo'rum,  abundance  of 

words. 


*  T  is  here  sounded  like 


LATIN    PHKASES. 


Cui*  Lo'no?  for  what  good?  i.  lit,  lim'inc,  on  the  threshold ;  at 

e.  of  what  advantage  ?  or,  of  j      the  outset. 

advantage  to  whom  ?  |  In  o'tio,  at  ease. 

Cum  mut'tis   a'liu}  with  many  |  In  pro'pria  perso'na,  in  his  owa 

others.  person. 

Cum  privile'gio,  with  privilege,  j  In  sta'tu  quo,  in   the  state  in 
Defac'to,  in  fact.  which  it  was. 

De  Ju're,  by  right.  [Jfl  terro'rem,  as  a  warning. 

De  gus'ti.bus  non  disputan'dum,  In  to' to,  entirely. 


about  matters  of  taste  it  is 
idle  to  dispute. 

De'i  gra'tia,  by  the  grace  of 
God. 

De  no'vo,  anew. 

De'o  volen'te,  God  willing. 

De'sunt  ccetfera,  the  rest  are 
wanting. 

Dram' at  is  per  so' nee,  the  charac- 
ters represented  in  a  play. 

Duran'te  placi'to,  during  plea- 
sure. 


In  tran'situ,  on  the  way  or  pas- 
sage. 

Ip'se  dix'it,  literally,  he  himself 
said  so;  mere  assertion. 

Ip'sofac'to,  by  the  fact  itself. 

Ju're 


're  divi'no,  by  a  divine  right. 
Ju're  huma'no,  by  human  law. 
Jus   oen'tium,   the  law   of   na- 
tions. 
Lap'sus  lin'guce,  a  slip  of  the 

tongue. 

Lex  talio'nis,  the  law  of  retalia- 
te'ce~j-  ho'mo,  behold  the  man!| tion. 

See  N.  T.  John  xix.  5.  j  Licen'tia  va'tum,  poetic  license. 

Exan'imo,  from  the  mind;  i.  e.  \Lo'cum  te'nens,  literally,   hold- 
sincerely,  ^ing  the  place ;  a  substitute. 
Ex,  cathc'dra,  from  the  chair  of   Lufxiis  natu'rce,  a  sport  or  freak 


authority. 


of  nature. 


Ex  conces'sis,  from  points  con-  Muy'na    char'ta    (karta),     the 
ceded.  ^great  charter. 

Exteunt  om'nes,  they  all  go  out'Tffalum  in  se,  an  evil  in  itself, 
or  off. 

Ex  off,' do,  by  virtue  of  the  of- 
fice. 

Ex-  piir'te,  on  one  side  only. 

Ex 


Memen'to  mo'ri,  remember  that 

tliou  must  die. 

Mi' nm     ct     (u'uin,     mine      and 
thine. 


E  poatfac'to  (bad  Latin),  after^Mirab'ile  dic'tu,  strange  to  tell, 
the  deed.  Mo'iilus  operan'di,  the  manner 


Fac  sim'ile,  an  exact  copy. 


of  operating. 


Ge'ni'us  lo'd,  the  genius  of  the  Mid' turn  in  par'  vo,  a  great  deal 
place.  in  a  small  space_... 

Id  fje'nus  om'ne,  all  that  class  or '  Ne  plus  ul'tra,  the  greatest  ex- 
sort.  ^V  tent  attainable;  literally,  in»- 

Infor'md  pan' peris,  as  a  pauper. !      thing  beyond. 

Info'ro  conscien'tice,  at  the  barjJVe  quid  ni'mls,  not  too  much 


of  conscience. 

Pronounced  l-j. 


of  one  thing. 

|  Pronounced 


THE    SCHOLARS    COMPANION'. 


206 

aV<7  defperan'dum,   nothing  to Sccitit'dum  a/t"m,  according  to 
be  despaired  of.  art  or  professional  rule. 

No' lens  vo'lens,  willing  or  not.     '  /Si'ne   die,    without   fixing   the 

No'li  me  tan' y ere,  do  not  touch !      day. 

me.  Si'ne  qua   non  (literally,  with- 

Non   com'pos    men'tis,    not    in       out  which  it  cannot  be  done), 
right  mind.  an  indispensable  condition. 

Nun   est    inveu'tus,    it    is    not;  Subpoena,  under  fear  of  penal- 


found. 
O'tium    cum    diynita'te,    ease 

with  dignity. 
Par  nob' He  fra'trum,   a  noble 

.pair  of  brothers. 
Pa'ri  pas'su,  with  equal  pace. 
Par'ticeps  crim'inis,  a  partaker 

of  the  crime. 
Per  se,  by  itself. 
Pos'se  comita'tus  (bad  Latin), 

the  ciy^  force. 

Pri'ma  fa'cie,  at  first  view. 
PrCmum      moli'ile,     the     first 

mover. 
Pro  a'ris  et  fo'cis,  for  our  altars 

and  homes. 

Pro  bono  pub'lico,  for  the  pub- 
lic good. 

Pro  et  con,  for  and  against. 
Pro  for'ma,  for  form's  sake. 
Pro  ra'ta,  in  proportion. 
Pro  tem'pore  (abbreviated,  pro 

.tern.),  for  the  time. 
Quan'tum  sitf'ficit,  as  much  as 

is  sufficient. 

Quid  pro  quo,  an  equivalent. 
Qudad  hoc,  with  respect  to  this. 
Quo  an' into,  with  what  temper 

or  intention. 

Res  pub'llca,  the  common  weal. 
Rex   et  regi'na,  the    king    and 


queen. 


ty- 

Sn'i  rjc.u'i'ris   (literally,   of    its 

own  kind),  unique. 
Sum'nitun    bo'num,    the    chief 

good. 
Su'um     cut' y  ue     (ky'quy),     to 

every  one  his  due. 
Tem'piis/ii'f/it,  time  flies. 
To' tics  quo'ties,*  as  often  as. 
To' to  cob'lo,  by  the  breadth  of 

the  sky. 
Trt<i    jnnc'ta     in    u'no,    three 

joined  in  one. 
Una  vo'ce,  with  one  voice. 
U'tile   cum   dul'ci,    the   useful 

with  the  agreeable. 
Ut  su'pra,  as  above. 
L"f  In'fra.  as  below. 
Va'de   me'cum,   (literalli/,  come 

with  me),  a  guide-book. 
Ve'ni,  vi'di,  vi'ci,  I  came,    saw, 

conquered. 
Ver'bum   sapien'ti,    a    word    is 

enough  to  the  wise. 
Vi'ce  vcr'sa,  the  order  being  re- 
versed. 
Vi  et   ar'mis,    with    force    and 


«/•  mis, 
arms. 

Vi'va    vo'ce 
voice. 


with    the 


Vox   et  prelefrea    nihil,   voice, 


and  nothing  else. 
*  In  these  words  t  is  sounded  like  sh. 


FRENCH    PRONUNCIATION.  207 


IV.  FRENCH  WORDS  AND  PHRASES. 

As  French  words  and  phrases  arc  very  frequently  introduced 
into  English  conversation  and  writing,  it  is  desirable  that  every 
person  should  have  some  idea  of  the  pronunciation  and  signi6cu- 
tion  of  those,  at  least,  which  are  most  common.  The  following 
account  of  some  of  the  French  sounds  will  perhaps  be  sufficient 
for  the  purposes  of  this  chapter. 

a,  short,  sounds  like  a  in  the  English  word/a*. 

a,  long,  "         a  "  arm. 

e,  at  the  end  of  monosyllables,  sounds  like  u  in  tub ;  and  is 

mute  at  the  end  of  other  words, 
e,  sounds  like    a      in  able. 
e,  "          e       in  met. 


e,              " 

e 

in  there. 

i,  short,  " 

i 

in  idiot. 

i,  long,    " 

ee 

in  eel. 

o,  short,  " 

o 

in  ornithology. 

6,  long,    « 

o 

in  old. 

u 

no  similar  sound  in  Er 

ou,  sounds 

like  oo 

in  cool. 

an,          " 

an 

in  want. 

in,           « 

an 

in  pang. 

on,          " 

on 

in  long. 

eur,         ' 

ur 

in  fur. 

oi,           " 

^ca 

in  water. 

oir,          " 

war  in  warfare. 

oin,          " 

00 

in  cool,  and  an  in  pang. 

ail,          « 

a 

in  fat,  and  lit  in  billiard. 

oil,          " 

e 

in  there,  and  Hi  in  billiard. 

euil,        " 

u 

in  tub,  and  Hi  in  billiard. 

gn, 

ni 

in  union. 

j. 

s 

in  pleasure. 

ch,           " 

sh 

in  shark. 

*  Although  the  sound  of  the  French  u  cannot  be  represented  by  English 
'"tiers,  the  following  rule  will  enable  the  pupil  to  form  some  idea  of  it.  Place 
your  lips  as  if  about  to  pronounce  ou  as  in  soup,  and  bring  the  extremity  of 
your  tongue  against  your  lower  teeth.  AVith  your  organs  in  this  position, 
you  will  be  likely  to  produce  the  sound  of  the  French  u. 

14 


208  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 


FRENCH    M'URDS. 

N.  15.  —  In  the  following  list  of  words  and  phrases,  the  representation  of  the 
French  sound,  which  is  given  in  parenthesis,  is  figured  in  accordance  with  the 
above  table  of  sounds.  A  letter  having  HO  work  over  it  is  to  be  sounded  as 
that  which  has  no  mark  in  the  table;  the  pupil  must  not  suppose  that  he  is 
to  give  it  the  English  sound.  The  accents  are  only  marks  indicating  «»und, 
according  to  the  above  table.  When  the  letter  n  is  italicised  in  the  paren- 
thesis, it  is  to  have  the  English  sound  of  n,  and  not  the  French  nasal  sound. 

Amateur,  (a  ma  teur),  an  ad-  j  Debut,  (de  bu),  first  appearance. 

inirer.  !  Denouement,  (de  nou  man),  the 

Amour,  (a  mour),  a  love  affair,  j      unravelling  of  a  plot. 
Bagatelle,  (ba  ga  tel),  a  trifle.     |  Devoir,  (dvoir),  duty. 
Beau,  (bo),  a  fashionable  man.  \Depot,  (de  po),  a  store  or  rnaga- 
Belle,  (bell),  a  fashionable  wo-j      zine. 

man.  j  DesJial'dle,  (de  za  bi  li  e"),  an 

Bijou,  (bi  jou),  a  jewel  or  gem.  j  _  undress. 


Bonlwmmie,   (bon  oui  i),  good 


nature. 


Boudoir,  (bou  doir),  a  private 


room. 


Domicile,  (do  mi  sil),  abode. 
Douceur,  (dou  seur),  a  bribe  or 
f  present. 

Eclaircissement,  (e  cler  sisman), 
Bulletin,  (bul  tin),  a  daily  re-j    f  explanation. 

port.  I  Edat,  (e  cla),  splendor. 

Bureau,  (bu   ro),  an   office;    a:  Elei-e,  (elev),  a  pupil. 

writing  desk.  |  Elite,  (e  lit),  the  choice  part ; 

Caisson,   (ke   son),  a  chest  or,      the  flower. 

case.  Embonpoint,     (an    bon     poin), 

Canaille,  (ka  nail),  the  rabble.         jolly,  plump. 
Champetre,  (shan  petr'),  rural.  |  Embouchure,  (an  bou  shur),  the 
CJiateau,   (shS,   to),   a   country]      mouth  of  a  river. 

seat.  |  Encore,  (an  cor),  again. 

Ci-(?evant,  (sid  van),  formerly.     Ennui,  (an   nu   i),  wearisome- 
Clique,  (clik),  a  party  or  fac- 


tion. 
Connoisseur,   (ko/i   ?*e   seur), 


Entree,  (an  tre :  e"  is  long),  en- 
trance. 

skilful  judge.  Enieloppe,  (en  vlop),  a  cover. 

Contour,  (kon  tour),  outline  of  \Epaulette,  (e  po  let),  a  shoulder- 


a  figure. 
Corps,  (kor),  a  body  of  men. 
Cortege,  (kor  tej),  a  train  of  at- 


knot. 

Estafelte,  (es  ta  fet),  an  express. 
Etiquette,  (e  ti  ket),  ceremonv. 


tendants.  j  Facade,  (fa  sad),  front. 

Coterie,  (kot  ri),  a  company.  j  Fete,  (fet),  a  feast  or  festival. 
Coup,  (kou),  a  stroke  or  blow.  ;  Fracas,  (i'ra  ca),  a  squabble. 
Debris,  (de  bri),  broken  re-|  Gendarmes,  (jan  darm),  eol- 

diers  of  the  police. 


FRENCH    PHRASES. 


209 


Goiit,  (gou),  taste. 

Hauteur,  (ho  teur),  haughtiness. 

Lever,  (leve),  a  morning  assem- 
bly at  court. 

Liqueur,  (li  kcur),  a  cordial. 

Manoeuvre,  (ma  neuvr),  a  trick. 

MeUe,  (me  le),  a  conflict;  a 
fray. 

Messieurs,  (me  si  eu),  gentle- 
men: used  as  the  plural  of 
Mr. 

Mignonette,  (mi  guo  net),  a 
sweet  smelling  flo\ver. 

Morccau,  (mor  so),  a  morsel. 

Nulrete,  (na  iv  te),  ingenuous- 
ness. 

Nonchalance,  (non  sha  lans), 
indifference. 

Nonpareil,  (non  pa  reil),  match- 
less. 

Outre,  (ou  tre),  preposterous. 

Parole,  (pa  rol),  word  of  promise. 

Parterre,  (par  tail1),  a  flowerbed. 

Patois,  (pa  toi),  provincialism. 

Penchant,  (pan  shan),  inclina- 
tion. 

Prairie,  (pre  ri),  meadow  land. 

Proteye,  (pro  te  je),  one  that  is 
patronized.  [soned  dish. 

Rago&t,  (ra  gou),  a  highly  sea- 

Rcchercht,  (re  sher  .she),  sought 
out;  exquisite. 


Rencontre,  (ran  kontr'),  an  un- 
expected meeting. 

Rcndcz-vous,  (ran  de  vou), 
place  of  meeting. 

Reservoir,  (re  zair  voir),  a  re- 
serve of  water,  &c. 

Restaurateur,  (res  to  ra  teur),  a 
tavern-keeper. 

Rouge,  (rouj),  red  paint. 

Ruse,  (ruz),  a  stratagem. 

Sans,  (san),  without. 

Savant,  (sa  van),  a  learned 
man. 

Sobriquet,  (so  bri  ke),  a  nick- 
name. 

Soi-disant,  (soi  di  zan),  pre- 
tended, self-styled. 

Soiree,  (soi  re,  6  is  lony),  an 
evening  party. 

Souvenir,  (souv  nir),  remem- 
brance. 

Suite,  (su  it),  retinue,  series. 

Snrtout,  (sur  tou),  an  outer 
coat. 

Tapis,  (ta  pi),  the  carpet. 

Tirade,  (ti  rad).  a  long  train  of 
harsh  language. 

Toilette,  (toi  let),  a  dressing 
table. 

Tour,  a  journey. 

Trait,  (tre),  a  feature. 

Unique,  (u  nik),  singular. 


FRENCH   PHRASES. 

Aid 'e-de- Camp,  (aid  de  lean),  assistant  to  a  general. 

A  la  mode,  (a  la  mod),  in  the  fashion. 

A  propos,  (a  pro  po),  seasonably  ;  by-the-bye. 

Au  fait,  (6  fe),  to  the  point  or  business. 

Beau  monde,  (bo  mond),  the  gay  world. 

Belles  lettres,  (bel  letr),  polite  literature. 

Billet  doux,  (bi  lie  dou),  a  love  letter. 


210  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

Bon  gre,  mal  gre,  with  good  or  ill  will. 

Bon  mot,  (boa  mo),  a  witticism. 

Bon  ton,  high  fashion. 

Bon  vivant,  (bon  vivan),  a  high  liver. 

Carte  blanche,  (cart  blansh :  art  is  short),  blank  paper. 

Chef-d'oeuvre,  (she  deuvr'),  a  master-piece. 

Chevaux  de  frise,  (shvod'l'riz),  a  sort  of  spiked  fence. 

Comme  ilfaut,  (kom  il  fo),  as  it  should  be. 

Conge  d'elire,  (kon  je  de  lir),  permission  to  elect. 

Coup  d'etat,  (kou  de  ta),  a  stroke  of  policy. 

Coup  de  grace,  (koud  grass),  the  finishing  stroke. 

Coup  de  main,  (koud  min),  a  bold  stroke. 

Coup  d'ozil,  (kou  deuil),  a  glance  of  the  eye. 

Dejctiner  d  la  fourcliette,  (de  jeu  ne  a  la  fourshet),  a  breakfast 

with  meat  fowls,  &c. 

De  pied  en  cap,  (de  pie  tan  kap),  from  head  to  foot. 
Dernier  ressort,  (dair  nie  'rsort),  a  last  resort. 
J)ieu  et  mon  druit,  (dieu  6  mon  droi :  cu  as  u  in  tub),  God  and 

my  right.. 

Double  entendre,  (doubl  an  tandr'),  double  meaning. 
En  masse,  (an  mas),  in  a  body. 
Entre  nous,  (an  tr'nou),  between  ourselves. 
Esprit  de  corps,  (es  pri  de  kor),  the  spirit  of  the  corps  or  body; 

mutual  animation. 

Faux  pas,  (fo  pa),  a  fault;  misconduct. 
Feu  dejoie,  (feud  joi),  a  discharge  of  fire-arms  at  a  rejoicing. 
Femme  de  chambre,  (fam  de  shainbr),  a  chambermaid. 
Fete  champetre,  (fet  shan  petr),  a  feast  out  of  doors. 
II ant  ton,  (ho  ton),  the  highest  style  or  fashion. 
lloni  soil  qui  mal  y  pensc,  (oni  soi  ki  mal  i  pans),  evil  be  to  him 

that  evil  thinks. 

Hors  de  combat,  (or  de  kom  ba),  disabled. 
Je  nc  sais  quoi,  (jeun  se  koi),  I  know  not  what. 
Jet  d'etat,  (je  do),  a  water-spout;  a  fountain. 
Jeu  d' esprit,  (je  des  pri),  a  witticism. 
Jeu  de  mots,  (jeud  mo),  a  play  upon  words. 
Mf litre  d'Jiotel,  (metr'  do  tel),  a  tavern-keeper. 
Mauvaise  hontc,  (mo  vez  hont),  false  modesty,  bashfulness. 
N'importe,  (nan  port);  it  is  no  matter. 
Npm  de  ijuerre,  (Tiond  gair),  an  assumed  name. 
^'mta  verrons,  (?iou  verron),  we  shall  see. 
On  dit,  (on  di),  literath/,  they  say;  a  flying  report. 
Petit  maitre,  (pti  metr'),  a  fop. 
Qtd  vive,  (ki  viv),  look  out. 
Ruse  de  guerre,  (ruz  de  gair),  a  stratagem  of  war. 


ITALIAN    niRASES.  211 

Sangfroid,  (san  froi),  coolness;   indifference. 

Tete  a  tete,  (tait  a  tait),  a  private  conversation. 

Tout  ensemble,  (tout  an  sambl'),  the  whole. 

Valet  de  chambre,  (valed  chambr'),  a  gentleman's  servant. 

Vis  d  vis,  (vi  za  vi),  face  to  face. 

Vive  le  roi,  (viv  le  roi),  long  live  the  king. 


ITALIAN    PHRASES. 

Che  sard,  sard,  (ke  sahrah',  sahrah'),  whatever  will  be,  will  be. 
Chi  face  confessa,  (kee  ta'tshe  confeh'sa),  silence  is  consent. 
Cicerone,  (tshee  tshe'h  rone),  he  who  accompanies  a  stranger  to 

view  the  curiosities  of  a  city,  &c. 

Con  amore,  (con  ahmo're),  with  love;  with  earnestness  and  zeal. 
Erba  mala  presto  cresce,  (erba  niah'la  pres'to  cresh'),  ill  weeds 

grow  apace. 

In  petto,  (in  peh'to),  within  the  breast;  held  in  reserve. 
Majordomo,  (majordoh'me),  a  steward  or  chief  servant. 
Mezzo  termine,  (may'dzo  ter'me-neh),  a  middle  course. 
Pian  piano,  si  va  lontano,  (pean'  peah'no,  se  vah'  lontah'no),  he 

who  goes  slowly  goes  far;  little  strokes  fell  great  oaks. 
Se  non  e  ve.ro,  e  ben  trovato,  (se  non  eh  veh'ro,  eh  ben  trovah'to), 

if  it  be  not  true,  it  is  well  imagined  or  feigned. 


V.  ABBREVIATIONS. 


A.  B.  or  B.  A.  ar'tium   bacca- 

lavfreus,  bachelor  of  arts. 
Abp.  archbishop. 
A.    C.   an' IK   C/in'x'tum,  before 

Christ. 

Acct.  account. 
A.  D.  an'no  dom'ini,  iu  the  year 

of  our  Lord. 
Admr.  administrator. 
Ala.  Alabama.  Rome. 

A.   M.  an'te  merid'iem,  before! Bart,  baronet. 

noon  ;    or,  an'no    mun'di,   in  Bbl.  barrel. 


the  year  of   the  world;    or, 

ar'tium  mayis'ter,  master  of 

arts. 

Anon,  anonymous. 
Apr.  April. 
Ark.  Arkansas. 
Att'y.  Attorney. 
A.  U.  C.  an'no  ur'bis  con'di'tce, 

in  the  year  of  the  city,  i.  e. 


212 


THE   SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


B.  C.  before  Christ. 

B.  D.  bacralau'reus  divini'ta'tis, 
bachelor  of  divinity. 

Cap.  ca' put,  chapter  or  head. 
Capt.  captain. 

C.  A.  S.   Connecticuten'sis  Aca- 
demicK  Socius,  fellow  of  the 
Connecticut  Academy. 

Chron.  Chronicles. 
Co.  company. 
Col.  colonel. 
Coll.  college. 
Com.  commodore. 
Cor.  Corinthians. 

C.  P.  Common  Pleas. 
Cr.  Creditor. 

Cts.  cents. 

Cwt.  hundred  weight. 

D.  C.  District  of  Columbia. 

D.  D.   divinita'tis  doc' tor,  doc- 
tor of  divinity.^/" 
Dec.  December. 
Del.  Delaware. 
Deg.  degree. 
Dept.  deputy. 
Deut.  Deuteronomy. 
Do.  or  Ditto,  the  same. 
Dr.  doctor,  o/  debtor. 

D.  V.    De'o  volen'le,  God  wil- 
ling. 

Dwt.  pennyweight. 
Eccl.  Ecclesiastes. 
Ed.  editor  or  edition. 

E.  g.  exem'pli gra'tia,  for  exam- 
ple. 

Eng.  English. 
Ep   epistle. 
I   Eph.  Ephesians. 
Esq.  esquire. 
Ex.  Exodus;  example. 
Exr.  executor. 
Feb.  February. 
Fig.  figure. 
Fla.  Florida. 
Fol.  folio. 


Fr.  French. 

F.  R.  S.  fellow  of   the    Royal 
Society. 

Ga.  Georgia. 
!  Gal.  Galatians. 
I  Gall,  gallon. 

Gen.  general;  Genesis. 

•  Gent,  gentleman. 

•  Geo.  George. 
Gov.  governor. 
Gr.  grain. 

G.  R.    Geor'gius    fiex,    King 
George. 

Heb.  Hebrews. 

Hhd.  hogshead. 

H.  M.  his  or  her  majesty. 

H.  B.  M.  his  or  her  Britannic 

majesty. 
Hon.  honorable. 
Hund.  hundred, 
la.  or  Ind.  Indiana. 
Ib.  ibi'dem,  in  the  same  place. 
Id.  iVem,  the  same. 
I.  e.  id  est,  that  is. 
I.  H.  S.  Je'sus  hom'imim   >Sal'- 

ta'tor,  Jesus,  the  Saviour  of 

men. 

111.  Illinois. 

Incog,  incog' n!  to,  unknown. 
i  Inst.   instant,   i.  e.  present,   at 

hand. 

Isa.  Isaiah. 
Jac.  Jacob. 
Jan.  January. 
Jas.  James. 
Jno.  John. 
Jon.  Jonathan. 
Jos.  Joseph. 
Josh.  Joshua. 
Jun.  Jim' for,  younger. 
K.  B.  knight  of  the  bath. 
Kt.  knight. 
Ky.  Kentucky. 
La.  Louisiana. 
Lam.  Lamentations. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


213 


Lat.  latitude. 

L.  C.  Lower  Canada. 

Ldp.  Lordship. 

Lev.  Leviticus. 

Lieut,  lieutenant. 

LL.  D.   h'gum   doc'tor,    doctor 

of  laws.__ 
Lon.  longitude. 
L.  S.  lo'cus  siyil'li,  the  place  of 

the  seal. 

M.  mil'le,  a  thousand. 
Maj.  major. 
Mai.  Malachi. 
Mar.  March. 

Mass,  or  Ms.  Massachusetts. 
Matt.  Matthew. 
M.  C.  member  of  Congress. 
Md.  Maryland. 
M.  D.  medici'ncK  doc'tor,  doctor 

of  medicine^- 
Me.  Maine. 

Messrs.  Messieurs.          ^ 
Mi.  Mississippi. 
Mich.  Michigan. 
Mo.  Missouri. 

M.  P.  member  of  parliament. 
Mr.  Mister. 
Mrs.  Mistress. 
MS.  manuscript. 
MSS.  manuscripts. 
N.  B.  no' to.   be'ne,  mark   well; 

i.  e.  take  particular  notice. 
N.  C.  North  Carolina. 
N.    E.    New    England ;    north 

east. 
Nera.    con.    nem'ine    contradi- 

ce.n'te,  no  one  expressing  dis- 
sent. 

N.  H.  New  Hampshire. 
N.  J.  New  Jersey. 
No.  number. 
Nov.  November. 
N.  S.  Nova  Scotia. 
Numb.  Numbers. 
N.  Y.  New  York. 


0.  Ohio. 

Obj.  objection. 

Obs.  obsolete. 

Obt.  obedient. 

Oct.  October. 

0.  S.  old  style. 

Oxon.   Oxo'nta,  Oxford, 

Oz.  ounces. 

Pa.  or  Penn.  Pennsylvania. 

Part,  participle. 

Pet.  Peter. 

P.    M.    post-master ;    or,    post 

merid'iem,  after  noon. 
P.  M.  (r.  post-master  general. 
P.  0.  post-office. 
Pres.  president. 
Prof,  professor. 
Ps.  psalm. 
P.  S.  post  scrip' turn,   (written 

afterwards),  postscript. 
Q.  or  Qu.  question, 
q.  d.    qua'si  dic'tum,  as   much 

as  to  say. 
Q.   E.    D.    quod   e'rat    demon- 

stran'dum,  which  was  to  be 

demonstrated, 
q.  1.  quan'tum  li'bet,  as  much 

as  you  please, 
q.  s.  quantum  suf'ficit,  as  much 

as  is  necessary, 
q.  v.  quod  vi'de,  which  see. 
Reed,  received. 
Rep.  representative. 
Rev.  reverend;  Revelation. 
R.  I.  Rhode  Island. 
R.  N.  royal  navy. 
Horn.  Romans. 
Rt.  Hon.  right  honorable. 
S.  A.  South  America. 
S.  C.  South  Carolina. 
Sec.  secretary;  second. 
Sen.  senior;  senator. 
Sept.  September. 
Sol.  Solomon. 
Sq.  square. 


214  THE  SCHOLAR'S  COMPANION. 

ss.  scil'icet,  to  wit;  namely.         !  Vt.  Vermont. 

St.  street;  saint.  W.  I.  West  Indies. 

S.  T.  D.  sane' tee  tlieolo' gicc  doc' -  Wm.  William.     . 

tor,  doctor  of  theology.  "Wp.  worship. 

Tenn.  Tennessee.  Wt.  weight. 

Thess.  Thessalonians.  Xmas,  Christmas. 


Thos.  Thomas. 

Tim.  Timothy. 

Tit.  Titus. 

Tr.  translator;  treasurer. 


Yd.  yard. 

Y*  ancient  mode  of  writing  the. 

Y!  your. 

&  ct,  and. 


U.  C.  Upper  Canada.  &c.    ct   cetera,    and    the    other 

Fit.   ul'timo  (men'se),  the  last ;      things,  i.  e.  and  so  forth. 

(month).  1 4 to.  quarto. 

TJ.  S.  A.  United  States  of  Ame-  8vo.  octavo. 

rica.  !  1-mo.  duodecimo. 


V.  or  vid.  vide,  see. 
Va.  Virginia. 
Viz.  videl'icet,  to  wit. 
vs.  ver'sus,  against. 


18mo.  duodeut'ges'imo,  eigh- 
teenth. 

24to.  vices'imo  quar'to,  twenty- 
fourth. 


VI.  WORDS  DERIVED  CHIEFLY  FROM  CLASSICAL    PROPER 
NAMES. 


a.     pertaining     to  AR'GIYE,  s.  a  native  of  Argos. 

M'olus,  the  fabled  god  of  the;  ARISTOTE'LIAN,  a.  relating  to 

winds.  the  doctrines  of  Ar'istotle. 

ALEXAN'DRIAN,  a.  of  or  per-  ARMOR'IC,  a.  pertaining  to  Brit- 

taining  to  Alexandria,  a  city]      tany,  in  France. 

of  Egypt.  AT'TIC,  «.  pertaining  to  At'tica, 

AXACREON'TIC,  a.   resembling       a  district  of  Greece,  in  which 

the  style  of  Anac'reon,  a  Gre-  j      Athens  was  situated. 

cian  poet,  who  wrote  amorous  AT'TICISM,   s.   an   imitation   of 

and  Bacchanalian  odes.  the  Attic   style;    an   elegant 

AO'NIAN,  a.  belonging  to  Ao'nia,  [      expression. 

a  district  of  Greece  in  which  AUGE'AN.  a.  relating  to  Auge'as, 


'    was  situated  Mount  Helicon, 

sacred  to  the  Muses. 
ARCA'DIAN,  a.  belonsin<r  to  Ar- 


king  of  Elis  in  Greece,  whose 
stables,  containing  vast  num- 
bers of  cattle,  and  not  having 
c;i'dia,  a  mountainous  part  of  been  cleansed  for  many  years, 
Greece,  where  dwelt  herds- 1  Hercules  is  fabled  to  have 
men  who  cultivated  pastoral .  cleansed  in  one  day,  by  turn- 
music  in  a  high  degree.  ing  a  river  through  them. 


CLASSICAL   DERIVATIVES,    ETC. 


215 


AUGUS'TAN,  a.  pertaining  to 
Augustus  the  Roman  em- 
peror. 

BODI.EI'AX,  a.  library,  a  library 
in  Oxford,  (Eng.)  named  after 
its  founder,  Sir  Thomas  Bod- 
Icy. 

CADME'AX,  relating  to  Cadmus, 
who,  it  is  supposed,  brought 
the  letters  of  the  Greek  "al- 
phabet from  Phoenicia,  about 
1500  years  before  Christ. 

OAP'ITOLINE,  a.  pertaining  to 
the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capito- 
li'nus  at  Rome. 

CARTE'SIAN,  a.  relating  to  the 
philosophy  of  Des  Cartes. 

CASTA'LIAX,  a.  pertaining  to 
Casta'lia,  a  fountain  on  Mount 
Parnassus,  sacred  to  the 
Muses. 

CEL'TIC,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Cel'tae,  a  people  who  came 
from  Asia  and  spread  them- 
selves over  a  great  part  of 
Europe. 

CHALDA'IC,  s.  the  language  of 
the  ancient  Chaldae'ans. 

CIMME'RIAX,  a.  relating  to  the 
ancient  Cimme'rii.  a  people 
living  near  the  Pa'lus  MJEO'- 
tis,  now  called  the  sea  of 
Azoph.  Their  country  was 
fabled  to  be  shrouded  in  dark- 
ness and  gloom. 

CIRCE'AN,  a.  pertaining  to 
Cir'ce,  a  fabulous  magician. 

COPER'XICAN,  a.  relating  to 
Coper'nicus,  the  celebrated 
European  astronomer. 

CYCLO'PEAX,  a  relating  to  the 
Cyclops,  fabulous  giants  who 
had  but  one  eye,  .situated  in 
the  centre  of  the  forehead. 
Certain  massive  remains  of 


architecture  are  called  Cyclo- 
pean in  allusion  to  the  super- 
stitious notion  that  they  were 
the  work  of  an  ancient  race 
of  giants. 

DEL'PHIC,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
city  of  Delphi,  in  Greece. 

ELYS'IAN,  «.  pertaining  to 
Elys'ium,  the  place  repre- 
sented in  the  classic  mytholo- 
gy as  the  abode  of  the  blessed 
in  another  world. 

EPICU'REAN,  a.  relating  to  Epi- 
cu'rus,  an  ancient  philosopher 
who  taught  that  men  should 
seek  pleasure  as  the  supreme 
good  and  the  object  of  exist- 
ence. 

ER'IX,  Ireland. 

ERSE,  s.  the  language  of  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland;  a. 
pertaining  to  the  ancient 
Scotch. 

GAE'LIC,  s.  the  language  of 
the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land 

GOR'DIAX,  a.  intricate,  difficult; 
from  Gordius,  a  Phrygian 
husbandman,  who,  on  being 
made  king  by  the  oracle  of 
Apollo,  tied  the  yoke  of  his 
chariot  to  the  pole,  in  a  knot 
so  intricate,  that  no  one  could 
find  out  where  it  began  or 
ended.  It  was  pretended, 
that  whoever  should  loose 
this  knot  should  be  king  of 
all  Asia.  Alexander  cut  it 
with  his  sword. 

GOTH'IC,  a.  respecting  the  coun- 
try or  language  of  the  Goths; 
rude,  uncivilized;  denoting  a 
style  of  architecture,  whose 
principal  characteristic  is  the 
pointed  arch. 


216 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


GREGO'RIAN,  a.  denoting  the^ 
style  of  Pope  Gregory  XIII. 

HELVE'TIAX,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Switzerland. 

HE.SPE'RIAN,  a.  pertaining  to! 
the  Hesperides;  or  to  Hespe- ! 
ria,  an  ancient  name  of  Italy. 

HORA'TIAN. a.  imitating  Horace.  | 

HYBLE' AN. pertaining  to  Hy'bla. 
a  town  iu  Sicily,  famous  in 
ancient  times  for  its  honey. 

ION'IC  Order,  an  order  of  archi- 
tecture, invented  by  the  peo- 
ple of  Ionia. 

JU'LIAN,  a.  denoting  the  compu- 
tation of  time  by  the  Julian 
calendar,  so  called  from  Julius 
Caesar. 

LACEDJEMO'NIAN,  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Lacedaemon  or 
Sparta,  a  city  of  Greece  : — s.  j 
a  native  of  Lacedremon. 

LETIIE'AN,  n.  of  or  pertaining! 
to  the  fabulous  river  Lethe ;  j 
causing  oblivion. 

LES'BIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining1 
to  the  island  of  Lesbos,  the 
residence  of  Sappho  the  an- 
cient poetess. 

LYD'IAN,  a.  soft  and  slow;  an  1 
epithet  given  by  the  Greeks  | 
to  one  of  their  kinds  or  modes  ! 
of  music. 

MACCHIAVEL'LIAN.  belonging 
to  the  political  school  of  Mac- 
chiavelli,  the  celebrated  Flo- 1 
rentine  politician,  whose  doc- 
trines have  been  regarded  as 
highly  pernicious. 

MOS'LEM,  s.  a  Mussulman  or, 
Mohammedan  believer;  the 
plural  of  Mussulman  is  Mus- 
sulmans; the  syllable  man  is 
not  from  the  English  wordj 


NICENE',  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Xice,  in  Asia  Minor. 

XOM'ADES,  s.  persons  who  are 
continually  changing  their 
place  of  residence ;  erratic 
hordes. 

OLYM'PIAD,  s.  the  time  which 
elapsed  between  the  celebra- 
tions of  the  Olympic  Games, 
namely,  four  complete  years; 
a  noted  era  among  the  Greeks, 
who  by  it  computed  their 
time. 

OLYM'PIAX,  OLYM'PIC,  a.  of 
Olympia,  a  town  of  Elis  in 
Peloponnesus,  where  famous 
games  dedicated  to  Jupiter 
Olympics,  were  performed. 

PA'RIAN.  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Paros,  an  island  of  the  Gre- 
cian archipelago,  famous  for 
its  marble.  In  this  island. 
264  years  before  Christ,  was 
engraved  iu  capital  letters, 
on  marble,  a  chronicle  of  the 
city  of  Athens.  It  was  pre- 
sented by  the  Earl  of  Arundel 
to  the  University  of  Oxford, 
and  from  him  takes  the  name 
of  the  Arunde'lian  marbles. 

PARMESAN',  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to,  or  made  at  Parma,  in  Italy. 

PARNASSIAN,  o.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Mount  Parnassus,  which 
was  sacred  to  the  Muses. 

PELAS'GI,  PELAS'GIAXS,  s.  a 
people  of  Greece,  so  named 
from  Pelasgus,  their  founder 
and  first  king. 

PELOPONNF/SIAN,  u.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Peloponnesus,  in 
Greece ;  now  the  Morea. 

PERSEPOL'ITAN,  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Persepolis. 

PIE'RIAN*,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 


CLASSICAL    DERIVATIVES,   ETC. 


217 


Pieria,  the  fabled  birthplace 
of  the  Muses. 
PROME'THEAN,'  a.    resemblins 


desert  of  Arabia  : — they  were 
the  first  disciples  of  Moham- 
med. 


Prometheus,    who    surpassed  SARDON'IC  Grin,  an  involuntary 
all  mankind  in  cunning,  and  j      show  of  laughter,  occasioned 
who  is  fabled  to  have  stolen  j 
fire  from  heaven  and  given  it : 
to  man,  for  which  act  he  was 
punished  by  being  chained  to  j 
a  rock  where  a  vulture  preyed ; 
upon  his  liver  which  was  con-  i 
stantly  renewed. 
PROTE'AN,   a.   resembling  Pro- 


by  a  convulsive  distortion  of 
the  muscles  of  the  mouth; 
so  called  from  the  herb  sar- 
(fonia,  which,  it  is  said,  pro- 
duces it. 

SATURNA'LIAN,  a.  sportive, 
loose,  like  the  feasts  of  Sa- 
turn. 


teus,  a  seagod  who  could  as-  STA'GIRITE,  s.  a  native  of  Sta- 
sume  various  forms.  gira>  a   town    of   Macedonia, 

famed  as  the  birthplace  of 
Aristotle,  who  is  hence  called 
the  Stagirite. 


PTOLEMA'IC,  a.  pertaining  to 
the  astronomical  system  of 
Claudius  Ptolemy,  an  Egyp- 


tian philosopher;  in  which  it 
is  supposed  the  earth  is  fixed 
in  the  centre  of  the  universe. 

PTJ'NIC,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Carthage. 

PYR'RHONISM,    s.    skepticism ; 


STENTO'RIAN,  a.  exceedingly 
loud  or  strong;  from  Stentor, 
a  Grecian,  whose  voice,  Ho- 
mer tells  us,  was  as  loud  as 
the  united  voices  of  fifty 
men. 


from  Pyr'rho,  a  Grecian  phi-  STENTOROPHON'IC,    a.     loudly 


losopher,    who    doubted     of 

everything. 
PYTHAOO'REAN,  a.  denoting  the 

discipline  of  Pythagoras: — s. 

a  follower  of  Pythagoras. 
PYTH'IAN  Games,  games  insti- 
ted  by  Apollo,  in  commemo- 


speaking  or  sounding  : — sten- 

torophonic  tube,  a   speaking 

trumpet. 
STY'GIAN,  a.  pertaining  to  the 

Styx,  a  fabulous  river  in  the 

infernal  regions. 
SYB'ARITE,  s.  an  inhabitant  of 


ration  of  his  victory  over  the 
serpent  Python. 

PY'THONESS,  s.  a  witch. 

ROMA'IC,  x.  the  modern  Greek 
language ;  so  called  in  refer- 
ence to  the  extension  of  Ro- 
man power  over  Greece. 

SARACEN'IC,    a.    denoting    the 

architecture  of  the  Saracens,  [  TARTA'REAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
or  the  modern  Gothic;  of  or  to  Tartarus;  the  name  given, 
pertaining  to  the  Saracens,  a  in  ancient  mythology,  to  the 
celebrated  people  that  came,  place  of  punishment  in  an- 
sorne  centuries  ago,  from  the  other  world. 


Sybaris,  once  a  powerful  city 
of  Calabria,  whose  inhabitants 
were  proverbially  effeminate 
and  luxurious;  one  of  whom, 
it  is  said,  was  unable  to  sleep, 
because  one  of  the  rose  leaves 
which  composed  his  bed  was 
doubled  under  him. 


218 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


TARPE'IAX  ROCK,  a  natue  given 
to  the  height  on  which  stood 
the  capitol  in  ancient  Rome. 


LN  Order,  an  order  in  ar- 
chitecture, which  had  its  ori- 
gin in  Tuscaay. 

TIIE'BAX,   a.   of  or  pertaining  TYR'IAX,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
to    Thebes ;    s.    a   native    of  i      the  city  of  Tyre,  an  ancient 


Thebes. 


city  of  Phoenicia. 


GEOGRAPHICAL   DERIVATIVES,  Ac. 


AF'GHAX,  s.  a  native  of  Afghan- 
istan. 

ALGERINE,  s.  a  native  of  Algiers; 
<7.  of  or  pertaining  to  Algiers. 

AI/PIXE,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to, 
or  resembling  the  Alps. 

AX'GLICAX,  a.  English. 


BRIT'OX,  s.  a  native  of  Britain. 

BURMESE',  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Ava.  or  the  Birman  empire; 
s.  the  natives  of  Ava. 

BYZAX'TIXE,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Byzantium,  now  Constan- 
tinople. 


AX'GLO-DA'XISH,  a.  pertaining  CAF'FRE.  s.  a  native  of  Caffraria 


to  the  English  Danes. 
AX'GLO-NOR'MAX,  a.  pertaining 

to  the  English  Xoriuans. 
AN'GLO-SAX'OX.  a.  pertaining  to 

the  English  Saxons. 
AR'ABS,  s.  tribes  inhabiting  the 

whole    African   coast   of   the 


in  Africa. 

CALABRESE',  CALA'BRIAX.  a. 
of  or  pertaining  to  Calabria; 
s.  a  native  of  Calabria. 

CALEDO'XIAX,  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Scotland;  s.  a  native 
of  Scotland. 


Mediterranean,  Egypt,  Abys-  CAM'BRIAX,  a.  of  or  pertaining 


synia,  and  the  eastern  side  of 
Africa  as  far  as  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  as  well  as  the 


to  Wales  ;  s.  a  Welshman. 
CAM'BRO-BRIT'OX,  s.  a  Welsh- 


peninsula  of  Arabia  in  Asia,   j  CAXA'DIAX,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
ARAB'IC,  a.  of  Arabia;  s.  the;      to    Canada;    s.    a    native    of 

language  of  Arabia.  Canada. 

AR'XAUT,  .s.  an  Albanian.  CAX'DIOTE.  a.  of  or  pertaining 

ARRAGONESE',  s.  the  natives  of'      to    Candia ;    s.    a   native    of 

Arragon,  in  Spain.        [Asia.        Candia. 

ASIAT'IC,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to \  CARIBBE'AX,   a.   pertaining    to 
ASSAMESE',   s.    the    natives    ofi      the  Caribbee  islands. 

Assam.  [Babylon.  CAUCA'SIAX,   a.   pertaining    to 

BABYLO'XISH,  a.  pertaining  to!      Mount  Caucasus. 
BEL'GIC,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to  CEPHALO'XIOTE,  a.  of  or  per- 

Belgium.  [Bengal.,      taining   to   Cephalonia;    s.  a 

BEXGALESE',  s.  the  natives  of       native  of  Cephalonia. 
BRAZILIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  CES'TRIAX.  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  Brazil.  to  Cheshire. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DERIVATIVES,    ETC. 


219 


CEYLONESE',  s.  the  natives  of 
Ceylon;  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Ceylon. 

CIIIL'IAN,  a.  pertaining  to  Chili. 

CHINESE',  of  or  pertaining  to 
China;  s.  the  natives  of 
China. 

CiSAl/PiNE,a.  an  epithet  applied 
to  the  countries  on  that  side 
of  the  Alps  next  to  France. 

COP'TIC,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Copts  or  ancient  Egyptians. 

COR'FUTE,  or  COR'FIOTE,  s.  a 
native  of  Corfu. 

COR'NISH,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Cornwall. 

COR'TES,  s.  the  states,  or  assem- 
bly of  the  states,  of  Spain  and 
of  Portugal. 

CRE'OLE,  s.  one  born  in  the 
West  Indies  of  Spanish  pa- 
rents. 

DAMASCE'NE,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Damascus. 

]>ANK,  s.  a  native  of  Denmark. 

EGYP'TIAN,  «.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Egypt;  s.  a  native  of 
Egypt. 

EN'GLISH,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  England. 

E'THIOP,  s.  a  native  of  Ethio- 
pia. 

EUROPE' AN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Europe; — s.  a  native  of 
Europe. 

FIN'XISH,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Finland. 

FLEM'ISII,  a.  pertaining  to  Flan- ! 
ders. 

FLOR'ENTINE,  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Florence  : — s.  a  native 
of  Florence 

FRANK,  s.  any  European  who 
is  not  a  Greek,  a  Jew,  or  a 
Turk. 


GAI/LICAN,  a.  French. 

GENEVESE',  «.  of  or  pertaining 
to    Geneva  : — s.    the    natives 
of  Geneva. 
;  GENOESE',  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  Genoa. 

|  GRE'CIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Greece. 

GREEK,  s.  a  native  of  Greece ; 
a.  of  or  pertaining  to  Greece. 

HANSE,  s.  a  company  of  mer- 
chants ;  applied  to  certain 
towns  in  Germany,  confede- 
rated for  the  mutual  protec- 
tion of  their  commerce. 

HANSEAT'IC,  «.  pertaining  to 
the  Hanse  Towns. 

HES'SIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Hesse  in  Germany. 

HIBER'NIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Ireland : — s.  a  native  of 
Ireland. 

HINDOO',  s.  a  native  of  Hin- 
dostan. 

HINDOSTANEE',  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Hindostan. 

HYD'RIOTE,  a.  pertaining  to  Hy- 
dra, a  small  island  in  the  Gre- 
cian archipelago  : — s.  a  native 
of  Hydra. 

ICELAN'DIC,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Iceland. 

I'RISII,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Ireland. 

ITAL'IAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Italy  : — s.  a  native  of  Italy. 

JAPANESE',  s  the  natives  of  Ja- 
pan. 

JA'VAN,  s.  a  native  of  Java. 

jAVANESE',s.the  natives  of  Java. 

LEVAN'TINE,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Levant,  a  name  given  to  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  and  the  countriea 
bordering  on  it. 


THE    SCHOLAR  S    COMPANION. 


MADEGAS'SES,  s.  natives  of 
Madagascar. 

MAHARAT'TAS,  s.  natives  of 
Maharatta. 

MALTESE',  s.  the  natives  of 
Malta  : — a.  belonging  to 
Malta.  [Man. 

MANK,  s.  a  native  of  the  Isle  of 

MANX,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Isle  of  Man. 

MILANESE',  s.  the  natives  of 
Milan.  [the  Morea. 

MO'REOTE,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

NEPAULESE',  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Nepaul. 

NOB/MAN,  g,.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Normandy. 

NORWE'GIAN,  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Norway. 

NORTHUM'BRIAN,  a.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Northumberland. 

OT'TOMAN,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Turkish  empire. 

PARIS'IAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Paris. 

PARSEE',  s.  a  fire-worshipper  of 
the  East  Indies. 

PERU'VIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 
to  Peru. 

PIEDMONTESE',  s.  the  natives 
of  Piedmont. 

POLE,  s.  a  native  of  Poland. 

PO'LISH,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Poland. 

POLONESE',  a.  Polish. 

PORTUGUESE',  a.  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Portugal. 

PYRENE'AN,  a.  pertaining  to  the 
Pyrenees,  mountains  sepa- 
rating France  and  Spain. 

KH^E'TIAN,  a.  an  epithet  applied 
to  a  portion  of  the  Alps, 
situated  between  the  Grisons 
country  and  Milan. 

SAVOY'ARD,  s.  a  native  of  Savoy. 


SAX'ON,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Saxony. 

SCOTCH,  SCOT'TISH,  a.  of  or 
pertaining  to  Scotland. 

SIAMESE',  s.  the  natives  of  Siam. 

SMYR'NIOTE,  s.  a  native  of 
Smyrna. 

SPAN'IARD,  s.  a  native  of  Spain. 

SPAN'ISH,  «.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Spain. 

SU'LIOTE,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Suli : — s.  a  native  of  Suli. 

SUMA'TRAN,  s.  a  native  of  Su- 
matra. 

SWEDE,  s.  a  native  of  Sweden. 

Swiss,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Switzerland. 

SYR'IAC,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 
Syria. 

TAR'TAR,  s.  a  native  of  Tartary. 

THIBE'TIAN,  s.  a  native  of  Thi- 
bet. 

TRANSALPINE,  a.  an  epithet 
applied  to  the  countries  on 
that  side  of  the  Alps  furthest 
from  France. 

TRANSATLANTIC,  a.  an  epithet 
applied  to  the  countries  be- 
yond the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

TRIPOL'ITAN,  s.  a  native  of 
Tripoli : — a.  pertaining  to 
Tripoli. 

TUNISIAN,  TUNIS'INE,  a.  of  or 

pertaining  to  Tunis. 
TURK,  a  native  of  Turkey. 
TYROLESE',  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  the  Tyrol. 
VENE'TIAN,  a.  of  or  pertaining 

to  Venice. 
WALDEN'SES,  s.  the  natives  of 

Vaudois  in  Piedmont. 
WELSH,  a.  of  or  pertaining  to 

Wales.  [koiitsk. 

YAKOUTE',  s.  a  native  of  Ya- 
ZAN'TIOTE,  s.  a  native  of  Zaute. 


ENGLISH    SYNONYMS.  221 

PART  III. 

ENGLISH  SYNONYMS. 

WORDS  which  are  strictly  synonymous,  i.  e.,  which  are  used  to 
convey  precisely  the  same  idea,  and  might  be  substituted  for  each 
other  in  any  possible  connection,  are  almost,  if  not  entirely  un- 
known. But  the  term  synonymous  is  applied,  in  common  usage, 
to  words  which  represent  a  given  idea  under  different  limitations 
or  modifications,  while  the  words  belong  to  the  same  part  of 
speech.  As  the  degree  of  resemblance  between  the  signification 
of  such  words  may  vary  indefinitely,  a  larger  or  smaller  number 
of  words  would,  on  different  occasions,  be  classed  together  as 
synonyms,  according  to  the  different  purposes  for  which  the 
classification  should  be  made. 

In  attempting  to  express  ideas,  either  orally  or  in  writing,  it 
is  often  difficult  to  recall  the  word  which  most  nearly  meets  the 
case.  Young  writers,  especially,  are  much  embarrassed  in  this 
way;  and  without  some  aid,  they  will  not  rapidly  improve  in 
pertinency  and  variety  of  expression.  It  is  the  object  of  the 
following  collection  of  synonyms  to  furnish  the  aid  which  the 
difficulty  above  mentioned  renders  necessary.*  When  the  stu- 
dent is  in  doubt  respecting  the  distinction  between  the  significa- 
tions of  words  here  classed  together,  he  will  of  course  resort, 
either  to  a  large  English  dictionary,  or  to  a  proper  dictionary  of 
synonyms,  like  that  of  Crabbe.  In  consulting  the  following 
pages,  he  may  not  only  have  the  appropriate  word  suggested, 
when  the  memory  alone  is  at  fault,  but  may  become  acquainted 
with  new  words,  and  be  led  to  investigate  their  meaning. 

In  arranging  the  words  in  paragraphs  in  this  Part,  the  aim  has 
been  to  place  those  of  a  more  general  or  comprehensive  signifi- 
cation first,  and  those  more  limited  afterwards ;  a  transition  to 
words  of  a  distinct  class  is  marked  by  a  semicolon.  Words  arc 
occasionally  introduced  which  may  seem  too  remote;  but  if  it  is 
borne  in  mind  by  the  pupil  that  the  words  classed  together  are 
not  to  be  considered  as  defining  each  other,  no  error  will  be  occa- 
sioned by  thus  extending  the  classification. 

This  Part  may  be  used,  with  great  advantage,  as  the  basis  of 
exercises  in  which  the  pupil  shall  be  required  to  discriminate 
carefully  between  the  significations  of  words  more  or  less  nearly 
synonymous.  These  exercises  may,  of  course,  be  much  varied. 
They  will  be  found  admirably  adapted  to  cultivate  habits  of  accu- 
racy in  thought  and  expression. 

*  This  collection  did  not  form  a  part  of  Butter's  Expositor,  but  is  derived 
from  a  work  by  William  Carpenter. 


ENGLISH  SYNONYMS. 


ABO  AGO 

To  ABASE,  depress,  degrade,  bring  ABNEGATION,  denial,  renunciation. 

low,     humble,    disgrace,     cast  To  ABRIDGE,  abbreviate,  curtail, 

down.  ]      shorten,  reduce,  compress,  con- 

To  ABBREVIATE,  contract,  curtail,       tract,  condense,  epitomize. 

shorten,  abridge,  compress,  con-  ABNEGATE.     See  ABNEGATION  and 

dense,  reduce,  epitomize.  ABOLI.-II. 

To  ABET,  aid,  assist.  i  To     ABOMINATE,    abhor,    detest, 

ABETTOR,  assistant,  accessary,  ally,       loathe. 

accomplice.  ABRUPT,  rugged,  rough ;  sudden, 

To  ABANDON,  forsake,  desert,  re-       unexpected. 

nounce,  relinquish,  resign,  give  ABSOLUTE,  positive,  peremptory  ; 

up,  abdicate,  quit,  forego.  arbitrary,  despotic. 

ABANDONED,   profligate,    corrupt,  ABSOLUTELY,     completely,     unre- 

vitiated,    depraved,    reprobate, ,      strictedly,  unconditionally. 

viciuus,  wicked.  To  ABSOLVE,  clear,  acquit,  set  free ; 

To  ABASH,  confuse,  confound,  dis-       remit ;  pardon,  forgive. 

concert,  shame.  To  ABSORB,  swallow  up,  imbibe, 

To  ABATE,  diminish,  reduce,  de-       engulf,  engross,  consume. 

crease,  lessen,  liquidate,  lower,  To  ABSTAIN,  refrain,  forbear,  with- 

subside.  ;     hold. 

To  ABDICATE,  abandon,  relinquish,  ABSTEMIOUS,  abstinent,  temperate, 

forsake,  resign,  renounce,  give]     sober. 

up,  quit.  |  ABSTERGENT,  cleansing,  purgative, 

To    ABHOR,    detest,     abominate,  I     abstersive. 

loathe.  j  ABSTINENT,    abstemious,   temper- 

To  ABIDE,  stay,  remain,  tarry.       |     ate,  sober. 
ABILITY,  capacity,  faculty,  talent,  I  ABSURD,  foolish,  irrational,  ridicu- 


capability,  aptness,  aptitude, 
skill,  efficiency. 

ABLE,  competent,  capable,  effi- 
cient, clever,  skilful,  fitted, 
qualified;  strong,  powerful,  ef- 
fective. 

ABJECT,  low.  mean,  base,  despica- 
ble, worthless,  servile,  vile. 


lous,  preposterous. 

ABUNDANT,  ample,  copious,  exu- 
berant, plentiful,  plenteous. 

To  ABUSE,  reproach,  vilify,  revile, 
deceive. 

ABUSIVE,  reproachful,  scurrilous, 
opprobrious,  insolent,  insulting, 
offensive. 


To  ABJURE,  forswear,  recant,  re-  To  ACCEDE,  assent,  consent,  com- 

call,  revoke,  retract.  I     ply,  agree,  acquiesce. 

ABODE,  residence,  dwelling,  habi-  To  ACCELERATE,  hasten,  quicken, 

tation,  domicile.  expedite. 

ABOLISH,  abrogate,  annul,  repeal,  To  ACCEPT,  take,  receive. 

cancel,  revoke;   destroy,  anni-  ACCEPTABLE,  agreeable,  grateful, 

hilate.  .      welcome. 

222 


ACQ  223  ADJ 

ACCESS,  approach,  admittance,  ad-       make  known ;  disclose,  commu- 

mission.  nicate. 

ACCESSARY,  accomplice,  assistant,   ACQUAINTANCE,    familiarity,    inti- 

abettor,  ally.  i      macy ;  fellowship. 

ACCESSION,    addition,    augmenta-  To  ACQUIESCE,  accede,  assent,  con- 

tion,  increase.  i      sent,  comply,  agree,  yield. 

ACCIDENT,  casualty,  contingency, )  To  ACQUIRE,  obtain,  attain,  gain, 

incident,      adventure,       occur- j      procure;  Avin,  earn. 

rence.  ACQUIREMENT,  acquisition  ;  quali- 

ACCIDENTAL,     casual,    fortuitous,       fication. 

contingent,  incident.  To  ACQUIT,  set  free,  clear,  absolve ; 

ACCLAMATION,   applause,  plaudit,  i      pardon,  forgive. 

exultation,  shouting.  ACRIMONY,    asperity,    harshness, 

To  ACCOMMODATE,  adapt,  adjust, 

suit,  fit,  serve. 
ACCOMPLICE,    abettor,    accessary, 

assistant,  ally. 
To    ACCOMPLISH,    fulfil,    realize, 


smartness,  tartness. 


ACTIVE,  agile,  assiduous,  alert, 
brisk,  vigorous,  nimble,  lively, 
quick,  sprightly;  prompt;  in- 
dustrious, laborious. 


effect,    achieve,    complete,    exe- i  ACTUAL,    real,    positive,    certain, 
cute.  genuine. 

ACCOMPLISHMENT,      achievement,  [  To  ACTUATE,  move,  impel,  induce, 
feat,  deed  ;  acquirement,  quali-  j      instigate, 
fication.  ACUTE,  keen,  shrewd, penetrating, 


ACCORDANCE,  agreement,  harmo- 
ny, unison,  melody. 

ACCORDANT,  consonant,  consist- 
ent. 

A<  COUNT,    narrative,    description, 


piercing;  sharp,  pointed 
ADAGE,  maxim,  aphorism,  apoph- 
thegm, proverb,  saying. 
To  ADAPT,  accommodate,  adjust, 
suit,  lit. 
DEQUATE,   equal,   proportionate, 


relation,   recital,   detail,   expla- 
nation, narration.  I      commensurate. 
ACCOUNTAIILE,  amenable,  answer-  \  ADDICTED,  devoted,  attached, 
able,  responsible.  ADDITION,    accession,    augmenta- 


To  ACCUMULATE,    amass,  collect, 

gather,  heap  up. 
ACCURATE,  correct,  exact,  precise, 


tion,  increase. 
ADDRESS,  ability,  dexterity. 
To   ADDUCE,    bring   forward,  ad- 


nice.  i      vance,     allege,      assign,      cite, 

To  ACCUSE,  charge,  impeach,  cen-       quote. 

sure;  arra'-rn.  I  To  ADHERE,    attach,   stick,   hold, 

To  ACCUSE  falsely,  asperse,  calum-  i     cleave,  fix. 

niate,  defame,  detract,  scandal- j  ADHERENCE,      adhesion,     attach- 

ize,  slander,  vilify.  j      ment. 

To    ACHIEVE,    accomplish,   fulfil,   ADHERENT,  follower,  disciple,  par- 
realize,    eS'ect,    complete,    exe-       tisan. 

cute.  ADHESION,      adherence,      attach- 

ACIIIEVEMENT,  feat,  exploit,  deed,  j      ment. 

accomplishment,  acquirement,    t  ADJACENT,    near     to,    adjoining, 
ACID,    sour,    tart,    sharp,    acrimo- :      contiguous,  approximating. 

ADJOINING,  adjacent,  contiguous, 


nious,  acetous,  acotose. 
To  ACKNOWLEDGE,  avow,  confess, 


approximating. 


o\vn,  recognise.  j  To  ADJOURN,  prorogue;  postpone, 

To    ACQUAINT,    apprise,    inform,       delay,  defer. 
15 


AFF  224 


To  ADJUST,  accommodate,  adapt, 

get  right,  suit,  fit. 
To  ADMINISTER,  minister,  contri- 


To  AFFECT,  influence,  act  upon, 
concern ;    assume,    pretend    to 


arrogate, 
buto,  supply  ;  serve,  manage.      ;  AFFECTING,     pathetic,     touching, 

ADMIRATION,     amazement,     asto-j      moving. 

nishment,  wonder,  surprise.        !  AFFECTION,  attachment,  kindness, 

ADMISSION,     admittance,    access,  ;     fondness,  love. 

approach.  i  AFFIXITV,   alliance  :  kindred,   re- 

To  ADMIT,  allow,  concede,  permit,  j      lationship. 

suffer,  tolerate,  grant.  i  To  AFFIRM,  assert,  declare,  assure, 

ADMITTANCE,    admission,    access,       asseverate,    aver,    protest,    pro- 
approach,  nounce. 

To   ADORN,    decorate,    embellish,    To    AFFIX,   attach,   subjoin,   con- 
beautify.  iiect,  annex. 

ADROIT,  clever,  skilful,  dextrous, '  To    AFFLICT,     distress,     trouble, 
expert.  j      pain. 

To  ADULATE,  flatter,  compliment.    AFFLUENCE,  wealth,  riches,  opu- 

To    ADULTERATE,    corrupt,     con- '      lence. 

taminate,  defile,  vitiate,  soph  is-  To  AFFORD,   give,   impart,  yield, 
ticate.  j      produce ;  spare. 

To  ADVANCE,  bring  forward,  as- 'AFFRAY,    fray,    quarrel,     brawl, 
sign,  adduce,  allege  ;    proceed,  i      feud,  altercation, 
go  forward.  To    AFFRIGHT,    frighten,    terrify, 


ADVANCEMENT,      progress, 

gression ;    improvement,    profi- 
ciency. 


.ppall,  dismay,  shock. 
AFFRONT,  insult,  offence,  outrage. 
AFRAID,    fearful,     timid,     timor- 


ADVANTAGE,  good,  benefit,  profit. 

ADVENTURE,  occurrence,  incident,  I  AGE,    time,     period,     generation, 

contingency,    casualty,    event,  ,      date,  era,  epoch,  century. 

accident.  |  AGED,  elderly,  old,  senile. 


ADVENTUROUS,  enterprising;  rash, 

foolhardy. 
ADVERSARY,  antagonist,  opponent, 


AGENCY,    action,   operation ;    ma- 
nagement. 
To  AGGRAVATE,  provoke,  irritate, 


enemy,  foe.  exasperate,  tantalize  ;  heighten, 

ADVERSE,  averse,  contrary,  oppo- 1      raise,  make  worse. 


site  ;  inimical,  repugnant,  hos- 
tile. 

To  ADVERTISE,  announce,  pro- 
claim, publish,  promulgate. 

ADVICE,  counsel,  instruction,  in- 


AGGRESSION,  assault,  injury,  of- 
fence. 

AGILE,  active,  assiduous,  alert, 
brisk,  vigorous,  nimble,  lively, 
:juick,  sprightly,  prompt;  in- 


formation ;  notice,  intelligence  ;  j      clustrious,  laborious. 

deliberation,  consultation.  ,  To  AGITATE,  shake,  disturb,  toss, 

To  ADVISE  with,  seek  counsel,  de-  i      move. 

liberate,  consult.  AGITATION,  disturbance,  emotion, 

AFFABILITY,     courteousness,     ur-       trepidation,  tremor. 

hanity,       courtesy,       complai—  AGONY,    anguish,    pain,    distress, 

sance.  |      pang,  suffering. 

AFFABLE,  courteous,  conciliating,  i  To   AGREE,    accede,    assent,    con- 

gontle,  urbane.  j      sent,    comply,    acquiesce,    eon- 

AFFAIR,   business,   concern,   mat-;      cur. 

ter,  {AGREEABLE,    pleasant,     pleasing, 


A  i/: 


grateful,  welcome,  conformable, 
suitable,  acceptable. 

AGREEMENT,  concurrence,  com- 
pact, contract,  bargain,  cove- 
nant ;  accordance,  harmony, 
unison  :  melody. 

To  AID,  assist,  help,  relieve,  suc- 
cor. 

To  Am,  point,  level;  endeavor, 
aspire. 

AIM,  end,  object,  purpose,  drift, 
scope,  design,  tendency. 

AIR,  look,  manner,  mien,  aspect, 
appearance. 

ALARM,  terror,  fright,  affright, 
consternation,  disquietude. 

ALERT,  active,  agile,  assiduous, 
brisk,  vigorous,  nimble,  lively, 
quick,  prompt,  sprightly;  in- 
dustrious, laborious. 

ALIEN,  stranger,  foreigner. 

To  ALIENATE,  estrange,  withdraw, 
transfer. 

To  ALLAY,  appease,  assuage, 
soothe,  compose,  calm,  tranquil- 
lize. 

To  ALLEGE,  adduce,  advance,  as- 
sign. 

To  ALLEVIATE,  mitigate,  relieve, 
abate,  diminish. 

ALLIANCE,  affinity,  connection ; 
confederacy,  league,  combina- 
tion, coalition. 

To  ALLOT,  assign,  apportion,  ap- 
point, distribute. 

To  ALLOW',  admit,  concede  ;  per- 
mit, suffer,  tolerate;  grant, 
give. 

ALLOWANCX,  grant,  stipend,  pay, 
wages,  salary  ;  permission,  con- 
cession. 

To  ALLUDE,  hint,  refer,  glance 
at,  suggest,  intimate. 

To  ALLURE,  attract,  decoy,  entice, 
tempt,  seduce. 

ALLY,  associate,  accomplice,  ac-| 
cessary,  assistant. 

To  ALTER,  change,  vary. 

ALSO,  likewise,  too. 

ALTI-.KCATION,  dispute,  affray, 
quarrel,  feud. 


!  ALWAYS,  constantly,  continually, 
incessantly,  perpetually,  ever. 

To  AMASS,  accumulate.*  collect, 
gather,  pile  up,  heap  up. 

I  AMAZEMENT,     wonder,     surprise, 

!      astonishment,  admiration. 

i  AMBIGUOUS,  equivocal,  indistinct, 

j      doubtful. 

AMENABLE,  accountable,  answer- 
I  able,  responsible. 

To  AMEND,  correct,  emend,  better, 
mend,  improve,  reform,  rectifv. 
|  AMENDS,  restoration,  restitution, 
reparation. 

AMIAHLE,  lovely,  charmiiv  de- 
lightful. 

AMOROUS,  loving,  fond. 

AMPLE,  spacious,  capacious;  abun- 
dant, copious,  plenteous. 

AMUSE,  entertain,  divert ;  be- 
guile. 

AMUSEMENT,  diversion,  entertain- 
ment, sport,  recreation,  pas- 
time. 

ANCESTOR,  progenitor,  forefather, 
predecessor. 

ANCIENT,  old,  antique,  antiquated, 
old-fashioned,  obsolete. 

ANECDOTE,  story,  tale,  memoir, 
incident. 

To  ANGER,  irritate,  increase,  ag- 
gravate, enrage,  incite,  stimu- 
late, exasperate,  inflame. 

ANGRY,  irascible,  passionate, 
hasty,  hot. 

ANGUISH,  pain,  agony,  distress, 
suffering. 

ANIMADVERSION,  criticism,  stric- 
ture, censure. 

To  ANIMATE,  inspire,  exhilarate, 
enliven,  incite,  impel,  instigate, 
urge ;  cheer. 

ANIMATION,  life,  vivacity,  spirits, 
buoyancy. 

ANIMOSITY,  enmity,  hostility,  ma- 
lignity. 

ANNALS,  chronicles,  memoirs, 
archives,  records,  registers. 

To  ANNEX,  affix,  attach,  subjoin. 

ANNOTATION,  comment,  note,  ob- 
servation, remark,  elucidation. 


Alii 


To  ANNOUNCE,  advertise,  pro- 
claim, publish. 

To  ANNOY,  molest,  incommode, 
vex,  tease. 

ANNUL,  abolish,  abrogate,  repeal, 
cancel,  revoke,  destroy,  anuihi-  j 
late. 

To  ANSWER  for,  guaranty,  war-i 
rant,  secure. 

ANSWER,  reply,  rejoinder,  re- 
sponse, replication. 

ANSWERABLE,  responsible,  ac- 
countable, amenable  ;  suitable, 
correspondent. 

ANTAGONIST,  adversary,  opponent, 
enemy,  foe. 

ANTECEDENT,  anterior,  previous, 
prior,  preceding,  foregoing,  for- 
mer. 

ANTERIOR,  antecedent,  previous, 
prior,  preceding,  foregoing,  for- 
mer. 

To  ANTICIPATE,  prepossess,  pre- 
cede, prejudge;  forestall. 

ANTIPATHY,  aversion,  dislike,  ha- 
tred, repugnance,  contrariety, 
opposition. 

ANTIQUE,  old,  ancient,  antiquated, 
old-fashioned,  obsolete. 

ANXIETY,  care,  solicitude,  per- 
plexity ;  caution,  attention. 

APATHY,  indifference,  insensibili- 
ty, unfeelingness. 

To  APE,  imitate,  mimic,  mock. 

APERTURE,  opening,  cavity. 

APHORISM,  apophthegm,  adage, 
maxim,  proverb,  saying. 

To  APPALL,  dismay,  terrify,  daunt. 

APPARENT,  visible,  obvious,  clear, 
plain,  evident,  manifest,  dis- 
tinct. 

To  APPEAL,  refer,  call  upon,  in- 
voke. 

To  APPEAR,  look,  seem. 

APPEARANCE,  air,  look,  manner, 
mien,  aspect,  semblance 

APPEARANCE  of  truth,  verisimili- 
tude, probability,  speciousness. 

To  APPEASE,  pacify,  allay,  as- 
suage, soothe,  compose,  -aim, 
tranquillize,  propitiate. 


APPELLATION,  name,  denomiuar 
tion,  title,  cognomen. 

To  APPLAUD,  commend,  praise, 
extol,  approve. 

APPLAUSE,  acclamation,  plaudit, 
exultation,  shouting. 

To  APPLY,  devote,  addict,  ad- 
dress. 

To  APPOINT,  allot,  ordain,  depute, 
order,  prescribe,  constitute,  iix, 
provide. 

To  APPRECIATE,  estimate,  note, 
value  ;  esteem. 

To  APPREHEND,  take,  seize,  catch, 
hold  ;  conceive,  imagine ;  anti- 
cipate, fear,  dread. 

To  APPRISE,  acquaint,  inform, 
make  known,  disclose,  commu- 
nicate. 

APPROACH,  access,  admittance, 
admission. 

APPROBATION,  approval,  concur- 
rence, consent. 

To  APPROPRIATE,  assume,  arro- 
gate, usurp;  allot,  assign. 

APPROPRIATE,  peculiar,  particular, 
exclusive. 

To  APPROXIMATE,  approach,  come 
near. 

APT,  ready,  fit,  meet,  prompt, 
suitable,  dextrous. 

ARBITER,  arbitrator,  judge,  um- 
pire. 

ARBITRARY,  absolute,  despotic, 
peremptory,  imperious,  tyran- 
nical ;  optional. 

ARBITRATOR,  arbiter,  judge,  um- 
pire. 

ARCHIVES,  annals,  chronicles,  re- 
gisters, records. 

ARDENT,  vehement,  hot,  eager, 
passionate,  violent,  fiery,  fer- 
vent. 

ARDUOUS,  hard,  difficult. 

To  ARGUE,  dispute,  debate, 
evince ;  expostulate,  remon- 
strate. 

ARGUMENT,  reason,  proof,  dis- 
pute. 

ARIDITY,  dryness :  sterility,  bar- 
renness, unfaithfulness. 


ASS 


1227 


ATT 


To  ARISE,  rise,  moifnt,  ascend ; 
scale. 

To  AKRAIGV,  accuse,  charge,  im- 
peach, censure. 

To  ARRANGE,  place,  class,  range, 
dispose. 

ARRAV,  apparel,  attire;  show,  ex- 
hibition. 

ARROGANCE,  assumption,  haugh- 
tiness, presumption,  usurpa- 
tion. 

ART,  cunning,  deceit,  duplicity ; 
skill,  aptitude,  contrivance,  ex- 
pertness. 

To  ARTICULATE,  speak,  utter,  pro- 
nounce. 

ARTIFICE,  trick, finesse, stratagem, 
deception,  cheat,  imposture,  de- 
lusion, fraud,  deceit,  guile,  im- 
position. 

ARTLESS,  ingenuous,  candid,  open, 
frank. 

To  ASCEXD,  arise,  rise,  mount, 
soar,  scale,  climb. 

ASCENDENCY,  influence,  authority, 
sway,  domination. 

To  ASCRIBE,  attribute,  impute. 

To  ASK,  request,  solicit,  entreat, 
beg,  claim,  demand  ;  inquire,  j 
question. 

ASPECT,  appearance,  air,  look, 
mien. 

ASPERITY,  acrimony,  harshness, 
smartness,  tartness. 

To  ASPERSE,  accuse  falsely,  calum- 
niate, defame,  detract,  scandal- 
ize, slander,  vilify. 

To  ASSAIL,  attack,  assault,  en- 
counter. 

To  ASSASSINATE,  kill,  murder,! 
slay. 

To  ASSAULT,  assail,  attack,  en- 
counter. 

ASSEMBLAGE,  assembly,  collection, 
_  group. 

To  ASSEMBLE,  collect,  muster,  con- 1 
vene,  convoke. 

ASSAILANT,  aggressor. 

ASSEMBLY,  assemblage,  collec-i 
tion,  group;  company,  con- 
gregation, congress,  conven  ' 


tion,  diet,  meeting,  convocation, 
council. 

ASSENT,  consent,  concurrence,  ap- 
probation. 

To  ASSERT,  affirm,  declare,  asseve- 
rate, aver,  protest,  pronounce ; 
maintain,  vindicate. 

ASSESSMENT,  tax,  rate,  impost. 

To  ASSEVERATE,  assert,  affirm, 
aver,  declare,  assure,  protest, 
pronounce,  vouch. 

ASSIDUOUS,  active,  agile,  alert, 
brisk. 

To  ASSIGN,  adduce,  allege,  ad- 
vance; allot,  apportion. 

To  ASSIST,  aid,  help,  relieve,  suc- 
cor. 

ASSISTANT,  helper. 

ASSOCIATE,  companion,  ally,  co- 
adjutor, partner. 

ASSOCIATION,  combination,  com- 
pany, society,  partnership. 

To  ASSUAGE,  allay,  soothe,  ap- 
pease, cairn,  tranquillize,  miti- 
gate. 

To  ASSUME,  arrogate,  usurp,  ap- 
propriate, affect. 

ASSURANCE,  confidence,  persua- 
sion ;  impudence. 

To  ASSURE,  affirm,  assert,  asseve- 
rate, aver,  protest,  vouch. 

ASTONISHMENT,  amazement,  won- 
der, surprise,  admiration. 

ASTRINGENT,  binding,  styptic, 
astrictive,  restringent,  cos- 
tive. 

ASTUTE,  arch,  cunning,  penetra- 
ting, wily,  crafty,  artful. 

ASYLUM,  refuge,  retreat,  shelter. 

ATROCIOUS,  flagrant,  flagitious, 
heinous. 

To  ATTACH,  affix,  subjoin,  con- 
nect, annex;  adhere,  stick,  hold, 
cleave. 

ATTACHMENT,  affection,  inclina- 
tion, fondness,  love. 

To  ATTAIN,  reach,  acquire,  ob- 
tain, gain,  procure,  got. 

To  ATTACK,  assail,  assault,  en- 
counter ;  impugn. 

ATTEMPT,    effort,    endeavor;    es- 


228 


BAH 


say,    trial  ;    enterprise,    under- 

taking. 
To   ATTEND,    accompany,    escort, 

wait  on  ;  hearken,  listen. 
To  ATTEND   to,   mind,   heed,   re- 

gard. 
NOT  ATTENDING  to,  absent,  inat- 

tentive, abstracted. 
ATTENTION,  heed,  care  ;    applica- 

tion, study. 

ATTENTIVE,  careful,  mindful. 
ATTITUDE,    posture,    gesture,    ac- 

tion, gesticulation. 
To   ATTRACT,    draw,    allure,    en- 

tice. 
ATTRACTIONS,      charms,      allure- 

ments. 

To  ATTRIBUTE,  ascribe,  impute. 
ATTRIBUTE,  quality,  property. 
AUDACITY,    boldness,    effrontery, 

hardihood. 
AUGMENTATION,    accession,    addi- 

tion, increase. 
AUGUR,    forebode,    betoken,    pre- 

sage, portend. 
AUGUST,     majestic,     magisterial, 

dignified,  stately,  pompous. 
AUSPICIOUS,      favorable,      propi- 

tious. 
AUSTERE,     rigid,     severe,    stern, 

rigorous. 
AUTHORITATIVE,  commanding,  im- 

perative, imperious. 
AUTHORITY,     ascendency,    sway, 

influence,      power,      dominion, 

force. 
AVAIL,    advantage,    use,    benefit, 

utility,  service. 


AVARICE,  covetousness,  cupidity. 
To  AVER,  affirm,  assert,  declare, 

assure,  asseverate,  protest. 
AVKKSE,  adverse,  backward,  loth, 

reluctant,  unwilling. 
To  AVENGE,  revenge,  vindicate. 
AVERSION,  antipathy,  dislike,  re- 

pugnance, hatred. 
AVIDITY,  eagerness,  greediness. 
AVOCATION,      calling,      business, 

employment,    engagement,    of- 

fice, trade,    profession,  occupa- 


To AVOID,  shun,  elude,  eschew. 

AVOIDED  (not  to  be),  inevitable, 
unavoidable. 

To  Avow,  acknowledge,  own,  con- 
fess, recognise. 

To  AWAKEN,  arouse,  stir  up,  ex- 
cite ;  provoke. 

AWARE,  apprised,  on  one's  guard, 
cautious. 

AWE,  reverence,  dread,  fear. 

AWKWARD,  clumsy,  uncouth, 
untoward,  unhandy,  un  po- 
lite. 

AWRY,  crooked,  bent,  curved, 
oblique. 

B 

To  BAUBLE,  clatter,  prate,  prat- 
tle. 

BABBLING,  garrulity,  loquacity, 
talkativeness. 

BACKWARD,  averse,  unwilling, 
loth,  reluctant. 

To  go  BACKWARD,  retrograde,  ro- 
trocede,  recede,  retreat,  retire, 
withdraw. 

BAD,  evil,  unsound,  wicked. 

BADGE,  mark,  sign,  stigma. 

To  BAFFLE,  confuse,  disconcert, 
confound,  defeat. 

To  BALANCE,  poise,  equipoise, 
equiponderate,  counterpoise ; 
weigh. 

BAND,  shackle,  fetter,  chain;  com- 
pany, crew,  gang. 

BANE,*pest,  ruin  ;  poison. 

BANISHMENT,  exile,  outlaAvry,  ex- 
pulsion, proscription. 

BANQUET,  feast,  entertainment, 
carousal,  treat. 

To  BANTER,  deride,  ridicule, 
mock,  rally. 

BARBAROUS,  savage,  cruel,  inhu- 
man, brutal. 

BARE,  naked,  uncovered,  desti- 
tute ;  scanty,  mere. 

BAREFACED,  glaring,  impudent. 

To  BARGAIN,  cheapen,  buy,  pur- 
cha.-e. 

BARGAIN,  agreement,  compact, 
contract,  covenant. 


BE  II 


229 


BIA 


BARRENNESS,  unfruitfulness,  ste- 
rility, aridity. 

BARTER,  exchange,  interchange, 
dealing,  trade,  traffic,  truck. 

BASE,  low,  mean,  dishonorable, 
vile. 

BASHFUL,  modest ;  diffident. 

BASIS,  foundation,  ground ;  pe- 
destal. 

BASTARD,  illegitimate,  spurious, 
not  genuine. 

BATTLE,  combat,  engagement. 

To  BE,  exist,  subsist. 

BEAM,  ray,  gleam. 

To  BEAR,  support,  endure,  sus- 
tain, carry ;  suffer,  under- 
go- 
To  BEAR  down,  oppress,  over- 
bear, overpower,  subdue,  over- 
whelm. 

BEARING,  endurance,  suffering, 
patience ;  tolerance,  toleration, 
sufferance. 

BEAST,  animal,  brute. 

BEASTLY,  bestial,  brutish,  brutal ; 
irrational,  sensual. 

To  BEAT,  strike,  hit ;  overthrow, 
defeat,  overpower. 

BEATITUDE,  happiness,  bliss,  feli- 
city, blessedness. 

BEAU,  gallant,  spark,  sweet- 
heart. 

BEAUTIFUL,  handsome,  line,  pret- 
ty- 
To  BEAUTIFY,  adorn,  embellish, 
decorate,  deck,  ornament. 

BECOMING,  lit,  meet,  suitable,  be- 
fitting, comely,  decent,  grace- 
ful. 

BEFITTING,  becoming,  suitable, 
meet,  fit,  decent. 

To  BEU,  ask,  entreat,  crave,  so- 
licit, beseech,  implore,  suppli- 
cate. 

To  BECI.V,  enter  upon,  commence  ; 
originate. 

To  BEGUILE,  amuse;  deceive,  im- 
pose upon. 

BEHAVIOR,  conduct,  deportment, 
carriage,  demeanor,  manner, 
address. 


To  BEHEAD,  decapitate,  decol- 
late. 

BEHEST,  command,  injunction, 
mandate,  precept,  order,  charge. 

To  BEHOLD,  see,  look,  eye,  view, 
observe. 

BEHOLDER,  observer,  spectator, 
looker-on. 

BELIEF,  credence,  credit,  trust, 
faith,  confidence. 

BELOW,  beneath,  under. 

To  BEMOAN,  bewail,  lament. 

To  BEND,  lean,  incline,  distort. 

To  BEND  backward,  recline. 

BENEATH,  under,  low. 

BENEFACTION,  gift,  donation,  pre- 
sent. 

BENEFICENT,  benevolent,  bounti- 
ful, bounteous,  munificent,  libe- 
ral, generous. 

BENEFIT,  advantage,  good ;  ser- 
vice, avail,  use. 

BENEVOLENCE,  beneficence,  be- 
nignity, kindness,  generosity, 
humanity,  tenderness,  good- 
ness. 

BENIGNITY.     See  BENEVOLENCE. 

BENT,  crooked,  curved,  awry; 
bias,  inclination,  prepossession, 
turn. 

BENUMBED,  numbed,  torpid,  sense- 
less. 

To  BEQUEATH,  give,  devise. 

To  BEREAVE,  deprive,  strip. 

To  BESEECH,  beg,  entreat,  crave, 
solicit,  implore,  supplicate. 

BESIDES,  moreover,  more  than 
that,  over  and  above. 

BESTIAL,  beastly,  brutish,  bru- 
tal. 

To  BESTOW,  give,  confer,  grant. 

BETIMES,  early,  soon. 

To  BETOKEN,  augur,  presage,  fore- 
bode, portend,  signify. 

To  BETTER,  improve,  amend, 
emend,  ameliorate,  meliorate ; 
reform  ;  rectify. 

To  BEWAIL,  bemoan,  lament. 

BEYOND,  over,  above. 

BIAS,  bent,  inclination,  preposses- 
sion, prejudice. 


BOL  230  BRI 

To    BID,   offer,   tender,   propose ;       solent,      impudent,      contuma- 

call,  invite,  summon.  j      cious. 

BIG,  great,  large.  ',  BOMBASTIC,  tumid,  turgid,  inflat- 

BILLOW,  wave,  surge,  breaker.        i      ed. 
To  BIND,  tie ;  engage,  oblige,  lay  BONDAGE,  slavery,  servitude,  im- 

under  obligation.  i      prisonment. 

BINDING,  astringent,   styptic,   as-  Booty,  spoil,  prey. 

trictive,  restringent,  costive.         BORDER,  edge,   brim,  run,  verge, 
To  BLAME,  censure,  reproach,  re-       brink,  margin. 

prove,  condemn,  upbraid,  rcprc-  To  BORE,   pierce,  penetrate,  per- 

hend.  forate. 

BLAMABLE,      culpable,      censura-  To    BOUND,    limit,    circumscribe, 

ble,      reprehensible,      reprova-       restrict,  confine,  terminate. 

ble.  '•  BOUNDLESS,  illimitable,  unlimited, 

BLAMELESS,    inculpable,    irrepre-;      unbounded,  infinite. 

bensible,      irreprovable,      irre-:To  BOUND  back,  recoil,  rebound, 

proachable,  guiltless  ;   unblem-       reverberate. 


ished,  spotless. 
To  BLAST,  strike,  desolate,  wither 
up;  destroy,  annihilate. 


BOUNTY,  munificence,  liberality, 
generosity,  benevolence,  benefi- 
cence, benignity. 


BLAST,  gust,  gale,  breeze,  storm.    J  BOUNTEOUS,  generous,  beneficent, 
BLAZE,  flare,  glare,  flame.  bountiful,    liberal,    munificent, 

BLEEDING,    phlebotomy,   venesec-j     kind. 

tion.  j  BRACE,  pair,  couple. 

BLEMISH,  flaw,  speck,  spot,  defect, ;  BRAVE,  courageous,  gallant,  dar- 


fault. 

To  BLEND,  mix,  mingle,  con- 
found. 

BLESSEDNESS,  bliss,  happiness,  fe- 
licity, beatitude. 

BLISS.     See  BLESSEDNESS. 


ing,  valorous,  valiant,  bold,  he- 


roic,   intrepid,     magnanimous, 

fearless. 
BREACH,    chasm,    opening,    gap, 

break. 
To   BREAK,   rend,    rack ;   violate, 


BLOODY,    bloodthirsty,    sanguina-       infringe;  demolish,  destroy. 

ry.  I  BREAKER,  wave,  billow,  surge. 

To    BLOT    out,    expunge,    erase,  i  BREEDING,     education,      instruc- 

obliterate,  cancel,  efface.  ;      tion. 

BLUNDER,  mistake,  error.  BREEZE,  gale,  gn?t,  blast. 

BLUNT,  pointless,  obtuse.  i  BREVITY,  conciseness.     See  next 

To  BOAST,  glory,  vaunt.  j      word. 

BOASTER,   braggadocio,   braggart, !  BRIEF,    short,    concise,    compen- 


braggard,  bravado. 

BOASTING,  vaunting,  ostentation, 
vain-glory,  parade,  rodomon- 
tade. 

BODILY,  corporal,  corporeal. 

BODY,  carcass,  corpse. 


dious,    summary,    succinct,    la- 


conic. 


BRIGHT,  clear,  lucid,  limpid, 
splendid,  translucent,  resplen- 
dent. 

To  BRIGHTEN,  polish,  burnish. 


BODYLESS,  incorporeal;  immate-  BRILLIANCY,  splendor,  lustre, 
rial,  spiritual.  \  brightness,  radiance. 

BOISTEROUS,  violent,  furious,  im-  BRIM,'  border,  edge,  rim,  brink, 
petuous,  vehement.  margin,  verge. 

BOLD,  fearless,  undaunted,  dar-  BRINK,  brim,  border,  edge,  rim, 
ing,  intrepid,  audacious;  in-  margin,  verge. 


BYW 


231 


CAP 


To  BRING  fonvard,  adduce,  ad- 
vance, assign,  allege. 

BRISK,  active,  agile,  assiduous, 
alert,  vigorous,  nimble,  lively, 
quick,  sprightly,  prompt. 

BRITTLE,  fragile,  frail,  frangi- 
ble. 

BROAD,  wide,  large,  ample,  exten- 
sive. 

BROIL,  affray,  fray,  quarrel,  feud, 
altercation. 

BROTHERHOOD,  fraternity. 

BRUTE,  animal,  beast. 

BRUTISH,  cruel,  inhuman,  bar- 
barous, savage ;  irrational,  sen- 
sual. 

To  BRUISE,  break,  crush,  contuse, 
squeeze,  pound. 

To  BUD,  sprout,  germinate,  shoot 
forth. 

To  BUILD,  erect,  construct; 
found. 

BULK,  size,  magnitude,  greatness, 
extent,  largeness. 

BUOYANCY,  lightness ;  animation, 
vivacity. 

BURDEN,  load,  weight,  freight, 
cargo. 

BURDENSOME,  heavy,  weighty, 
ponderous. 

BURIAL,  interment,  sepulchre,  in- 
humation. 

BCRYING-PLACE,  grave,  tomb,  se- 
pulchre, cemetery. 

BtrttLESQlTE,  satire,  irony,  humor, 
wit. 

BURNING,  ardent,  fiery,  hot. 

To  BURST,  break,  crack,  split. 

BURSTING  forth,  eruption,  explo- 
sion. 

BUSINESS,  affair,  concern,  matter  ; 
avocation,  calling,  employment, 
engagement,  occupation,  trade, 
profession  ;  office,  duty. 

BUSTLE,  tumult,  hurry. 

BUTCHERY,  carnage,  slaughter, 
innssacre. 

To  BUY,  cheapen,  bargain,  pur- 
chase. 

BY-AVORD,  adage,  saying,  re- 
proach. 


CABAL,  combination,  conspiracy, 
plot. 

To  CAJOLE,  coax,  wheedle,  fawn, 
flatter. 

CALAMITY,  disaster,  misfortune, 
mishap,  mischance. 

To  CALCULATE,  reckon,  compute, 
number,  count. 

To  CALL,  cry,  exclaim ;  name, 
bid,  invite,  summon. 

To  CALL  back,  retract,  recant,  re~ 
call. 

To  CALL  together,  convene,  con- 
voke. 

CALLING,  avocation,  business, 
employment,  engagement,  oc- 
cupation, trade,  profession,  of- 
fice. 

To  CALL  out,  exclaim,  ejaculate; 
evoke. 

CALLOUS,  hard,  obdurate,  unfeel- 
ing, insensible,  unsusceptible. 

To  CALM,  pacify,  allay,  appease, 
assuage,  soothe,  compose,  tran- 
quillize. 

CALM,  serene,  placid,  composed, 
unruffled,  undisturbed,  quiet. 

To  CALUMNIATE,  accuse  falsely, 
defame,  detract,  scandalize, 
slander,  vilify. 

To  CANCEL,  abolish,  annul,  re- 
peal, revoke,  abrogate,  destroy, 
annihilate. 

CANDID,  open,  artless,  ingenuous, 
frank,  plain. 

CAPABLE,  able,  competent,  effi- 
cient, qualified,  fitted,  clever, 
skilful,  effective. 

CAPACIOUS,  ample,  spacious. 

CAPACITY,  ability,  faculty,  talent, 
capability,  skill,  efficiency. 

CAPRICE,  humor,  fancy,  f';eak. 

CAPRICIOUS,  fantastical,  whimsi- 
cal. 

CAPTIOUS,  cross,  petulant,  fretful, 
peevish. 

To  CAPTIVATE,  charm,  enchant, 
fascinate;  enslave,  take  pri- 
I  soner. 


CAT  232  CIIA 

CAPTIVITY,    confinement,    impri-  To  CAVIL,  carp,  censure. 

sonmeiit,  bondage.  CAVITY,  aperture,  opening. 

CAPTURE,  seizure,  prize.  ;  CAUSE,    motive,    reason,    induce- 

CARCASS,  body,  corpse.  I      ment,  incitement. 

CARE,   anxiety,   solicitude,  atten-  To  CAUSE,  occasion,  induce,  give 

tion,  concern,  regard ;  manage-       rise  to. 

ment.  CAUTION',    admonition,    warning, 

CAREFUL,  cautious,  attentive,  pro-       notice,  advice ;  circumspection, 

vident,     circumspect,    heedful,  I      care,  solicitude 

solicitous.  CAUTIOUS,  careful,  wary,  circum- 


spect, prudent,  watchful. 
To  CEASE,  leave  off,  desist,  discon- 
tinue. 


CARELESS,  negligent,  heedless,  in- 
attentive, incautious,  thought- 
less, remiss,  indolent,  supine, 
listless.  !  A  CEASING,  cessation,  discon- 

To  CARESS,  fondle,  endear.  !      tinuance,       pause,       intermis- 

CARGO.  freight,  lading,  load.  j      sion. 

CARNAGE,     butchery,      massacre,   Without  CEASIXG,  incessant,  con- 
slaughter,  j      tinual,  unintermitting. 

CAROUSAL,    feast,    entertainment, !  To  CEDE,  give  up,  concede,  yield, 
banquet,  treat.  j      surrender,  deliver. 

To  CARP,  censure,  cavil.  |  CELEBRATED,  famous,   renowned, 

CARRIAGE,    gait,    manner,    walk,  I      illustrious. 

behavior,    deportment,    demea-  j  CELERITY,       quickness,        speed, 
nor.  I      swiftness,     fleetness,    rapidity, 

To  CARRY,  bear,  sustain  ;  convey, !     velocity. 

transport.  j  CELESTIAL,  heavenly. 

To  CARRY  on,  conduct,  manage, !  To  CENSURE,  blame,  reprove,  re- 
regulate,  direct.  I      p roach,      condemn,      upbraid ; 

CASE,  situation,  condition,    state, '      carp,  cavil,  accuse. 

plight,  predicament.  j  CENSURE,    blame,    reproach,  con- 

CAST    down,    depressed,     discou-       demnation ;         animadversion, 
raged,  dejected.  I      stricture. 

To  CAST,  hurl,  throw.  \  CEREMONY,      form,      observance, 

To  CAST  off,  reject,  forsake,  aban-|     rite. 

don.  CERTAIN,  sure,  doubtless,  secure ; 

To   CAST   back,  retort,  repel,  re-j     real,  actual,  positive. 

buff.  j  CESSATION,      intermission,      rest, 

CASUAL,     accidental,     fortuitous,!      discontinuance. 

contingent,  incidental.  I  To  CHAFE,  rub,  gall,  fret,  vex. 

CASUALTY,  accident,  contingency, ;  CHAGRIN,    vexation,    fretfulness, 
incident,      adventure,      occur-;      mortification, 
rence.  event.  j  CHANCE,    fortune,    hazard,    acci- 

CATALOSUE,  list,  register,  roll,  re-       dent,  (happening  by.) 

cord.  !  CHANCE    (to    happen    by),    acci- 

To    CATCH,    seize,    lay   hold    on,|      dental,  casual,  fortuitous,  con- 
grasp,      gripe,      snatch,      cap-       tingent,  incidental, 
ture.  j  To     CHANGE,     alter,    vary ;     es- 

A   CATCHING.,    caption,    capture;       change,  barter. 

arrest,  apprehension,  seizure.       CHANGE,    variety,    variation  ;    al- 

CATCIIING,  infectious,  contagious,       teration,  mutation;  vicissitude, 
pestilential.  revolution. 


CHE 


CLA 


CHANGEABLE,  mutable,  fickle,  va-  CHEERFULNESS,  gayety,  spright- 
riable,  inconstant,  unstable,  un-  liness,  merriment,  mirth,  liveli- 
certain,  wavering,  versatile,'  ness,  blitiiesomeness,  vivacity, 
unsteady,  irresolute.  i  jocundity,  jollity. 

CHARACTER,  cast,  turn,  descrip-  To  CHERISH,  nurture,  nourish, 
tion  ;  reputation.  foster,  indulge. 

To  CHARACTERIZE,  name,  denomi-  To  CHIDE,  check,  reprimand,  re- 
nate,  describe,  designate,  style,!      prove,  rebuke, 
entitle.  j  CHIEF,    principal,    main;    leader, 

To  CHARGK,  accuse,  impeach,  ar-       head,  chieftain, 
raign.  To  CHEW,  masticate. 

CHARGE,  care,  custody,  trust,  CHILD  (with)  pregnant,  enceinte, 
management;  cost,  price,  ex-i  large. 

pense;  assault,  attack,  encoun-;  CHIEFLY,  principally,  mainly,  par- 
ter,  onset.  j      ticularly,  especially. 

To    CHARM,    enchant,    fascinate,   CHILDISH,  infantine,  puerile, 
enrapture,  captivate,  transport, :  CHILDHOOD,  infancy,  minority, 
bewitch,  allure.  ;  CHILDREN,    offspring,    issue,    p 


CHARMING,  delightful,  pleasura- 
ble, graceful,  fascinating,  capti- 
vating, enchanting. 

A  CHARM,  spell,  incantation,  en- 
chantment. 

CHASE,  race,  hunt. 

To  CHASTEN,  chastise,  correct, 
punish. 

CHASTENESS,  chastity,  continence, 
purity  ;  simplicity. 

CHASTITY,  continence,  purity ; 
chasteness,  modesty. 

To  CHASTISE,  chasten,  correct, 
punish. 

To  CHAT,  chatter,  prattle,  prate, 
babble. 

CHATTELS,  goods,  furniture,  effects, 
movables. 

To  CHEAPEN,  bargain,  buy,  pur- 
chase. 

To  CHEAT,  defraud,  trick,  beguile. 


pro- 
geny- 

A  CHINK,  fissure,  cranny. 

CHILL,  cold. 

To  CHOKE,  stifle,  suffocate,  smo- 
ther. 

CHOICE,  option  ;  select. 

CHOLER,  anger,  rage,  fury. 

To  CHOOSE,  prefer,  select,  elect, 
pick. 

CIRCLE,  orb,  sphere,  globe. 

To  CIRCULATE,  spread,  diffuse, 
disseminate,  propagate. 

To  CIRCUMSCRIBE,  bound,  limit, 
restrict,  confine,  enclose. 

CIRCUMSTANCE,  situation,  position ; 
incident,  fact. 

CIRCUMSPECT,  cautious,  wary,  par- 
ticular. 

CIRCUMSPECTION,  caution,  delib- 
eration, thoughtfulness,  wari- 
ness. 


CHEAT,      deception,      imposture, !  CIRCUMSTANTIAL,   particular,   mi- 
fraud,  delusion,  artifice,  deceit,  i      nute. 
trick,  imposition,  guile,  finesse  ; ,  To  CITE,  quote,  summon,  call. 


stratagem. 

CHRONICLES,  annals,  memoirs,  ar- 
chives, records,  registers. 

To  CHECK,  curb,  restrain,  repress, 
control,  inhibit;  chide,  reprove, 
rebuke. 

To  CHEER,  exhilarate,  animate, 
enliven,  encourage,  comfort. 


CIVIL,  polite,  complaisant,  oblig- 
ing. 

CIVILITY,  courteousness, urbanity, 
courtesy,  affability,  complai- 
sance, politeness. 

CIVILIZATION,  culture,  cultivation, 
refinement. 

To  CLAIM,  ask,  demand. 


COA 


234 


COM 


CLAIM,  pretension,  right.  I      union,      confederacy,      league, 

CLAMOR,   cry,   outcry,   noise,   up- 1      combination,  conspiracy. 

roar.  j  COALESCE,  join,  unite. 

CLANDESTINE,  secret,  hidden,  pri-   COARSE,  rough,  rude. 

vate.  To  COAX,  wheedle,  fawn,  cajole. 

To  CLASP,  embrace,  hug.  j  To  COERCE,  restrain,  check. 

CLASS,  order,  rank,  degree,  grade.  ;  COEVAL,  contemporary,  contempo- 
To  CLASS,   arrange,  rank,  distri- 1      raneous. 

bute,  classify.  j  COGENT,    forcible,    strong,   resist- 

CLEANSING,  purgative,  abstergent, !      less. 

abstersive.  ,  COGNOMEN,  title,  name,  denomina- 

To    CLEAR,    absolve,    acquit,    .set :      tion,  appellation. 


free,  remit;  pardon,  forgive, 
discharge. 

CLEAR,  apparent,  visible,  obvious, 
plain,  evident,  manifest,  dis- 
tinct ;  fair,  lucid,  bright. 

CLEARLY,  distinctly,  plainly,  ob- 
viously, explicitly. 

To  CLEAR  from,  extricate,  disen- 
gage, disentangle,  disembarrass, 
evolve. 

To  CLEAR  of  a  fault,  exonerate, 
exculpate ;  justify. 

To  CLEAVE,  adhere,  attach,  stick, 
hold. 

CLEMENCY,  lenity,  mercy,  mild- 
ness. 

CLERGYMAN,  parson,  priest,  minis- 
ter. 

CLEVER,  expert,  dextrous,  skilful, 
adroit. 

To  CLIMB,  scale,  mount,  get  up. 

To  CLOAK,  mask,  veil,  cover, 
blind. 

To  CLOG,  load,  encumber ;  hinder, 
obstruct,  embarrass. 

CLOSE,  compact,  solid,  dense,  firm  ; 
near,  nigh. 

To  CLOSE,  shut;  conclude,  end, 
terminate. 

To  CLOY,  glut,  satiate. 

CLOTHES,  garments,  dress,  appa- 
rel, attire,  array,  vesture,  rai- 
ment. 

CLUMSY,  awkward,  unhandy,  un- 
couth, untoward. 


COINCIDE,  agree,  concur. 

COLD,  frigid,  chill. 

COLDNESS,  frigidity,  algidity,  al- 
gor. 

COLLEAGUE,  partner,  coadjutor, 
assistant,  ally. 

To  COLLECT,  gather,  assemble, 
muster. 

COLLECTED,  composed,  calm,  pla- 
cid. 

COLLECTION,  assemblage,  group. 
|  COLLOQUY,     convocation,     confer- 
ence, dialogue. 

COLOR,  hue,  tint,  tinge. 

COLORABLE,  specious,  plausible, 
feasible. 

COMBAT,  battle,  engagement,  con- 
flict, contest. 

COMBINATION,  alliance,  union, 
confederacy,  league,  coalition, 
conspiracy,  cabal. 

COMELY,  becoming,  seemly,  de- 
cent, agreeable,  graceful. 

To  COMFORT,  solace,  console,  en- 
courage, revive. 

COMFORTLESS,  forlorn,  disconso- 
late, desolate,  wretched. 

COMIC,  droll,  ludicrous,  ridiculous, 
laughable. 

A  COMING  forth,  egress,  egres- 
sion. 

COMING  between,  intervening,  in- 
termediate, intermedial,  inter- 
posing, interfering. 

COMMAND,  order,  injunction,  man- 


COADJUTOR,    colleague,     partner,  '      date,  precept,  behest. 

assistant,  ally.  COMMANDING,    authoritative,    im- 

COALITION,   alliance,    connection, !      perative,  imperious. 


COM  235  COM 


To  COMMENCE,  begin,  enter  upon. 
To    COMMEND,    applause,     extol, 

praise,  recommend,  laud. 
COMMENSURATE,        proportionate, 


COMPASSION,  pity,  sympathy,  com- 


miseration. 


COMPATIBLE,  consistent,  suitable, 

agreeable. 
To  COMPEL,  force,  oblige,  neces- 


equal,  adequate. 

COMMENT,    annotation,    note,   ob-l     sitate. 

servation,      remark,      elucida-  COMPENDIOUS,  summary,  laconic, 
tion.  j      succinct,      short,      brief,     con- 

COMMERCE,  dealing,  trade,  traffic  ;  j      cise. 
intercourse,  communication.       j  To  COMPENSATE.     See  COMPENSE. 

COMMERCIAL,  mercantile,  trading,  j  COMPENSATION,  amends,  satisfac- 

COMMISERATION,  sympathy,    com-1      tion,  remuneration,  reward,  re- 
passion,  condolence.  I      quital,  recompense. 

To   COMMISSION,    authorize,    em- :  To  COMPENSE,  make  amends,  corn- 
power,  pensate,    recompense,   remune- 


To  COMMIT,  perpetuate;    intrust, 

consign. 
COMMODIOUS,  suitable,  useful. 


rate,  requite. 
COMPETENT,     capable,     efficient, 
able,    qualified,    fitted,    clever, 


COMMODITY,     advantage,     profit ;  j      skilful,  effective. 

wares,  goods,  merchandise.         (COMPETITION,  rivalry,  emulation, 
COMMON,  ordinary,  vulgar,  usual, !      contest. 


frequent,     low,    mean ;     gene- 
ral. 
COMMONWEALTH,     state,      realm; 


To  COMPLAIN,   murmur,    lament, 

regret,  repine. 
COMPLAINING,   querulous,    queri- 


democracy,  republic. 

COMMOTION,  disturbance,  tumult,  j  COMPLAISANCE,  condescension,  ci- 

To  COMMUNICATE,  impart,  makej  vility,  courtesy,  urbanity,  sua- 
known,  disclose.  I  vity. 

COMMUNICATION,  commerce,  inter- ;  COMPLAISANT,  courteous,  affable; 
course.  |  civil,  obliging. 

COMMUNICATIVE,  free,  open,  libe-;To  COMPLETE,  accomplish,  fulfil, 
ml.  !  realize,  effect,  execute,  achieve  ; 

COMMUNION,  fellowship,  con-  consummate,  finish,  fill  up,  ter- 
verse.  j  minate. 

COMMUNITY,  society,  common-  COMPLETE,  finished,  perfect; 
wealth.  !  whole,  entire,  total. 

To  COMMUTE,  exchange,  barter,  COMPLEX,  compound,  complicate, 
truck.  composite,  intricate. 

COMPACT,  agreement,  contract,  COMPLIANT,  yielding,  submissive, 
covenant,  close.  complaisant. 

COMPANION,    coadjutor,    partner,  To  COMPLIMENT,  praise,  flatter, 
ally,    associate,    comrade,    con-.  To   COMPLY,    yield,    accede,  con- 
federate, accomplice.  I      sent,  assent,  acquiesce. 

COMPANY,  association,  assembly,  To  COMPOSE,  form  compound,  put 
society,  assemblage,  corpora- j  together,  constitute;  soothe, 
tion  ;  troop,  crew,  gang.  !  calm,  settle. 

COMPARISON,  simile,  similitude,      j  COMPOUND,  complex,    complicate, 

To    COMPASS,    encircle,    environ,       intricate. 

invest,  enclose ;  grasp,  obtain,  To  COMPREHEND,  comprise,  em- 
attain,  procure;  bring  about,  brace,  include;  conceive,  under- 
consummate,  i  stand. 


CON  2:JG  COX 

COMPREHENSIVE,  extensive;  com-  CONDITION,       situation,        state, 

pendious.  plight,      case,       predicament; 

COMPREHENSION,  capacity,  know-       article,  term. 

ledge.  CONDOLENCE,    sympathy,    commi- 

To    COMPRESS,    condense,    press,       seration,  compassion. 

squeeze.  :  To    CONDUCE,    contribute,    tend, 

COMPULSION,  constraint,  force.        !     lead,  conduct. 
COMPUNCTION,  repentance,  contri- ,  CONDUCT,    carriage,    deportment, 

tion,  remorse,  penitence.  behavior,  demeanor. 

To    COMPUTE,    calculate,     count,  To   CONDUCT,    guide,    lead ;    ma- 

nuinber,  reckon,  estimate,  rate.       nage,  direct. 
To  CONCEDE,    give    up,    deliver,  CONFEDERACY,    alliance,    league, 

surrender,   yield,   cede,    admit,       combination,  coalition. 

allow,  grant.  CONFEDERATE,  accomplice,  ally. 

To  CONCEAL,  hide,  secrete ;   dis-  To   CONFER,    bestow,   give ;    dis- 
guise, dissemble.  ;      course. 
CONCEIT,      fancy,      imagination ;  CONFERENCE,    conversation,     dia- 

pride,  vanity.  logue,  colloquy. 

CONCEITED,    proud,    opinionated,  To  CONFESS,  acknowledge,  avow, 

egotistical,  vain.  own,  recognise. 

To   CONCEIVE,    apprehend,    ima-  To  CONFIDE,  trust,  repose,  defend, 

gine,  suppose,  comprehend,  un-|      rely. 

derstand.  'CONFIDENCE,  assurance,  hope,  OX- 

CONCEPTION,    notion,    idea;    per-i      pectation,  trust,  reliance. 

ception.  !  CONFIDENT,  dogmatical,   positive, 

CONCERN,  care,  regard,  interest ;       absolute. 

affair,  business,  matter.  \  To  CONFINE,  limit,  bound,  circum- 

To  CONCERT,  contrive,  manage.      j      scribe,  restrict,  restrain. 
To  CONCILIATE,  propitiate,  recon-  CONFINED,     narrow,     contracted, 

cile.  j      restrained. 

CONCISE,    brief,    short,     com  pen-  To   CONFIRM,    corroborate,    esta- 

dious,    summary,    succinct,   la-       blish. 

conic.  ;  CONFLICT,  combat,  contest. 

To  CONCLUDE,  close,  finish,  termi-  To  CONFORM,  submit,  yield,  com- 

nate.  j      ply. 

CONCLUSION,     inference,     dcduc- :  CONFORMABLE,    agreeable,    suita- 

tion.  !     ble. 

CONCLUSIVE,  decisive,  convincing.  CONFORMATION,  form,  figure. 
CONCOMITANT,       accompaniment,  To  CONFOUND.     See  CONFUSE. 

comparison.  |  CONFUSION,  disorder,  distraction. 

CONCORD,  harmony,  unity.  i  To  CONFUSE,  abash,  confound,  dis- 

To  CONCUR,  agree,  coincide,  ap-       concert. 

prove,  acquiesce.  CONFUSED,   indiscriminate,    indis- 

CONCUSSION,  shock.  tinct ;     deranged,     disordered  ; 

To  CONDEMN,  blame,  reprove,  re-       intricate,  involved. 

proach,    upbraid,    censure,    re-  To    CONFUTE,    refute,     disprove, 

probate  ;  doom,  sentence.  oppugn. 

To     CONDENSE,     compress,     con-  To  CONGRATULATE,  felicitate. 

tract.  CONJECTURE'    surmise,     supposi- 

CONDESCENSION,  preference,  com-       tion,  guess. 

plaisance.  CONJUNCTURE,  crisis. 


cox 


COX 


temper, 


To  CONNECT,  unite,  combine.          I  CONSTITUTION,     frame, 
CONNECTED,    joined,    united,    re-'      temperament. 

late  1.  :  CONSTRAINT,  compulsion  ;  confine- 

CONNECTION,   union  ;    intercourse,        meut. 

commerce,  communication;  fa-  To  CONSTRUCT,  build,  erect;  com- 

mily.  [      pile,  constitute. 

To  CONQUER,   vanquish,    subdue,  I  To  CONSULT,  advise  with,  deliber- 

overcune,        subjugate,        sur-       ate;  debate. 

mount.  CONSULTATION,  deliberation. 


CONSANGUINITY,      kindred, 

tiousliip,  affinity. 
CONSCIENTIOUS,  scrupulous. 


rela- 


To 


CONSUME, 
up, 


waste,     destroy, 
imbibe,    enguiY, 


waste. 

CONTACT,  touch. 

CONTAGIOUS,  infectious,  pestilen- 
tial. 

To  CONTAIN,  comprise,  coin- 
embrace,  include, 


preheud, 
bold. 


swallow 
absorb. 

CONSCIOUS,  aware,  apprised,  sen-  CONSUMMATION,  completion,  finish, 
sible.  I      perfection. 

To  CONSECRATE,  dedicate,  devote,   CONSUMPTION,     decay,      decline, 
hallow. 

CONSENT,     assent,     acquiescence, 
concurrence,  approval. 

To  CONSENT,  assent,  accede,  com- 
ply, acquiesce,  agree. 

CONSEQUENCE,    effect,    result,    is- 
sue. 

Of    CONSEQUENCE,    avail,  weight, 
importance,  moment. 

CONSEQUENTLY,  accordingly,  there- 
fore. 

To  CONSIDER,  reflect,  regard,  pon- 
der, deliberate. 

CONSIDERATE,  thoughtful,  deliber- 
ate. 

To  CONSIGN,  commit,  intrust. 

CONSISTENT, 
nant. 

To    CONSOLE,     solace, 
soothe. 

CONSONANT,     accordant, 
ent. 


To  CONTAMINATE,  pollute,  defile, 

corrupt,  taint. 
To    CONTEMN,    despise,    disdain, 

scorn. 
To       CONTEMPLATE,       meditate, 

muse. 
CONTEMPORARY,       contemporane- 


ous, coeval. 
CONTEMPTIBLE, 


ordant,      conso- 


despicable, 


temptuous.  paltry,  pitiful,  dis- 
dainful,  mean,  vile. 
comfort,  j  To    CONTEND,     contest,     debate, 

argue,  dispute  :  strive,  vie. 
consist-  CONTENTION,   strife,   discord,  dis- 

i      sension,  dispute. 
CONSPICUOUS,  distinguished,   not-  j  CONTENTMENT,  acquiescence,  sat- 
ed,  eminent,    prominent,  illus-]      isfaction,  gratification. 
trious.  !  To  CONTEST,   debate,   argue,   dis- 

CONSPIRACY,  combination,  cabal,  |      pute,  contend. 

plot.  I  CONTIGUOUS,  adjacent,  adjoining, 

CONSTANCY,     firmness,     stability,  |      approximating  to. 

steadiness.  I  CONTINENCE,  chastity. 

CONSTANTLY,  continually,  inces-j  CONTINGENCY,  accident,  casualty, 
samly.  perpetually,  ever;  un-;  incident,  adventure,  occurrence, 
ch«n*eabTy.  j  event. 

CONSTERNATION,     alarm,     fright,   CONTINGENT,    accidental,    casual, 

terror.  fortuitous,  incidental. 

To   CONSTITUTE,   form,    compose;   CONTINUAL,  perpetual,  constant. 
appoint,  dopu'.e.  CONTINUALLY,  always,  constantly, 


CON 


238 


cou 


incessantly,  perpetually,  un- 
changeably. 

CONTINUATION,  continuance,  con- 
tinuity, duration. 

To  CONTINUE  in  an  attempt,  per- 
severe, persist,  prosecute,  pur- 
sue. 

To  CONTRACT,  abbreviate,  shorten, 
condense,  abridge,  reduce. 

CONTRACT,  agreement,  compact, 
bargain,  covenant. 

To  CONTRADICT,  oppose,  deny. 

CONTRARY,  adverse,  opposite,  in- 
imical, repugnant. 

CONTRAST,  opposition. 

To  CONTRIBUTE,  administer,  min- 
ister, conduce. 

CONTRITION,  compunction,  repent- 
ance, penitence,  remorse. 

CONTRIVANCE,  device,  plan, 
scheme,  invention. 

To  CONTROL,  check,  curb,  restrain, 
govern. 

CONTROVERSY,  debate,  disputation, 
contest. 

CONTUMACIOUS,  obstinate,  stub- 
born, headstrong. 

CONTUMELY,  obloquy,  reproach, 
ignominy. 

To  CONVENE,  convoke,  assem- 
ble. 

CONVENIENT,  commodious,  suita- 
ble, adapted. 

CONVENTION,  assembly,  meeting, 
convocation,  company. 

CONVERSATION,  dialogue,  confer- 
ence, colloquy. 

CONVERSE,  communion,  discourse, 
conversation. 

To  CONVERSE,  speak,  talk,  dis- 
course, commune. 

To  CONVEY,  carry,  transport, 
bear. 

CONVICT,  malefactor,  culprit,  felon. 

CONVIVIAL,  social,  sociable. 

CONVOCATION,  assembly,  congre- 
gation, company,  congress, 
meeting,  diet,  convention, 
synod,  council. 

To  CONVOKE,  assemble,  convene, 
call  together. 


]  COOL,  cold,  frigid,  dispassionate. 

COPIOUS,  ample,  abundant,  exu- 
berant, plentiful,  plenteous, 
full. 

COPY,  model,  transcription,  imi- 
tation, counterfeit. 

COQUET,  jilt,  affected  woman. 

CORDIAL,  warm,  hearty,  sincere. 

CORNER,  angle,  extremity. 

CORPORAL,  corporeal,  bodily,  ma- 
terial. 

CORPSE,  body,  carcass,  corse. 

CORPULENT,  stout,  lusty,  robust. 

To  CORRECT,  amend,  emend,  mend, 
better,  rectify,  reform,  im- 
prove. 

CORRECT,  accurate,  exact,  precise, 
faultless  ;  punctual,  strict. 

CORRECTION,  discipline,  punish- 
ment, chastisement. 

CORRECTNESS,  propriety,  just- 
ness, exactness,  exactitude, 
accuracy,  precision,  faultless- 
ness. 

CORRESPONDENT,  answerable,  suit- 
able. 

To  CORROBORATE,  confirm,  estab- 
lish, strengthen. 

To  CORRUPT,  contaminate,  defile, 
taint,  pollute,  infect,  vitiate, 
adulterate,  sophisticate. 

CORRUPTION,  defilement,  contami- 
nation, pollution,  infection, 
adulteration  ;  depravity. 

To  CORUSCATE,  shine,  radiate, 
glisten,  sparkle,  gleam. 

COST,  price,  charge,  expense. 

COSTIVE,  close,  bound,  styptic. 

COSTLY,  valuable,  precious. 

COUNCIL,  assembly,  company, 
meeting,  congress,  diet,  conven- 
tion, convocation. 

COUNSEL,  advice,  instruction,  no- 
tice, intelligence  ;  deliberation, 
consultation. 

To  COUNT,  calculate,  compute, 
estimate,  reckon,  number,  rate. 

To  COUNTENANCE,  encourage, 
sanction,  support. 

COUNTERFEIT,  spurious,  supposi- 
titious, false. 


CRO 


OYX 


COUXTRYMAX,  peasant,  swain,  rus- 
tic, hind,  boor. 

COUNTRIFIED,  rural,  rustic. 

COUPLE,  brace,  pair. 

COURAGE,  resolution,  fortitude, 
firmness,  fearlessness,  bravery, 
boldness, 

COURAGEOUS,  brave,  gallant,  dar- 
ing, valorous,  valiant,  bold,  he- 
roic, intrepid,  fearless. 

COURSE,  way,  road,  route,  passage, 


bent,  bowed,  awry,  oblique; 
deformed,  disfigured. 

CROSS,  perverse,  intractable,  vex- 
atious, froward,  peevish,  petu- 
lant, untoward,  fretful,  splene- 
tic, ill-tempered. 

To  CROSS,  thwart,  obstruct,  em- 
barrass, hinder,  impede,  per- 
plex, retard. 

CROWD,  multitude,  throng, 
swarm. 


rase ;   series,    succession  ;  way,  j  CRUEL,  inhuman,  barbarous,  mer- 


nvinner,  method,  mode. 
COURTEOUS,    affable,    conciliating, 

complaisant. 
COURTEOUSXESS,  urbanity,  civility, 

courtesy,     affability,     complai- 

sance, politeness. 
COVENANT,    agreement,    compact, 

contract,  bargain. 
To  COVER,  shelter,   screen,  hide, 

overspread. 
COVERING,  tegument. 
To  COVET,  desire,  long  for,  hanker 

after. 
COVETOUSXESS,   avarice,  cupidity, 

inordinate  desire. 
COWARD,  poltroon,  dastard. 
COWARDICE,     timidity,    pusillani- 

mity, fear. 
To  CRACK,  split,  burst,  break. 


ciless,  pitiless,  savage,  fero- 
cious, brutal,  unmerciful,  inex- 
orable. 

To  CRUSH,  break,  bruise;  over- 
whelm. 

To  CRY  out,  exclaim,  shout,  ejacu- 
late ;  call. 

CULPABLE,  faulty,  blamable,  coo- 
surable. 

CULPRIT.     See  CRIMINAL. 

CULTIVATION,  culture,  civilization, 
refinement. 

CUNNING,  art;  deceit,  duplicity; 
crafty,  sly,  subtil,  wily. 

CUPIDITY,  avarice,  covetousness, 
inordinate  desire. 

To  CURB,  check,  control,  re- 
strain. 

To  CURE,  heal,  remedy,  restore. 


CRAFTY,    cunning,    artful,  deceit-  i  CURIOUS,  inquisitive,  prying. 


ful,  sly,  subtil,  wily. 

CRAPULOUS,  drunken,  inebriated, 
intoxicated. 

CRITICISM,  animadversion,  stric- 
ture, censure. 

To  CRAVE,  beg,  entreat,  solicit, 
beseech,  implore. 

To  CREATE,  cause,  produce,  make, 
form,  occasion. 


CURRENT,  stream,  tide. 

CURSE,    malediction,    execration, 

imprecation,  anathema. 
CURSORY,  slight,  superficial,  hasty, 

desultory,  careless. 
To  .CURTAIL,  abbreviate,  contract, 

abridge,  shorten. 
CURVED,      crooked,      incurvated, 

bent.  awry. 


CREDIT,  belief,  trust,  confidence ;!  CUSTODY,  keeping  guard. 

favor,  influence  ;  name,  reputa-  CUSTOM,    habit,    manner,    usage, 
tion,  character.  |      practice,      fashion ;       prcscrip- 

CREW,  company,  band,  gang.  tion. 

CRIME,  vice,  sin,  wickedness.  j  CUSTOM,   tax,  duty,    impost,   toll, 


CRIMINAL,  culprit,  convict,  male- 
factor, felon. 

CRISIS,  juncture,  conjuncture. 
CRITERION,  standard,  measure. 
CROOKED,      curved,      incurvated, 
10 


tribute. 

To  CUT  off,  amputate,  sever,  sepa- 
rate 

CYNICAL,  snarling,  snappish, 
waspish. 


DEC  240  DEF 

DECENT,  becoming,  comely,  seem- 
D  i     ly,  fit. 

DAILY,  diurnal,  quotidian.  'DECEPTION,      duplicity,      artifice, 

DAINTY,   nice,    delicate,    squeam-       guile,  deception:  fraud,    trick, 

ish,  scrupulous.  imposition,  double-dealing. 

DAMAGE,    detriment,    loss,    hurt.   To   DECIDE,    determine,   conclude 

injury.  upon,  resolve. 

DAMPNESS,  humidity,  moistness.      DECISION,  judgment,  sentence. 
DANGER,  peril,  hazard,  risk,  ven-  •  DECISIVE,      decided,      conclusive, 

ture.  •'      convincing. 

To  DARE,  brave,  challenge,  defy;.  To  DECLAIM,  inveigh,  harangue. 

venture,  presume.  ;  To  DECLARE,  state,  affiim.  assert, 

DARING,  bold,  brave,  courageous,  '.      aver,    asseverate,    assure,    pro- 
valorous,  fearless,  intrepid,  he- '      nounce,   protest,   testify,  utter, 

roic.  i      manifest,  reveal,  discover  ;  pro- 

DARK,  opaque,  obscure,  dim,  dis- 1      claim. 

nial,  gloomy,  mysterious.  ,  To     DECLINE,     droop,     sink,    de- 

DATE,    time,  '  period,     age,    era,  j      viate  ;  decay  ;  refuse,  repel,  re- 
epoch.  I     ject. 
To  DAUNT,  dismay,  appall,  terrify,  j  To    DECOLLATE,    behead,    decapi- 

frighten.  !      tate. 

DEAD,  inanimate,  lifeless.  |  To   DECORATE,   adorn,    embellish, 

DEADLY,   mortal,  fatal ;    implaca- j      ornament,  beautify. 

ble.  I  DECORUM,  decency,  propriety. 

DEALING,    commerce,   trade,   traf-jTo     DECOY,     allure,     entice,     in- 

fic.  veigle,  tempt,  seduce,  abduct. 

DEARTH,  scarcity,  famine.  I  To    DECREASE,    lessen,    diminish, 

DEATH,   decease,   demise,   depart-  j      abate,    liquidate,    lower,    sub- 

ure.  i      side. 

To  DEBAR,  deprive,    hinder,    ex- 1  DECREE,  edict,  proclamation,  ordi- 

clude.  I      nance. 

To  DEBASE,    abase,    humble,    de-  j  To    DECRY,     disparage,    detract, 

grade,  disgrace.  cry  down,  depreciate,  traduce, 

To  DEBATE,  argue,  dispute,  con-       degrade. 

test.  |  To  DEDICATE,  devote,  consecrate, 

To  DEBILITATE,  weaken,  enervate,       hallow. 

enfeeble.  i  To    DEDUCE,    derive,    draw  from, 

DEBILITY,     weakness,     infirmity,       trace,  infer. 

imbecility.  To    DEDUCT,    subtract,    separate, 

DEBT,  due,  obligation.  j      dispart. 

To    DECAPITATE,    behead,    decol-  i  DEDUCTION,      conclusion,     infer- 
late,  i      ence. 

DECAY,  decline,  consumption.  DEED,  achievement,  feat,  exploit, 

DECEASE,    death,   demise,  depart-       accomplishment. 

ure.  To   DEEM,    think,    suppose,    ima- 

DECEIT,  duplicity,  guile,  art,  cun-       gine,  believe. 

ning,  deception,  fraud,  double-  DEEPNESS,  depth,  profundity. 

dealing.  To  DEFACE,  disfigure,  deform. 

DECEITFUL,    fallacious,    delusive,   To   DEFAME,    calumniate,    accuse 

illusive,  fraudulent,  subtil.  falsely,   asperse,   detract,    scan- 

DECENCY,  decorum,  propriety.  dalize,  vilify,  slander. 


DEL 


241 


DEP 


To  DEFEAT,  overpower,  overcome, 
beat,  rout ;  baffle,  disconcert, ; 
foil,  frustrate. 

DEFECT,  i'ault,  blemish,  flaw,  im- 
perfection. 

DEFECTIVE,  deficient,  imperfect. 

To  DEFEND,  vindicate,  justify; 
plead;  exculpate;  guard,  pro- 
tect. 

DEFENDER,  advocate,  pleader,  vin- 
dicator. 

DEFENSIBLE,  justifiable. 

DEFENCE,  apology,  plea,  excuse ; 
vindication,  justification. 

To  DEFER,  postpone,  delay,  pro- 
tract, prolong,  procrastinate, 
retard. 

DEFERENCE,  condescension,  com- 
plaisance; respect,  submission. 

DEFICIENT,  defective,  imperfect. 

To  DEFILE,  corrupt,  contaminate, 
taint,  pollute,  infect,  vitiate. 

DEFINITE,  positive,  certain,  exact, 
precise. 

DEFINITION,  explanation,  explica- 
tion, description. 

To  DEFORM.     See  DEFACE. 

To  DEFRAUD,  cheat,  trick,  de- 
ceive. 

To  DEFY,  brave,  dare,  challenge. 

To  DEGRADE,  abuse,  depress,  dis- 
grace, humble,  disparage,  tra- 
duce, depreciate,  decry. 

DEGREE,  class,  rank,  order. 

DEJECTION,  melancholy,  depres- 
sion. 

To  DELAY.     See  DEFER. 

DELEGATE,  deputy,  substitute,  re- 
presentative. 

DELIBERATE,  thoughtful,  conside- 
rate, wary. 

To  DELIBERATE,  consult,  seek, 
counsel,  debate. 

DELIBERATION,  thoughtfulness, 
circumspection,  wariness,  cau- 
tion. 

DELICATE,  nice,  fine,  tender. 

DELIGHT,  pleasure,  joy,  rapture, 
charm. 

DELIGHTFUL,  charming,  lovely, 
beautiful. 


To  DELINEATE,  depict,  sketch, 
paint. 

DELINQUENT,  offender,  criminal, 
misdoer. 

To  DELIVER,  give  up,  surrender, 
yield,  cede,  concede;  rescue, 
save. 

To  DELUDE,  deceive,  impose  upon, 
cheat,  lead  away. 

DELUGE,  overflow,  inundation. 

DELUSION,  fallacy,  illusion,  cheat, 
guile. 

To  DEMAND,  ask  for,  claim,  re- 
quire. 

DEMEANOR,  behavior,  deportment, 
carriage,  conduct. 

DEMISE,  death,  decease,  depart- 
ure. 

To  DEMOLISH,  destroy,  dismantle, 
raze. 

To  DEMONSTRATE,  prove,  evince, 
manifest. 

To  DEMUR,  pause,  doubt,  hesitate, 
object. 

To  DENOMINATE,  name,  entitle, 
style,  designate. 

DENOMINATION,  name,  title,  appel- 
lation. 

To  DENOTE,  signify,  imply,  mark, 
betoken. 

DENSE,  close,  compact,  heavy, 
thick. 

To  DENY,  oppose,  contradict,  re- 
fuse, disown,  disclaim,  disa- 
vow. 

DEPARTURE,  exit,  forsaking,  aban- 
doning. 

DEPENDENCE,  reliance  ;  trust,  con- 
fidence. 

To  DEPICT,  delineate,  paint, 
sketch,  represent. 

To  DEPLORE,  bewail,  bemoan,  la- 
ment, mourn. 

DEPONENT,  evidence,  witness. 

DEPORTMENT.     See  DEMEANOR. 

DEPOSIT,  pledge,  security,  pawn. 

DEPRAVED,  abandoned,  proili- 
gate,  corrupt,  vitiated,  vi- 
cious. 

DEPRAVITY,  corruption,  vitiation; 
vice,  wickedness. 


DES 


242 


DEX 


To  DEPRECIATE,  disparage,  de-  j 
tract,  traduce,  degrade,  decry, 
lower. 

To  DEPRESS,  abase,  degrade, 
humble,  bring  low,  disgrace. 

DEPRESSION,  dejection,  melan- 
choly. 

To  DEPRIVE,  bereave,  hinder,  de- 
bar, abridge. 

DEPTH,  profundity,  deepness. 

To  DEPUTE,  constitute,  appoint. 

DEPUTY,  delegate,  substitute,  en- 
vov,  representative. 

To  DERANGE,  disorder,  disconcert, 
discompose. 

DERANGEMENT,  insanity,  madness, 
lunacy,  mania. 

To  DERIDE,  mock,  ridicule,  rally, 
banter. 

To  DERIVE,  trace,  deduce,  infer. 

To  DEROGATE,  despise,  degrade. 

To  DESCRIBE,  relate,  recount,  nar- 
rate, represent. 

DESCRIPTION,  account,  narrative, 
relation,  recital,  detail,  expla- 
nation, narration. 

To  DESCRY,  discover,  find  out, 
espy. 

DESERT,  merit,  worth. 

To  DESIGN,  purpose,  intend,  pro- 
pose, mean,  project,  scheme. 

To  DESIGNATE.  See  DENOMI- 
NATE. 

To  DESIRE,  wish,  long  for,  han- 
ker after,  covet,  beg,  soli- 
cit. 

To  DESIST,  leave  off,  cease,  dis- 
continue. 

DESOLATE,  solitary,  desert,  de- 
vastated. 

DESPAIR,  desperation,  despond- 
ency, hopelessness. 

To  DESPATCH,  hasten,  accelerate, 
expedite,  speed. 

DESPERATE,  despairing,  hopeless, 
desponding. 

DESPICABLE,  contemptible,  pitiful, 
mean,  vile,  worthless. 

To  DESPISE,  contemn,  scorn,  dis- 
dain. 

DESPONDENCY.     See  DESPAIR. 


DESPOTIC,  arbitrary,  absolute,  self- 
willed. 

DESTINATION,  destiny,  purpose, 
appointment,  fate,  lot,  doom. 

DESTITUTE,  bare,  scanty ;  for- 
saken, forlorn. 

To  DESTROY,  demolish,  consume, 
waste,  annihilate,  raze,  dis- 
mantle, ruin. 

DESULTORY,  loose,  immethodical, 
cursory,  hasty,  slight,  roving, 
wavering. 

To  DETACH,  separate,  sever,  dis- 
join. 

DETAIL,  account,  narrative,  de- 
scription, relation,  recital,  ex- 
planation, narration. 

To  DETAIN,  hold,  keep,  retain. 

To  DETECT,  discover,  convict. 

To  DETER,  discourage,  dishearten. 

To  DETERMINE,  resolve,  decide, 
conclude  upon,  fix,  settle;  limit, 
put  an  end  to. 

DETERMINED,  decided,  fixed,  reso- 
lute, firm. 

To  DETEST,  abhor,  loathe,  abomi- 
nate. 

To  DETRACT,  asperse,  calumni- 
ate ;  defame,  scandalize,  vilil'v, 
slander. 

DETRIMENT,  disadvantage,  hurt, 
injury,  prejudice,  loss,  dam- 
age. 

DEVASTATION,  ravage,  desolation, 
havoc,  waste. 

To  DEVELOP,  unfold,  unravel,  ex- 
hibit. 

To  DEVIATE,  swerve,  stray,  wan- 
der, err,  digress. 

DETESTABLE,  abominable,  execra- 
ble, hateful. 

DEVICE,  contrivance,  invention, 
scheme,  design. 

To  DEVISE,  contrive,  invent,  de- 
sign ;  bequeath. 

DEVOID,  vacant,  empty,  void. 

To  DEVOTE,  addict,  apply,  dedi- 
cate ;  consecrate. 

DEVOUT,  religious,  holy,  pious. 

DEXTERITY,  ability,  skilfuluess, 
adroitness,  address. 


CIS 


243 


DIS 


DEXTROUS,  clever,  skilful,  apt, 
ready,  adroit,  expert. 

DIALECT,  tongue,  language, 
speech,  idiom. 

DiALO3UE,  conversation,  confer- 
ence, colloquy. 

To  DICTATE,  prescribe,  suggest.  ' 

DICTION,  style,  phrase,  phraseolo- 
gy, expression. 

DICTIONARY,  vocabulary,  lexicon, 
nomenclature. 

To  DIE,  expire,  perish,  depart. 

DIET,  food,  regimen. 

To  DIFFER,  vary,  disagree,  dissent. 

DIFFERENCE,  variety,  contrariety, 
variance,  dissimilitude,  ine- 
quality. 

DIFFERENT,  distinct,  separate,  di- 
verse, various ;  unlike. 

DIFFICULT,  hard,  arduous. 

DIFFICULTY,  obstacle,  impediment, 
obstruction,  trouble,  trial,  em- 
barrassment. 

DIFFIDENT,  distrustful,  suspicious ; 
modest,  bashful. 

DIFFUSE,  prolix,  expansive,  spread 
out. 

To  DIGEST,  dispose,  arrange. 

DIGNIFIED,  magisterial,  stately, 
august,  pompous,  lofty. 

To  DIGRESS,  deviate,  wander. 

To  DILATE,  enlarge,  extend,  ex- 
pand ;  expatiate. 

DiLATORy,  slow,  tardy,  tedious. 

DILIGENT,  active,  assiduous,  ex- 
peditious, sedulous,  persever- 
ing, laborious. 

DIM,  obscure,  dark,  mysterious. 

To  DIMINISH,  liquidate,  abate,  de- 
crease, lessen,  subside. 

DIMINUTIVE,  small,  little. 

To  DIRECT,  regulate,  dispose,  con- 
duct, manage. 

DIRECTION,  address,  superscrip- 
tion. 

DIRECTLY,  immediately,  promptly, 
instantly,  instantaneously. 

DISABILITY,  inability,  weakness, 
incompetency. 

DISADVANTAGE,  detriment,  injury 
hurt,  prejudice. 


To  DISAGREE,  differ,  vary,  dissent. 

DISAGREEMENT,  dissension,  divi- 
sion, discord. 

To  DISAPPEAR,  vanish. 

To  DISAPPOINT,  frustrate,  foil,  de- 
feat. 

DISAPPROBATION,  displeasure,  cen- 
sure. 

DISASTER,  calamity,  misfortune, 
mishap,  mischance. 

To  DISAVOW,  disown,  disclaim, 
deny. 

DISBELIEF,  unbelief,  skepticism. 

To  DISCARD,  dismiss,  discharge. 

To  DISCERN,  distinguish,  discover, 
penetrate,  discriminate. 

DISCERNIBLE,  perceptible,  ascer- 
tainable,  apparent,  visible,  evi- 
dent, manifest. 

DISCIPLE,  follower,  scholar,  adhe- 
rent, partisan. 

DISCIPLINE,  education,  govern- 
ment; correction,  punishment, 
chastisement. 

To  DISCLAIM,  disown,  disavow, 
deny. 

To  DISCLOSE,  discover,  reveal, 
make  known,  divulge. 

To  DISCOMPOSE,  disorder,  discon- 
cert, derange. 

To  DISCONCERT,  unsettle,  ruffle, 
discompose,  derange,  disorder, 
displace,  confuse. 

To  DISCONTINUE,  cease,  leave  off, 
desist. 

DISCORD,  disagreement,  conten- 
tion, strife,  dissension. 

To  DISCOURAGE,  deter,  dishearten; 
dissuade. 

To  DISCOVER,  uncover,  disclose, 
make  known,  communicate, 
impart,  reveal ;  detect,'  find 
out. 

DISCREDIT,  disgrace,  reproach, 
scandal,  disrepute,  Ignominy, 
dishonor ;  opprobrium,  obloquy, 
shame. 

DISCRETION,  judgment,  prudence. 

DISCRIMINATION,  discernment, 
judgment,  acuteness,  penetra- 


DIS 


244 


DIS 


DISDAIN,  arrogance,  haughtiness,  j  DISPOSAL,     disposition,     arrange- 

scorn,  contempt.  |      ment. 

DISEASE,      disorder,      distemper,  |  To   DISPOSE,    arrange,    place,    re- 
malady.  I      gulate,  order. 
To   DISENTANGLE,   disengage,  ex- j  DISPOSITION,  temper,  inclination, 
tricate.                                           j  To  DISPROVE,  refute,  confute,  op- 
To  DISFIGURE,  deface,  deform.  pu£n- 

DISGRACE.     See  DISCREDIT.  |  To  DISPUTE,  argue,  debate,  con- 

To  DISGRACE,  degrade,  abase,  de-i      test,  contend,  controvert. 

base,  dishonor.  i  DISPUTE,  altercation,  quarrel,  con- 


To  DISGUISE,  dissemble,  con- 
ceal. 

DISGUST,  aversion,  dislike,  dis- 
taste ;  loathing,  nausea. 

To  DISHEARTEN,  discourage,  de- 
press. 

DISHONOR,  disgrace,  shame,  oppro- 
brium. 

DISINCLINATION,  dislike,  aver- 
sion. 

To  DISJOIN,  separate,  sever,  dis- 
sever, detach. 

DISLIKE,  aversion,  antipathy,  re- 
pugnance. 

DISMAL,  dull,  gloomy,  sad. 

To  DISMAY,  appall,  daunt,  terrify. 

To  DISMEMBER,  disjoint,  dislo- 
cate. 

DISMISS,  discharge,  discard. 

DISORDER,  derangement,  confu- 
sion ;  disease,  distemper,  mala- 
dy- 

DISORDERLY,  irregular,  inordinate, 
intemperate. 

To  DISOWN,  disavow,  disclaim, 
deny,  renounce. 

To  DISPARAGE,  depreciate,  dero- 
gate, detract,  decry,  degrade. 

DISPARITY,  inequality,  dissimili- 
tude, unlikeness. 

DISPASSIONATE,  cool,  calm. 

To  DISPEL,  dissipate,  disperse. 

To  DISPERSE,  distribute,  deal  out; 
scatter,  spread. 

To  DISPLAY,  exhibit,  show,  pa 
rade. 

To  DISPLEASE,  offend,  vex,  an 
ger. 

DISPLEASURE,     dislike 
faction,     distaste 
tion. 


test,  difference. 

To    DISREGARD,    slight,    neglect, 
contemn. 

DISSATISFACTION.      See    DISPLEA- 
SURE. 

To  DISSEMBLE,  disguise,  conceal. 

To   DISSEMINATE,    spread,   propa- 
gate, circulate,  diffuse. 

DISSENSION,  discord,  contention. 

To     DISSENT,     differ,     disagree,' 
vary. 

DISSERTATION,      essay,     treatise. 
tract. 

DISSIMULATION,  simulation,  deceit, 
hypocrisy. 

To   DISSIPATE,    disperse,    dispel, 
expend,  squander,  waste. 

DISSOLUTE,   loose,  lax,  vague,  li- 
centious. 

DISTANT,  far,  remote. 

DISTASTE,  dislike,  dissatisfaction, 
disgust. 

DISTEMPER,      disorder,      disease, 
malady. 

DISTINCT,      separate,      different; 
plain,  visible,  obvious. 

DISTINCTION,    difference;    superi- 
ority, rank. 

DISTINCTLY,   clearly,   plainly,  ob- 
viously. 

To    DISTINGUISH,    perceive,    dis- 
cern ;    discriminate ;    signalize,  j 
mark  out. 

DISTINGUISHED,  conspicuous,  not-  ! 

ed,  eminent,  illustrious. 
j  To   DISTORT,    turn,    twist,  bend,  j 


wrest,  pervert. 

i  DISTRACTED,      discomposed,     di 
dissatis-j      turbed,  perplexed, 
disapproba-  j  To  DISTRESS,  afflict,  trouble,  paii 
!      harass,  perplex. 


DOO 


24o 


DUP 


DISTRESS,  anguish,    agony,   pain,  [  DOUBT,    hesitation,     uncertainty, 


suffering  ;  adversity. 


suspense. 


diffi- 


To DISTRIBUTE,  apportion,  assign,  To    DOUBT,     question,     hesitate, 

allot,  share.  ]      demur,  scruple,  waver. 

DISTRICT,  region,  division,  tract,  DOUBTFUL,     dubious,     uncertain, 
equivocal,     ambiguous,     ques- 
tionable, precarious. 
To  DOZE,  sleep,  slumber,  drowse, 

nap. 
To     DRAG,     draw,     pull,     haul, 

tug. 
To  DRAIN,  exhaust,  expend. 


quarter,  portion. 

DISTRUSTFUL,     suspicious ; 
dent. 

To   DISTURB,    interrupt,    trouble, 
molest,  disquiet,  tumultuate. 

DISTURBANCE,  derangement,  com- 
motion. 

To  DIVE,  plunge.  To  DRAW.     See  DRAG. 

To  DIVE  into,  pry,  scrutinize.          To    DRAW    from,    exact, 

DIVERS,  different,  several,  sundry,  i      extract. 


extort, 


various. 

DIVERSION,  .amusement,  enter- 
tainment, recreation,  sport,  pas- 
time. 

To  DIVERT,  amuse,  entertain. 

To  DIVIDE,  separate,  part;  dis- 
tribute, share. 

DIVINE,  heavenly,  godlike,  holy, 
sacred. 

To  DIVINE,  guess,  conjecture. 

DIVISION,  part,  share,  portion, 
section. 

To  DIVULGE,  disclose,  make 
known,  communicate,  reveal, 
discover,  impart. 

DIURNAL,  daily,  quotidian. 

To  Do,  make,  act ;  effect,  effectu- 
ate, accomplish,  perform,  exe- 
cute, achieve. 

DOCILE,  tractable,  ductile,  pliant, 
yielding. 

DOCTRINE,  dogma,  tenet. 

DOGMATICAL,  positive,  confident, 
authoritative,  magisterial. 

DOLEFUL,  piteous,  woful,  rueful. 

DOMESTIC,  servant,  menial, 
drudge. 

DOMINEERING,  imperious,  lordly, 
overbearing. 

DOMINION,  rule,  empire,  autho- 
rity ;  reign,  strength,  force. 

DONATION,  gift,  present,  alms. 

DOOM,  fate,  destiny,  lot,  sen- 
tence. 

DOUBLE-DEALING,  deceit, duplicity 
deception,  fraud,  dishonesty. 


To  DRAW  back,  withdraw,  retreat, 
recede,  retire. 

To  DREAD,  fear,  stand  in  awe; 
apprehend. 

DREADFUL,  fearful,  frightful,  ter- 
rific, awful,  horrid,  horrible, 
tremendous. 

DREGS,  sediment,  refuse,  dross, 
cum,  recrement. 

To  DRENCH,  steep,  soak. 

DRIFT,  scope,  aim,  tendency. 

DRESS,  apparel,  array,  attire,  gar- 
ments, vestments. 

DRINK,  beverage,  potion. 

DROLL,  laughable,  ludicrous,  ridi- 
culous, comic,  comical. 

To  DROOP,   languish,    pine,  sink, 


fade. 
DROSS. 


See  DREGS. 


To  DROWSE.     See  DOZE. 

DRUDGE,  servant,  domestic,  me- 
nial. 

DRUDGERY,  labor,  toil,  work. 

DRUNKENNESS,  intoxication,  ine- 
briety, crapulousness. 

DUBIOUS,  doubtful,  questionable, 
equivocal,  ambiguous ;  precari- 
ous, uncertain. 

DUCTILE,  tractable,  docilo. 

DRYNESS,  drought,  aridity. 

DUE,  debt,  right. 

DULL,  stupid,  heavy,  UlWiy, 
gloomy,  sail,  dismal. 

DUMB,  silent,  mute,  speechless. 

DUPLICITY-,  deceit,  deception, 
double-dealing,  guile. 


EFF 


246 


EME 


DURABLE,  lasting,  permanent, 
constant,  continuing. 

DUTIFUL,  obedient,  submissive, 
respectful. 

DUTY,  business,  office ;  obedience, 
respect,  obligation. 

DWELLING,  abode,  residence,  do- 
micile, habitation. 

To  DWELL,  abide,  stay,  rest,  so- 
journ ;  reside,  inhabit. 


EAGER,  hot,  ardent,  vehement,  im- 
petuous; forward. 

EAGERNESS,  avidity,  greediness. 

EARLY,  soon,  betimes. 

To  EARN,  acquire,  obtain,  gain, 
win. 

EARNEST,  eager,  serious  :  pledge. 

EASE,  quiet,  rest,  repose ;  light- 
ness, facility. 

To  EASE,  or  calm,  assuage,  alle- 
viate, allay,  mitigate,  appease, 
pacifv. 

EBULLITION,  effervescence,  fer- 
mentation, a  boiling  over. 

ECCENTRIC,  irregular,  anoma- 
lous ;  singular,  odd,  particular, 
strange. 

ECCLESIASTIC,  divine,  theolo- 
gian. 

ECONOMICAL,  sparing,  saving, 
thrifty,  careful,  frugal,  par- 
simonious, niggardly,  penuri- 
ous. 

ECSTASY,  delight,  rapture,  trans- 
port. 

EDGE,  border,  rim,  margin,  brink, 
brim,  verge. 

EDICT,  decree,  proclamation. 

EDIFICE,  structure,  fabric. 

EDUCATION,  instruction,  tuition, 
breeding. 

To  EFFACE,  blot  out,  expunge, 
rase,  erase,  obliterate,  can- 
cel. 

To  EFFECT,  accomplish,  fulfil, 
realize,  achieve,  complete,  exe- 
cute. 

EFFECT,  con  sequence,  result,  issue, 
event. 


EFFECTS,  goods,  chattels,  furni- 
ture, movables,  property. 

EFFECTIVE,  efficient,  efficacious, 
effectual,  operative. 

EFFEMINATE,  feminine,  female, 
womanish,  tender. 

EFFETE,  barren  :  worn  out. 

EFFICIENT,  competent,  able,  capa' 
ble,  fitted,  effectual,  effective. 

EFFIGY,  image,  picture,  like- 
ness. 

EFFORT,  endeavor,  exertion,  essay, 
trial,  attempt. 

EFFRONTERY,  boldness,  audacity, 
assurance,  hardihood,  impu- 
dence. 

EFFUSION,  dispersion  ;  waste. 

EGOTISTICAL,  conceited,  vain,  opi- 
nionated. 

ELDER,  senior,  older. 

To  ELECT,  choose,  select,  appoint. 

ELEGANT,  graceful,  beautiful. 

To  ELEVATE,  raise,  lift,  exalt, 
erect. 

ELIGIBLE,  fit,  worthy,  preferable. 

ELOCUTION,  eloquence,  oratory, 
rhetoric. 

To  ELUCIDATE,  explain,  illustrate, 
clear  up. 

ELUCIDATION,  explanation,  expo- 
sition, annotation,  comment. 

To  ELUDE,  evade,  escape,  avoid, 
shun. 

To  EMANATE,  arise,  proceed,  is- 
sue, spring,  flow. 

To  EMBARRASS,  entangle,  perplex, 
distress,  trouble. 

To  EMBELLISH,  adorn,  decorate, 
beautify,  deck,  illustrate. 

EMBLEM,  figure,  type,  symbol, 
adumbration,  allusion. 

To  EMBRACE,  clasp,  hug ;  com- 
prise, comprehend,  contain,  in- 
clude. 

EMBRYO,  fetus,  germ;  unfinished, 
imperfect. 

To  EMEND,  amend,  correct,  bet- 
ter, mend,  reform,  rectify  ;  im- 
prove. 

To  EMERGE,  rise,  issue,  emanate, 
coino  forth. 


END  247  ENS 

EMERGENCY,      exigency,      neces-  ;  ENDLESS,     eternal,     everlasting, 

sitj-  I      interminable,    perpetual,     iuti- 

E.MINENT,  distinguished,  conspicu-i     nite. 

ous.  noted,  prominent;  elevated,  To  ENDOW,  endue,  invest. 

illustrious  j  ENDOWMENT,  gift,  talent. 

EMISSARY,  spy,  secret  agent.  i  ENDURANCE,   fortitude,    patience, 

T  i  EMIT,    send  forth,   evaporate,       resignation. 

exhale.  j  To  ENDURE,  support,  bear,  suffer, 

EMOLUMENT,    gain,    profit,    lucre,!      sustain. 

advantage.  j  ENEMY,  foe,  opponent,  antagonist, 

EMOTION,    agitation,    trepidation,  i      adversary- 

tremor.  !  ENERGY,   force,    vigor,    strength, 

EMPHASIS,  stress,  accent.  i     potency,  efficacy. 

EMPIRE,  dominion,  power,  reign  ;  To  ENERVATE,  enfeeble,  weaken, 

kingdom,  state.  |      unnerve,  debilitate. 

EMPLOYMENT,  business,  avocation,  '  To  ENGAGE,  attract,  invite,  allure, 

engagement,   office,  trade,  pro-j      entertain. 

fes.sion,  occupation.  ENGAGEMENT,  avocation,  business, 

To  EMPOWER,  authorize,  commis-       employment,  occupation,  office, 

sion  ;  enable.  j      profession  ;      word,      promise  ; 

EMPTY,     void,     devoid,     vacant,]      battle,  combat. 

vacuous,  unfilled.  i  To   ENGENDER,   breed,    generate, 


EMULATION,      rivalry,      competi- 


tion. 


To   ENCHANT,    charm,    fascinate, 


produce. 
ENGRAVING,  picture,  print. 
To    ENGROSS,     absorb,      swallow 


captivate,  enrapture.  j      up,  imbibe  ;  monopolize. 

To  ENCIRCLE,    enclose,  embrace  ;  \  To  ENGULF,  swallow  up,  absorb, 

surround,       environ,      circum-i      engross. 

scribe.  !  ENJOYMENT,     pleasure,     fruition, 

ENCOMIUM,     eulogy,     panegyric,  ;     gratification. 

praise.  !  To    ENLARGE,    increase,    extend, 


To      ENCOMPASS.       See      ENCIR- 
CLE. 


lengthen. 
To  ENLIGHTEN,   illumine,  illumi- 


ENCOUNTER,    attack,    combat,  as- 1     natc. 


sault. 
To      ENCOURAGE,      countenance, 


To  ENLIST,   enroll,   register,   re- 
cord. 


sanction,    support,    foster,  che- i  To    ENLIVEN,    animate,    inspire, 
rish ;  animate,  embolden,  cheer;  i      exhilarate,  cheer, 
incite,   urge,    impel,    stimulate,  j  ENMITY,      animosity,      hostility, 
instigate.  I      hatred,  ill-will,  malignity. 

To  ENCROACH,  intrude,  intrench,  ENORMOUS,  huge,  vast,  immense, 
infringe,  invade.  i  prodigious. 

To  ENCUMBER,  load,  clog;  im-  ENOUGH,  sufficiency,  plenty, 
pede,  hinder.  '  abundance. 

END,  aim,  object,  purpose;  close,  To  ENRAGED  irritate,  incense,  ag 
termination,  extremity,  sequel, :  gravate,  incite,  stimulate,  ex- 
finish  :  asperate,  inflame. 

To  ENDEAVOR,  attempt,  try,  aim,   To  ENRAPTURE.     See  E 
essav,  strive.  To  ENROLL.     See  ENLIST. 

ENDEAVOR,    aim,  effort,  exertion,  ENSAMPLE,  example,  pattern, 
attempt.  To  ENSLAVE,  captivate. 


ERA 


248 


To  ENSUE,  follow,  succeed. 

To  ENTANGLE,  perplex,  embar- 
rass, inveigle,  inquire,  impli- 
cate, infold,  involve,  entrap. 

ENTERPRISE,  undertaking,  adven- 
ture, attempt. 

ENTERPRISING,  adventurous. 

To  ENTER  upon,  begin,  com- 
mence. 

To  ENTERTAIN,  amuse,  divert. 

ENTERTAINMENT,  amusement,  di- 
version, recreation,  pastime, 
sport;  feast,  banquet,  carousal, 
treat. 

ENTHUSIAST,  visionary,  fanatic. 

To  ENTICE,  allure,  attract,  decoy, 
tempt,  seduce,  abduct. 

ENTIRE,  whole,  complete,  perfect, 
integral,  total. 

To  ENTITLE,  name,  designate,  de- 
nominate, style,  characterize. 

To  ENTRAP.     See  ENTANGLE. 

To  ENTREAT,  beg.  crave,  soli- 
cit, beseech,  implore,  suppli- 
cate. 

ENTREATY,  petition,  prayer,  re- 
quest, suit. 

To  ENVEIGLE.     See  ENTANGLE. 

To  ENVIRON.     See  ENCIRCLE. 

ENVY,  jealousy,  suspicion,  grudg- 
ing. 

EPICURE,   voluptuary,   sensualist. 

To  EPITOMIZE,  abridge,  reduce, 
condense. 

EPOCH,  time,  period,  era,  age, 
date. 

To  EQUIP,  fit  out,  prepare,  qua- 
lify. 

EQUAL,  equable,  uniform ;  ade- 
quate, proportionate,  commen- 
surate; equivalent. 

EQUAL  to,  adequate,  commensu- 
rate, prop<  rtionate. 

EQUITABLE, Just,  fair,  honest,  rea- 
sonable. 

EQUIVOCAL,  ambiguous,  doubt- 
ful. 

To  EQUIVOCATE,  evade,  prevari- 
cate. 

ERA,  time,  point,  period,  date, 
epoch,  age. 


j  To  ERADICATE,  extirpate,  root  out, 
exterminate. 

To  ERASE,  blot  out,  expunge, 
rase,  efface,  obliterate,  can- 
cel. 

To  ERECT,  set  up,  raise,  elevate, 
construct;  institute,  establish, 
found. 

ERRAND,  mission,  message. 

ERROR,  mistake,  blunder,  fault. 

ERUDITION,  learning,  knowledge, 
science. 

ERUPTION,  explosion,  breaking 
out. 

To  ESCAPE,  elude,  evade. 
|  To  ESCHEW,  avoid,  shun,  elude. 

To  ESCORT,  attend,  accompany, 
wait  on. 

ESPECIALLY,     particularly,      spe- 

j      cia..y,  principally,  chiefly. 

To  ESPY,  discern,  discover,  find 
out,  descry. 

ESSAY,  attempt,  trial,  endea- 
vor, effort;  tract,  treatise,  dis- 
sertation. 

ESSENTIAL,  necessary,  indispensa- 
ble, requisite. 

To  ESTABLISH,  confirm,  settle,  fix, 
institute,  found. 

To  ESTEEM,  prize,  value,  appre- 
ciate ;  respect. 

ESTEEM,  regard,  respect,  prize, 
value,  revere. 

To    ESTIMATE,    count,    calculate, 
compute,  reckon,  number,  rate, 
j      appraise;    appreciate,    esteem, 
i      value. 

!  ETERNAL,      everlasting,      bound- 
!     less,  interminable,  endless,  in- 
finite. 

EULOGY,  encomium,  panegyric. 

To  EVADE,  escape,  elude;  equivo- 
cate, prevaricate. 

To  EVAPORATE,  exhale,  emit. 

EVASION,  shift,  subterfuge ;  pre- 
varication, equivocation. 

EVEN,  equal,  equable,  uniform ; 
smooth,  plain,  level. 

EVENT,  incident,  occurrence,  ad- 
venture, issue,  consequence,  re- 
sult, accident. 


EXE 


C40 


EXP 


lfil, 

sum- 


EVER,    always,  perpetually,  con-  To    EXECUTE,  accomplish, 

tinually,  incessuntly.unceasing-       realize,  effect,  achieve,  con 

]y,  constantly.  j      mate,  complete,  finish. 

EVERLASTING.     See  ETERNAL.        [EXEMPTION,   freedom,   immunity, 
EVIDENCE,  testimony,   deposition,       privilege. 

proof;  deponent,  witness.  |  To  EXERCISE,  exert,  practise,  car- 

EVIL,    bad,    wicked;    misfortune,1      ry  on. 

harm,  mischief,  ill.  (To  EXHALE,  emit,  evaporate. 

To   EVINCE,    argue,  prove,  mani-;To      EXHAUST,      spend,      drain, 

fest,  demonstrate.  j      empty. 

To  EXACT,  extort,  draw  from.          To  EXHIBIT,  show,  display. 
EXACT,  accurate,  correct,  precise,  [EXHIBITION,  show,  sight,  specta- 

nice.  !      cle,  representation. 

To   EXALT,  raise,  elevate,   erect,  To  EXHILARATE,  animate,  inspire, 

lift  up.  enliven,  cheer. 

EXAMINATION,     search,     inquiry,  !  To  EXHORT,  persuade,  incite. 

research,     scrutiny,     iuvestiga-j  To  EXHUME,  unbury,  disint 


tion  ;  discussion. 
EXAMPLE,  pattern,  ensample,  pre- 

cedent. 
To  EXASPERATE,  aggravate,  pro- 

voke, excite,  irritate. 
To  EXCEED,  excel,  surpass,  tran- 

scend, outdo. 
EXCELLENCE,   superiority,  perfec- 

tion. 
EXCEPT,  unless,  besides. 


EXIGENCY,  emergency,  neces- 
sity. 

EXILE,  banishment,  expulsion, 
proscription. 

To  EXONERATE,  exculpate,  relieve, 
absolve,  clear;  acquit,  discharge, 
justify. 

To  EXPAND,  spread,  diffuse,  di- 
late. 

To  EXPECT,  look  for,  await. 


EXCEPTION,  objection,  difficulty.  EXPECTATION,  hope,  anticipation, 
EXCESS,  superfluity,  redundance  ;  |  confidence,  trust. 

intemperance.  EXPEDIENT,  lit,  necessary,  essen- 

To  EXCHANGE,  change,  barter,  I  tial,  requisite. 

truck,  commute.  To  EXPEDITE,  accelerate,  quicken, 


EXCHANGE,  interchange,  recipro- 
city ;  barter,  dealing,  trade, 
traffic. 

To  EXCITE,  incite,  awaken, 
arouse,  stimulate,  provoke,  irri- 
tate. 

To  EXCLAIM,  call,  shout,  cry. 

To  EXCULPATE,  exonerate,  ab- 
solve, acquit,  justify. 

EXCURSION, 
jaunt. 

To    EXCUSE,    exculpate,    absolve, 


hasten. 
EXPEDITIOUS,     prompt,     diligent, 

speedy,  quick. 
To    EXPEL,     cast     out,     banish, 

exile. 
To    EXPEND,     spend,     dissipate, 

waste. 

EXPENSE,  cost,  price,  charge. 
EXPENSIVE,  costly,  dear,  sumptu- 

ous,  valuable. 


ramble,    tour,    trip 

EXPERIENCE,    experiment,    trial, 

proof,  test, 

acquit.  EXPERT,  clever,  dextrous,  adroit, 

EXCUSE,  pretence,  pretension,  pre-j      skilful. 

text.  jTo     EXPIATE,     atone    for,    blot 

EXECRABLE,    abominable,    detest-  1      out. 

able,  hateful,  accursed.  !  To  EXPLAIN,  expound,  interpret, 

EXECRATION,    curse,   malediction,1     elucidate. 

imprecation.  EXPLANATION,    exphcat.on,    rcci- 


FAB 


250 


FAR 


tnl,  account,  description,  detail, 
i  elation. 

EXPLICIT,  express,  plain,  defi- 
nite. 

EXPLOIT,  achievement,  feat,  deed, 
accomplishment. 

To  EXPLORE,  search,  pry  into. 

EXPOSED,  subject,  liable,  obnox- 
ious. 

EXPOSTULATE,  remonstrate,  alter- 
cate, discuss. 

To  EXPOUND,  explain,  interpret, 
unfold. 

EXPRESS,  explicit,  plain,  defi- 
nite. 

To  EXPRESS,  declare,  utter,  signi- 
fy, testify,  intimate. 

EXPRESSIVE,  significant. 

To  EXPUNGE,  blot  out,  erase,  ef- 
face, obliterate. 

To  EXTEND,  enlarge,  increase, 
stretch  out. 

EXTENSIVE,  comprehensive,  wide, 
large. 

EXTENUATE,  palliate,  lessen,  di- 
minish. 

EXTERIOR,  outward,  external. 

To  EXTERMINATE,  extirpate,  era- 
dicate, root  out,  destroy. 

EXTERNAL,  exterior,  outward. 

To  EXTOL,  praise,  laud,  applaud, 
commend. 

To  EXTORT,  exact,  draw  from. 

EXTRAORDINARY,  remarkable,  un- 
common, eminent. 

EXTRAVAGANT,  prodigal,  lavish, 
profuse,  excessive. 

EXTREME,  extremity,  end,  termi- 
nation. 

To  EXTRICATE,  disengage,  disen- 
tangle, disembarrass. 

EXTRINSIC,  extraneous,  foreign. 

EXUBERANT,  plenteous,  luxuriant, 
plentiful,  abundant. 

EXULTATION,  transport,  joy. 


FABRIC,  edifice,  structure. 
To     FABRICATE,     invent,     frame, 
feign,  forge. 


FABRICATION,  fiction,  falsehood, 
invention. 

To  FACE,  confront. 

FACE,  countenance,  visage. 

FACETIOUS,  pleasant,  jocular,  jo- 
cose. 

FACILITY,  ease,  lightness. 

FACT,  incident,  circumstance. 

FACTION,  party,  junta,  junto. 

FACULTY,  ability,  talent,  gift,  en- 
dowment. 

FAILING,  failure,  imperfection, 
weakness,  frailty,  foible;  mis- 
carriage, misfortune. 

FAINT,  languid,  weak,  low. 

FAIR,  clear;  honest,  equitable, 
reasonable. 

FAITH,  belief,  trust,  credit,  fideli- 
ty- 

FAITHFUL,  trusty. 

FAITHLESS,  perfidious,  unfaithful, 
treacherous. 

To  FALL,  drop,  sink,  tremble, 
droop. 

To  FALL  short,  fail,  be  deficient, 

FALLACIOUS,  deceitful,  fraudulent, 
delusive,  illusive. 

FALSEHOOD,  untruth,  fiction,  fabri- 
cation, falsity. 

To  FALTER,  hesitate,  waver. 

FAME,  reputation,  renown,  cele- 
brity, credit,  honor ;  report, 
rumor. 

j  FAMILIAR,  free,  affable ;  inti- 
mate. 

FAMILIARITY,  acquaintance,  in- 
timacy, affability,  fellow- 
ship. 

FAMILY,  house,  lineage,  race. 

FAMOUS,  celebrated,  renowned, 
illustrious,  eminent,  distin- 
guished, transcendent,  excel- 
lent, 

FANATIC,  enthusiast,  visionary. 

FANCIFUL,  fantastical,  whimsical, 
capricious,  ideal. 

FANCY,  imagination,  conceit, 
ideality. 

FAR,  distant,  remote. 

FARE,    provision ;    journey,    pa..- 


FEL 


251 


FIT 


FAREWELL,  taking  leave,  valedic- 
tion. 

To  FASCINATE,  charm,  enrapture, 
enchant. 

FASHION',  custom,  manner,  prac- 
tice, mode. 

To  FASHION,  form,  mould,  shape. 

To  FASTEN,  fix,  stick,  hold;  affix, 
attach,  anne'x. 

FASTIDIOUS,  squeamish,  over- 
nice. 

FATAL,  deadly,  mortal. 

FATE,  destiny,  lot,  doom ;  chance, 
fortune. 

FATIGUE,  weariness,  lassitude. 

FAVOR,  benefit,  kindness,  civility, 
grace. 

IAVORABLE,  auspicious,  propi- 
tious. 

FAULT,  blemish,  defect,  imperfec- 
tion, vice,  error,  failing. 

To  FAWN,  coax,  wheedle,  cajole. 

To  FEAR,  apprehend,  dread. 

FEAR,  fright,  apprehension,  terror, 
alarm,  consternation,  trepida- 
tion, dread. 

FEARFUL,  afraid,  timid,  timorous  ; 
dreadful,  frightful,  horrible, 
distressing. 

FEARLESS,  brave,  bold,  courage- 
ous, undaunted,  daring,  valor- 
ous, heroic,  intrepid,  magnani- 
mous. 

FEASIBLE,  specious,  colorable, 
plausible. 

FEAST,  banquet,  carousal,  treat, 
entertainment,  festival. 

FEAT,  achievement,  exploit,  deed, 
accomplishment. 

FEEBLE,  weak,  infirm. 

FEELING,  sensibility,  sensation, 
consciousness,  susceptibility ; 
kindness,  generosity. 

To  FEIGN,  pretend,  dissemble ; 
invent,  forge. 

To  FELICITATE, -make  joyful,  de- 
light ;  congratulate. 

FELICITY,  happiness,  bliss,  bless- 
edness, beatitude. 

FELLOWSHIP,  society ;  acquaint- 
ance, intimacy,  familiarity. 


FELON,  criminal,  culprit,  malefac- 
tor. 

FENCE,  guard,  security. 

FEROCIOUS,  fierce,  savage,  raven- 
ous. 

FERTILE,  fruitful,  prolific,  produc- 
tive. 

FERTILITY,  fruitfulness,  fecundity, 
productiveness. 

FERVOR,  ardor,  warmth,  vehe- 
mence. 

FEUD,  affray,  fray,  quarrel,  broil, 
dispute. 

FICKLE,  changeable,  variable,  in- 
constant, unstable,  wavering, 
versatile. 

FICTION,  falsehood,  fabrication, 
invention. 

FIDELITY,  faith,  honesty,  integ- 
rity. 

FIERCE,  ferocious,  savage. 

FIERY,  hot,  ardent,  passionate, 
fervent,  impetuous. 

FIGHT,  conflict,  combat,  contest, 
encounter,  contention,  battle, 
engagement,  struggle. 

FIGURE,  form,  semblance,  shape; 
metaphor,  allegory,  emblem. 

FILTHY,  nasty,  foul,  unclean, 
dirty,  gross. 

FINAL",  ultimate,  last,  latest,  con- 
clusive ;  decisive. 

To  FIND  out,  discover,  descry,  de- 
tect ;  ascertain. 

FINE,  delicate,  pure,  nice;  hand- 
some, pretty,  beautiful,  elegant, 
showy. 

A  FINE,"  mulct,  penalty,  forfeiture, 
amercement. 

FINESSE,  artifice,  trick,  stratagem, 
delusion,  deceit,  guile. 

To  FINISH,  perfect,  complete,  con- 
clude, terminate,  close. 

FINITE,  limited,  bounded,  termi- 
nable. 

FIRM,  stable,  solid,  robust,  strong, 
sturdy. 

FIRST,  primary,  primitive,  pris- 
tine, original. 

To  FIT,  suit,  adapt,  adjust ;  equip, 
prepare,  qualify. 


FON 


FOR 


FIT,  apt,  suitable,  meet;  becom-j 
ing,  decent;  expedient. 

FITTED,  competent,  adapted, 
qualified,  suited. 

To  Fix,  fasten,  attach,  stick  ;  set- 
tle, establish,  limit,  determine ; 
institute,  appoint. 

To  FLAG,  decline,  droop,  languish, 
pine. 

FLAGITIOUS,  flagrant,  heinous, 
atrocious. 

FLAT,  level  :  insipid,  dull,  spirit- 
less, tasteless,  vapid,  inanimate, 
lifeless. 

FLATTERY,  false  compliment,  adu- 
lation, obsequiousness,  syco- 
phancy, parasitism. 

FLAVOR,  taste,  relish,  savor. 

FLAW,  blemish,  spot,  speck,  crack, 
defect. 

FLEETING,  temporary,  transient, 
transitory. 

FLEETNESS,  quickness,  celerity, 
swiftness,  rapidity,  velocity. 

FLEXIBLE,  pliant,  supple. 

FLISIITINESS,  levity,  lightness, 
giddiness,  volatility. 

FLIMSY,  light,  weak,  superficial, 
shallow. 

To  FLIRT,  jeer,  gibe,  scoff,  taunt. 

To  FLOURISH,  thrive,  prosper. 

To  FLUCTUATE,  waver,  hesitate, 
vacillate,  scruple. 

To  FLUTTER,  palpitate,  undulate, 
vibrate,  pant. 

FOE,  enemy,  opponent,  antago- 
nist, adversary. 

FOIBLE,  imperfection,  failing, 
frailty,  weakness. 

To  FOIL,  defeat,  frustrate,  disap- 
point. 

FOLKS,  persons,  people,  individu- 
als. 

To  FOLLOW,  succcel,  ensue;  imi- 
tate, copy ;  pursue. 

A  FOLLOWER,  adherent,  disci- 
ple, partisan  ;  pursuer,  succes- 
sor. 

FOLLY,  weakness,  irrationality ; 
foolery. 

To  FONDLE,  caress. 


FONDNESS,  affection,  attachment, 
kindness,  love 

To  FORSAKE,  abandon,  desert,  re~ 
nounce,  abdicate,  relinquish, 
quit,  give  up,  forego 

FOOD,  diet,  regimen. 

FOOL,  idiot,  buffoon. 

FOOLERY,  folly,  absurdity. 

FOOLHARDY,  adventurous,  rash, 
incautious,  venturesome,  ven- 
turous, hasty,  precipitate. 

FOOLISH,  simple,  silly,  irrational; 
|    .  ridiculous,  preposterous. 
j  FODTSTEP,  trace,  track,  mark. 
I  FOPPISH,    finical,    spruce,   dandy- 
'sh. 

To  FORBEAR,  abstain,  refrain, 
withhold. 

To  FORBID,  interdict,  prohibit. 

FORECAST,  forethought,  foresight, 
premeditation. 

FORCE,  strength,  vigor,  might, 
energy,  power,  violence. 

To  FORCE,  compel,  constrain, 
oblige,  necessitate. 

FORCIBLE,  strong,  cogent,  irresisti- 
ble. 

To  FOREBODE,  augur,  presage, 
portend,  betoken. 

FOREFATHER,  progenitor,  ances- 
tor. 

FOREGOING,  antecedent,  anterior, 
previous,  prior,  former,  preced- 
ing. 

FOREIGN,  extraneous,  exotic,  ex- 
trinsic. 

FORERUNNER,  precursor,  harbin- 
ger, messenger. 

FORESIGHT.     See  FORECAST. 

To  FORETELL,  predict,  prophesy, 
prognosticate,  presage,  betoken, 
augur,  portend. 

FORETHOUGHT,  foresight,  forecast, 
premeditation. 

FORFEITURE,  fine,  mulct,  penalty, 
amercement.  " 

To  FORGE,  invent,  frame,  feign, 
fabricate,  counterfeit. 

|  FORGETFULNESS,   oblivion. 

To  FOR-.IVE,  pardon,  absolve,  re- 
|      mit,  u;:r;u'.t,  excuse. 


FRA 


253 


F11U 


FORLORN,  forsaken,  destitute.         |  To  FRAME,  invent,  fabricate  foree 

FORM,    ngure,    shape,    conforma-       feign. 

tion,    fashion,    appearance,    re-  FRANK,  artless,  candid,  free  open 
presentation,  semblance;  cere-       ingenuous,  plain. 


mony,  observance,  rite. 
To  FORM,  make,  create,  produce, 

constitute ;      fashion,      mould, 

shape. 
FORMAL,     ceremonious,     precise, 


igeriuous, 

FRATERNITV,  brotherhood. 

FRAUD,  deceit,  guile,  cheat,  impo- 
sition. 

FRAY,  affray ;  quarrel,  broil,  feud, 
altercation. 


exact,  stiff,  methodical.  [FREAK,  whim,  caprice. 

FORMER,      antecedent,      anterior,  i  FREE,  liberal,  generous,  bountiful, 

previous,  prior,  preceding,  fore-;      munificent,  unconstrained,  un- 

S"'no-  |      confined,  unreserved;  familiar, 

FORMERLY,    anciently,    in    times!      easy,  frank,  candid,  ingenuous ; 

past,  in  days  of  yore.  exempt,  clear. 

FORMIDABLE,     terrible,      tremen-jTo    FREE,  set  free,  deliver,  libe- 

dous,  shocking.  !      rate,  affranchise. 

To  FORSAKE,  abandon,  desert,  re-  '•  FREEDOM,    liberty,  independence, 

nounce;  abdicate.  '•      unrestraint;     familiarity;     ex- 


FORSAKEN,     abandoned,     forlorn, !      emption,  privilege. 

destitute. 

To  FORSWEAR,  perjure. 
To  FORTIFY,   strengthen, 

rate. 


invigo 


FREIGHT,  cargo,  lading,  load,  bur- 
den. _ 
To  FREQUENT,  resorfto,  haunt, 
FREQUENTLY,    often,     comuionlv, 


FORTITUDE,    resolution,    courage,       usually,  generally. 

bravery. 
FORTUITOUS,    accidental,     casual, 

contingent,  incidental. 


FORTUNATE,    lucky,     prosperous, 

successful. 

FORTUNE,  chance,  fate. 
FORWARD,    onward,    progressive; 


FRESH,   new,   novel,   recent, 
dern. 


To  FRET,    gall,    rub,  chafe;   agi- 

tate, vex. 
FRETFUL,  splenetic,  peevish,  petu- 

lant, captious. 
FRIENDLY,  amicable  ;  social,  socia- 


confident,    presumptuous, 
modest. 


im- !      ble. 

|  FRIGID,  cool,  cold. 
To  FORWARD,  advance,    promote, !  FRIGHT,  alarm,  terror,  consterna- 
prefer.  !      tion. 


To  FOSTER,  cherish,  indulge,  har- 
bor. 
FOUL,  nasty,  filthy,  defiled. 


To  FOUND,  ground,    res 
institute,  establish. 


build ; 


To  FRIGHTEN,  affright,  intimi- 
date. 

FRIGHTFUL,  fearing,  dreadful,  ter- 
rific, horrid,  horrible. 

FRIVOLOUS,  trifling,  trivial,  petty. 


FOUNDATION,  ground,  basis;  esta-  FROLIC,  gambol,  prank,  spree. 

blishment,  settlement.  !FROWARD,  awkward,  cross,  unto- 

FOUNTAIN,  spring,  source.  ward,  perverse. 

FRACTION,  part,  piece.  FRUGAL,  economical,  saving,  par- 

FRACTURE,  rupture,  breach.  simonious. 

Fit  VULE,  brittle,  weak,  frail.  FRUITFUL,  fertile^  prolific,   preg- 

FRAILTY,  weakness,  imperfection,  j      nant,      productive,     abundant, 

failing,  foible.  l     plentiful. 

FRAME,     temper,      temperament,  FRUITIOV,    enjoyment,    gratifica- 

constitution.  i      tion. 


GAZ 


254 


GLO 


FRUITLESS,  ineffectual,  vain,  abor- 
tive. 

FRUSTRATE,  defeat,  foil,  disap- 
point. 

To  FULFIL,  accomplish,  realize, 
effect,  complete. 

FULLY,  largely,  copiously,  abun- 
dantly, completely. 

FULNESS,  plenitude,  complete- 
ness, satiety,  copiousness,  abun- 
dance. 

FUNCTION,  office,  place,  charge. 

FURIOUS,  violent,  boisterous,  ve- 
hement, impetuous,  angry. 

To  FURNISH,  provide,  procure, 
supply. 

FURNITURE,  goods,  chattels,  mov- 
ables, effects. 

FURY,  madness,  frenzy,  rage, 
anger. 

FUTILE,  trifling,  trivial,  frivolous, 
useless.  ^ 

G 

To  GAIN,  get,  acquire,  obtain,  at- 
tain, procure ;  win. 

GAIN,  profit,  emolument,  advan- 
tage, lucre,  benefit. 

GAIT,  carriage,  walk. 

GALE,  breeze,  blast,  gust;  hurri- 
cane, tempest,  storm. 

To  GALL,  rub,  chafe,  fret,  vex. 

GALLANT,  brave,  courageous, 
daring,  valorous,  valiant, 
bold,  heroic,  intrepid,  fear- 
less. 

GAMBOL,  frolic,  prank,  spree. 

GAME,  play,  sport,  amusement, 
pastime. 

GANG,  band,  company,  crew. 

GAP,  chasm,  cleft,  breach, 
break. 

To  GAPE,  gaze,  stare. 

GARRULITY,  loquacity,  babbling, 
talkativeness. 

To  GATHER,  assemble,  muster, 
collect. 

GAUDY,  showy,  gay,  glittering. 

GAY,  cheerful,  merry,  sprightly, 
debonnair. 

To  GAZE,  gape,  stare. 


GENERALLY,  commonly,  fre- 
quently, usually. 

GENERATION,  race,  breed 

GENEROUS,  beneficent,  bountiful, 
munificent,  liberal,  bounteous 

GENIUS,  intellect,  invention,  ta- 
lent, taste. 

GENTEEL,  refined,  polished,  po- 
lite. 

GENTLE,  mild,  meek^tame. 

GENUINE,  real,  unalloyed,  unadul- 
terated, not  spurious. 

Not  GENUINE,  spurious,  supposi- 
titious, adulterated. 

To  GERMINATE,  bud,  sprout, 
grow. 

GESTURE,  gesticulation,  action, 
posture,  attitude. 

To  GET,  acquire,  obtain,  attain, 
gain,  procure,  realize. 

GHASTLY,  hideous,  grim,  grisly. 

GHOST,  spectre,  apparition,  phan- 
tom, vision. 

To  GIBE,  scoff,  sneer,  jeer,  mock, 
taunt. 

GIDDINESS,  lightness  ;  flightiness, 
levity,  volatility. 

GIFT,  donation,  benefaction,  gra- 
tuity, present;  endowment,  ta- 
lent, 

To  GIVE,  grant,  bestow,  confer, 
yield. 

To  GIVE  up,  abandon,  forsake, 
renounce,  dedicate,  relinquish, 
quit. 

GLAD,  pleased,  cheerful,  joyful,  ex- 
hilarated, delighted,  gratified. 

GLANCE,  glimpse,  look. 

GLARE,  flare,  blaze,  glitter,  radia- 
tion. 

To  GLEAM,  glimmer. 

To  GLIDE,  slip,  slide. 

To  GLITTER,  shine,  sparkle,  glare, 
radiate. 

GLOBE,  circle,  sphere,  ball,  orb. 

GLOOM,  heaviness,  sadness,  dull- 
ness, sullenness,  moroseness,. 
spleen. 

To  GLORY,  boast,  vaunt. 

To  GLOSS,  varnish,  palliate,  cover, 
hide. 


GRI 


255 


HAR 


GLOSSARY,  lexicon,  dictionary, 
vocabulary. 

To  GLUT,  satisfy,  satiate,  cloy. 

GODLIKE,  divine,  heavenly,  super- 
human. 

GODLY,  righteous,  holy,  pious. 

To  Go  before,  precede. 

GOOD,  benefit,  advantage,  profit. 

GOOD  office,  service,  benefit. 

GOODS,  furniture,  chattels,  effects, 
movables ;  commodities,  wares, 
merchandise. 

GOVERNMENT,  rule,  administra- 
tion, regulation,  constitu- 
tion. 

GRACE,  face,  kindness,  benefi- 
cence. 

GRACEFUL,  becoming,  comely,  ele- 
gant. 

GRACIOUS,  merciful,  kind,  benig- 
nant. 

GRAND,  majestic,  stately,  pomp- 
ous, august,  dignified,  lofty, 
elevated,  exalted,  splendid, 
magnificent,  sublime,  noble. 

To  GRANT,  give,  yield,  concede, 
cede,  allow;  bestow,  con- 
fer. 

GRANT,  allowance,  stipend;  con- 
cession. 

To  GRASP,  lay  hold  on,  catch, 
seize,  gripe. 

GRATEFUL;  agreeable,  pleasing, 
welcome ;  thankful. 

GRATIFICATION,  enjoyment,  frui- 
tion, pleasure. 

GRATITUDE,  thankfulness. 

GRATUITOUS,  voluntary. 

GRATUITY,  gift,  recompense. 

GRAVE,  serious,  sedate,  thought- 
ful, solemn,  sober;  important, 
weighty. 

GRAVE,  tomb,  sepulchre. 

GREAT,  big,  large.  See  also 
GRAND. 

GREATNESS,  magnitude,  bulk, 
size. 

GREEDINESS,  avidity,  eagerness, 
voracity. 

GREETING,  salutation. 

GRIEF,  affliction,  sorrow. 
17 


GRIEVANCE,  hardship,  uneasi- 
ness. 

To  GRIEVE,  mourn,  lament,  sor- 
row, bewail. 

GRIM,  hideous,  grisly,  ghastly. 

To  GRIPE,  lay  hold  on,  catch, 
seize,  grasp ;  press,  squeeze, 
pinch. 

To  GROAN,  moan. 

GROSS,  coarse  ;  unseemly,  shame- 

r   ful. 

To  GROUND,  found,  rest,  base. 

GROUP,     assembly,     assemblage, 
|      collection. 
j  To  GROW,  increase. 

GRUDGE,  malice,  rancor,  spite, 
pique. 

To  GUARANTY,  answer  for,  war- 
rant, secure. 

GUARD,  fence,  security,  shield, 
defence. 

To  GUESS,  conjecture,  divine,  sur- 
mise, suppose. 

GUEST,  visitant,  visitor. 

To  GUIDE,  lead,  conduct,  direct, 
regulate. 

GUILE,  deceit,  fraud. 

GUILTLESS,  innocent,  harmless. 

GUISE,  manner,  mien,  habit. 

GULF,  abyss. 

To  GUSH,  stream,  flow. 

GUST,  breeze,  blast,  gale. 


HABIT. 


H 

See  GUISE. 


HABITATION,  dwelling,  residence, 
abode. 

To  HALE,  draw,  drag,  haul,  pull, 
tug. 

To  HALLOW,  consecrate,  dedicate, 
sanctify. 

HANDSOME,  pretty,  beautiful,  fine. 

To  HANKER  after,  desire,  long  for, 
covet. 

HANGING  over,  impending,  immi- 
nent. 

HAPPINESS,  felicity,  bliss,  beati- 
tude. 

HARANGUE,  address,  speech,  ora- 
tion. 

To    HARASS,     distress,     perplex, 


HAU 


256 


IIIL 


weary,  tire,  jade ;  molest,  dis- 
turb. 

HARBINGER,  forerunner,  precur- 
sor, messenger. 

HARBOR,  port,  haven. 

To  HARBOR,  lodge,  shelter;  in- 
dulge, cherish,  foster. 

HARD,  firm,  solid ;  hardy,  unfeel- 
ing, insensible;  difficult,  ardu- 
ous. 

HARD-HEARTED,  insensible,  un- 
feeling, cruel,  unmerciful,  mer- 
ciless. 

HARDENED,  hard,  callous,  obdu- 
rate, unfeeling,  insensible,  im- 
penetrable. 

HARDIHOOD,  audacity,  effrontery, 
boldness. 

HARDLY,  scarcely,  with  difficulty. 

HARDSHIP,  grievance. 

HARM,  evil,  ill,  misfortune,  mis- 
hap; injury,  damage,  hurt. 

HARMLESS,  unconscious,  inno- 
cent ;  inoffensive,  unoffend- 
ing. 

HARMONY,  agreement,  accord- 
ance, unison  ;  melody. 

HARSH,  rough,  severe,  rigorous. 

HARSHNESS,  acrimony,  asperity, 
smartness,  tartness. 

To  HASTEN,  accelerate,  quicken, 
expedite. 

HASTINESS,  precipitancy,  rash- 
ness, temerity. 

HASTY,  quick;  irascible,  pas- 
sionate, angry,  hot;  cursory, 
slight. 

To  HATE,  detest,  abhor,  loathe, 
abominate. 

HATEFUL,  odious,  detestable, 
execrable,  abominable,  loath- 
some. 

HATRED,  aversion,  antipathy, 
repugnance,  enmity,  ill-will, 
rancour. 

HAVEN,  harbor,  port. 

HAUGHTINESS,  arrogance,  disdain, 
pride,  loftiness,  highminded- 
ness. 

To  HAUL,  draw,  drag,  hale,  pull, 
tug. 


HAZARD,  danger,  peril,  chance, 
risk,  venture. 

HEAD,  chieftain,  leader,  chief. 

HEADSTRONG,  heady,  obstinate, 
stubborn,  forward,  venture- 
some. 

To  HEAL,  cure,  remedy. 

HEALTHY,  sound,  sane ;  salu- 
brious, wholesome,  salutary, 
salutiferous. 

To  HEAP,  pile,  amass,  accumu- 
late. 

To  HEAR,  hearken,  overhear. 

To  HEARKEN,  attend,  listen. 

HEARSAY,  rumor,  report. 

HEARTY,  warm,  cordial,  sincere. 

HEATING,  calorific,  calefactory. 

To  HEAVE,  hoist,  lift,  swell. 

HEAVENLY,  celestial,  divine,  god- 
like, angelic. 

HEAVINESS,  weight,  gravity, 
gloom. 

HEAVY,  burdensome,  ponderous, 
weighty,  dull,  drowsy,  slug- 
gish. 

To  HEED,  attend  to,  mind,  regard, 
notice. 

HEEDLESS,  inattentive,  negligent, 
remiss,  careless,  thoughtless. 

HEIGHT,  crisis,  acme. 

To  HEIGHTEN,  raise,  aggravate. 

HEINOUS,  flagrant,  fla.gitious,  atro- 
cious. 

To  HELP,  aid,  assist,  succor,  re- 
lieve ;  serve. 

HERESY,  heterodoxy,  schism. 

HEROIC,  brave,  courageous,  gal- 
lant, valiant,  bold,  intrepid, 
fearless. 

To  HESITATE,  falter,  pause ;  de- 
mur, scruple. 

HIDDEN,  secret,  latent,  occult, 
mysterious. 

To  HIDE,  conceal,  disguise,  se- 
crete, cover;  shelter,  screen; 
dissemble. 

HIDEOUS,  ghastly,  grim,  grisly, 
frightful. 

HIGH,  tall,  lofty,  elevated. 

HILARITY,  mirth,  merriment,  jo- 
viality, jollity. 


HUM 


257 


ILL 


HIND,       countryman,       peasant, 

swain,  rustic. 

To  HINDER,  prevent,  impede,  ob- 
struct,  oppose,  thwart,  retard, 
stop,  embarrass. 
To  HINT,  allude,  refer,  glance  at, 

intimate,  suggest. 
HIRE,  allowance,  stipend,  salary 

wages,  pay. 

HIRELING,  mercenary,  venal. 
To  HIT,  strike,  beat. 
To  HOARD,  treasure,  heap  up. 
To  HOIST,  lift,  heave. 
To   HOLD,    keep,  detain,   retain ; 
support,  maintain,  possess,  oc- 
cupy. 

HOLINESS,    sanctity,   piety,  devo- 
tion. 

HOLLOW,  vacant,  empty,  void. 
HOLY,    pious,   devout,    religious; 

sacred,  divine. 
HOLYDAY,  feast,  festival. 
HONESTY,   integrity,  purity,  pro- 
bity, sincerity,  veracity,  virtue, 
justice,     equity,     uprightness, 
rectitude,  honor. 

To   HONOR,   reverence,   venerate, 
respect,    revere;     dignify,    ex- 
alt. 
HOPE,    expectation,    anticipation, 

trust,  confidence. 
HOPELESS,  desperate,  desponding, 

despairing. 

HORRIBLE,       fearful,       dreadful, 
frightful,  terrible,  terrific,  hor- 
rid. 
HOSTILE,     inimical,     repugnant, 

adverse,  opposite,  contrary. 
HOSTILITY,  animosity,  enmity,  op- 
position. 

HOT,  ardent,  burning,  fiery. 
HOUSE,    family,     lineage,     race; 

habitation,  dwelling. 
HOWEVER,  yet,  nevertheless,  not- 
withstanding. 
HUE.  color,  tint. 

To  HUG,  clasp,  embrace,  squeeze. 
HUGE,  large,  vast,  enormous,  im- 
mense. 

HUMANITY,  kindness,  benevolence, 
benignity,  tenderness. 


I  To    HUMBLE,  debase,  abase,  de- 

I     grade,  disgrace,  humiliate. 

|  HUMBLE,  lowly,  modest,  submis- 
sive, unpretending,  unpresum- 
ing,  unassuming. 

HUMIDITY,  moisture,  dampness. 

HUMOR,  temper,  mood,  frame ; 
caprice,  disposition;  wit,  bur- 
lesque, satire. 

To  HURL,  cast,  throw. 

HURRICANE,  tempest,  storm,  blast. 

To  HURRY,  hasten;  expedite; 
precipitate. 

HURT,  harm,  injury,  damage, 
detriment,  disadvantage,  mis- 
chief, bane ;  sorry,  grieved. 

HURTFUL,  pernicious,  baneful, 
nocent,  noxious,  mischievous, 
detrimental,  injurious,  prejudi- 
cial. 

HUSBANDRY,  cultivation,  tillage, 
farming. 

HYPOCRISY,  simulation,  dissimu- 
lation, deceit. 

I 

IDEA,  imagination,  thought,  con- 
ception, notion,  perception. 

IDEAL,  imaginary,  intellectual. 

IDIOM,  dialect. 

IDIOT,  fool,  natural. 

IDLE,  lazy,  indolent,  sluggish; 
unemployed,  vacant,  at  leisure. 

IGNOMINY,  opprobrium,  infamy, 
shame,  disgrace. 

IGNORANT,  uninformed,  unin- 
structed,  unenlightened,  un- 
learned, untaught,  illiterate, 
unlettered. 

[LL,  bad,  evil. 

ILLIMITABLE,  boundless,  immense, 
unlimited,  infinite. 

ILLITERATE.     See  IGNORANT. 

ILLNESS,  sickness,  indisposition, 
disease,  distemper,  disorder, 
malady. 

ILL-TEMPERED,  morose,  crabbed, 
sour. 

To  ILLUMINE,  illuminate,  enlight- 
en, illume. 


IMP 


258 


IMP 


ILLUSION,  fallacy,  chimera,  decep- 
tion. 

To  ILLUSTRATE,  explain,  elucidate, 
clear. 

ILLUSTRIOUS,  distinguished,  con- 
spicuous, noted,  eminent,  fa- 
mous, celebrated,  renowned. 

ILL-WILL,  enmity,  hatred,  ran- 
cor. 

IMAGE,  likeness,  picture,  repre- 
sentation, effigy. 

IMAGINARY,  ideal,  fanciful. 

To  IMAGINE,  think,  conceive,  ap- 
prehend ;  deem,  suppose. 

IMBECILITY,  weakness,  debility, 
infirmity. 

To  IMBIBE,  absorb,  swallow  up, 
take  in ;  ingulf,  engross,  con- 
sume. 

To  IMITATE,  ape,  mimic,  mock ; 
copy,  counterfeit,  follow. 

IMMATERIAL,  uncorporeal,  unsub- 
stantial, unbodied,  spiritual ; 
unimportant,  insignificant,  in- 
considerable. 

IMMEDIATELY,  directly,  instantly, 
instantaneously. 

IMMENSE,  enormous,  huge,  vast, 
prodigious,  monstrous,  illimita- 
ble. 

IMMINENT,  impending,  threaten- 
ing. 

IMMODERATE,  intemperate,  exces- 
sive. 

IMMODEST,  indecent,  indelicate, 
impudent,  shameless. 

IMMUNITY,  privilege,  prerogative, 
exemption. 

To  IMPAIR,  injure;  diminish,  de- 
crease. 

To  IMPART,  communicate,  make 
known,  reveal,  divulge,  dis- 
close, discover ;  give,  yield. 

IMPASSABLE,  inaccessible,  imper- 
vious. 

To  IMPEACH,  accuse,  charge,  ar- 
raign, censure. 

To  IMPEDE,  hinder,  retard,  ob- 
struct, prevent. 

To   IMPEL,    animate,  actuate,  in- 


duce,  move,    incite,    instigate, 

encourage. 
IMPENDING,   imminent,   threaten- 

ing. 
IMPERATIVE,  commanding,  autho- 

ritative, imperious,  despotic. 
IMPERFECTION,  fault,  defect,  vice  ; 

weakness,   frailty,   failing,    foi- 

ble. 
IMPERIOUS,  commanding,  impera- 

tive, authoritative  ;  lordly,  over- 

bearing, domineering. 
IMPERTINENT,  irrelevant,  inappli- 

cable ;  rude,  saucy,  impudent, 

insolent. 
IMPERVIOUS,  unpassable,  impass- 

able, inaccessible,  unapproach- 

able. 
IMPETUOUS,     violent,     boisterous, 

furious,  vehement,  rapid. 
To  IMPINGE,  strike  against,  touch, 

clash  with. 

IMPIOUS,  profane,  irreligious. 
IMPLACABLE,  unrelenting,   relent- 

less, inexorable. 
To    IMPLANT,   ingraft,   instill,  in- 

fuse, inculcate. 
To  IMPLICATE,  involve,  entangle, 

embarrass. 
To     IMPLORE,    beg,     solicit,    be- 

seech,   entreat,    crave,    suppli- 

cate. 
To  IMPLY,  infold,  involve  ;  denote, 


gnify. 
IM 


To  IMPORT,  imply,  denote,  mean, 

signifv. 
IMPORTANCE,    signification,   avail, 

consequence,  weight,  moment. 
IMPORTANT,    momentous,    signifi- 

cant, weighty,  consequential. 
IMPORTUNATE,  pressing,  urgent. 
IMPORTUNITY,  solicitation. 
To    IMPOSE     upon,    deceive,    de- 

lude. 
LMPOST,    tax,    duty,    custom,    tri- 

bute. 

IMPOSTOR,  deceiver,  cheat. 
IMPOSTURE,       cheat,       deception, 

fraud,   delusion,  artifice,  trick, 

imposition,  stratagem. 


IXC 


259 


IND 


IMPRECATION,  curse,  malediction,  To  INCLOSE,  include,  circumscribe, 
execration,  anathema.  To   INCLUDE,   comprise,    compre- 


ment. 
To     IMPROVE, 


To  IMPRESS,  imprint,  stamp,  fix. 

IMPRISONMENT,  captivity,  confine- 
amend,  correct, 
emend,  better,  mend,  reform, 
rectify. 

IMPROVEMENT,  progress,  proficien- 
cy ;  amendment,  &c. 

IMPUDENCE,  assurance,  confidence, 
insolence. 

IMPUDENT,     impertinent,      rude, 


saucy,      insolent ; 
shameless. 


immodest, 


To  IMPUGN,  attack,  assault,  in- 
vade. 

To  IMPUTE,  ascribe,  attribute. 

INABILITY,  disability,  impuis- 
sance,  impotence. 

INACCESSIBLE,  unapproachable, 
impervious. 

INACTIVE,  inert,  lazy,  slothful, 
sluggish,  idle. 

INADEQUATE,  incapable,  insuffi- 
cient, incompetent. 

INADVERTENCY,  inattention,  over- 
sight. 

INANIMATE,  lifeless,  dead,  inert. 


gent,  careless,  remiss,  thought- 
less, heedless. 

INBRED,  inborn,  inherent,  innate. 

INCAPABLE.     See  INADEQUATE. 


hend,  contain,  embrace. 

INCOHERENT,  incongruous,  incon- 
sistent. 

INCOMMODE,  annoy,  molest,  dis- 
turb, inconvenience. 

INCOMPETENT,  inadequate,  incapa- 
ble, insufficient. 

INCONSIDERABLE,  unimportant,  in, 
significant,  immaterial. 

INCONSISTENT,  incongruous,  inco- 
herent. 

INCONSTANT,  changeable,  fickle, 
variable,  versatile. 

INCONTROVERTIBLE,  indubitable, 
unquestionable,  indisputable, 
undeniable,  irrefragable. 

INCONVENIENCE,  annoyance,  mo- 
lestation, disturbance,  incom- 
modiousness. 

INCORPOREAL,  unsubstantial,  im- 
material, spiritual. 

IN  COURSE,  naturally,  consequent- 

]y- 

INCREASE,  augmentation,  acces- 
sion, addition. 

INCREDULITY,  unbelief,  infidelity, 
skepticism. 


INATTENTIVE,  inadvertent,   negli-  To  INCULCATE,  infuse,  instil,  im- 


plant. 

INCULPABLE,  blameless. 
INCURSION,     invasion,    irruption, 

inroad. 


INCESSANTLY,   unremittingly,  un- 1  INDECENT,  indelicate,  immodest. 

ceasingly,  always,  continually,  j  To    INDICATE,   point    out,   show, 

perpetually.  j      mark. 

INCIDENT,      circumstance,     fact,  INDICATION,    mark,    sign,    note, 

event,   occurrence,    adventure;!      symptom,  token. 

accident,  casualty,  contingency,  j  INDIFFERENCE,    apathy,   careless- 
INCIDENTAL,    accidental,    casual,       ness,  insensibility. 

fortuitous,  contingent.  \  INDIFFERENT,     unconcerned,     re- 

To  INCITE,  excite,  provoke,  stimu-)     gardless. 

late,  aggravate,  move;  encour-  INDIGENCE,  waut,  need,   penury, 

age,  animate,  urge.  |      poverty. 

INCLINATION,  disposition,  tenden-  INDIGENOUS,  natal,  native. 

cy,    bent,    bias,    prepossession,  INDIGNATION,   anger,   ire,  wrath, 

p'redilection,  propensity,  prone-  \      resentment. 

ness;  affection,  attachment.       j  INDIGNITY,  insult,   aflrout;    o 
To  INCLINE,  lean,  bend.  j     rage. 


INF 


260 


INDISCRIMINATE,  promiscuous,  un-1  INFIRM,    weak,    feeble,    imbecile, 

distinguishing.  j      debilitated. 

INDISPOSITION,    illness,  sickness  ;  j  To  INFLAME,   anger,    irritate,  in- 

aversion,  dislike.  j      cense,  aggravate,  exasperate. 

INDISPUTABLE,  indubitable,  unde- l  INFLUENCE,  credit,  favor  ;  autho- 

niable,    incontrovertible,     irre-j      rity,  sway. 


fragable,  unquestionable. 
INDISTINCT,  confused  ;  ambiguous, 
doubtful. 


To  INFORM,  acquaint,  apprise, 
make  known  ;  disclose,  commu- 
nicate. 


INDIVIDUAL,  particular,  identical. !  INFORMANT,  informer,  accuser. 
INDOLENT,    supine,    listless,  care- i  INFORMATION,  advice,  counsel,  in- 


less,  idle,  lazy. 

INDUBITABLE.    Sec  INDISPUTABLE. 

INDUCE,  move,  actuate,  impel,  in- 
stigate, urge. 

INDUCEMENT,  motive,  reason, 
cause,  incitement. 

To  INDULGE,  foster,  cherish,  fon- 
dle, harbor. 

INDUSTRIOUS,  active,  diligent,  as- 
siduous, laborious. 

INEFFABLE,,  unspeakable,  unutter- 
able, inexpressible. 

INEFFECTUAL,  vain,  fruitless,  in- 
effective. 

INEQUALITY,  disparity,  uneven- 
ness. 

INERT,  inactive,  lazy,  slothful, 
sluggish. 

INEVITABLE,  not  to  be  avoided, 
unavoidable. 

INEXORABLE,  implacable,  unre- 
lenting, relentless. 

INEXPRESSIBLE,  unspeakable,  in- 
effable, unutterable. 

INFAMOUS,  scandalous,  shameful, 
ignominious,  opprobrious. 

INFATUATION,  intoxication,  stupe- 
faction. 

To    INFECT,    contaminate,    taint, 


defile,  pollute,  vitiate. 

INFECTION,  contagion,   taint,  poi- 
son. 

INFERENCE,  conclusion,  deduction. 

INFERIOR,     secondary; 
nate,  subservient. 


telligence,  notice. 

INFRACTION,  infringement,  intru- 
sion, encroachment. 

To  INFRINGE,  encroach,  infract, 
invade,  intrude  ;  transgress,  vi- 
olate. 

To  INFUSE,  instil,  ingraft,  implant. 

INGENIOUS,  inventive,  witty. 

INGENUOUS,  artless,  candid,  open, 
frank,  plain. 

To  INGRAFT,  implant. 

To  INGRATIATE,  insinuate,  recom- 
mend. 

To  INGULF,  absorb,  swallow  up, 
engross. 

To  INHABIT,  sojourn,  reside;  oc- 
cupy, dwell. 

INHERENT,  innate,  inbred,  inborn. 

INHUMAN,  cruel,  brutal,  savage, 
barbarous. 

INIMICAL,  adverse,  contrary,  op- 
posite, repugnant,  hostile. 

INIQUITOUS,  wicked,  nefarious, 
unjust. 

INJUNCTION,  command,  order, 
mandate,  precept. 

INJURY,  hurt,  detriment,  disad- 
vantage ;  wrong. 

To  INJURE,  impair,  damage,  dete- 


riorate, hurt,  wrong,  harm. 
INNATE.     See  INHERENT. 
INNOCENT,  guiltless,  harmless,  in- 
offensive. 
subordi-  INOFFENSIVE,  unoffending,   harra- 

i      less. 
INFIDELITY,  unbelief,  incredulity,   INORDINATE,  intemperate,  irregu- 

skepticism.  i      lar,  disorderly,  excessive. 

INFINITE,  boundless,  unbounded, ;  INQUIRY,   investigation,  examina- 
unlimited,  illimitable,  immense,  j     tion,  research,  scrutiny. 


INS 


261 


INT 


INQUISITIVE,  prying,  curious. 

INROAD,  incursion,  invasion,  ir- 
ruption. 

INSANITY,  madness,  derangement, 
lunacy,  mania. 

INSENSIBILITY,  apathy,  indiffer- 
ence, unfeelingness. 

INSENSIBLE,  hard,  unfeeling,  un- 
susceptible, callous. 

INSIDE,  interior. 

INSIDIOUS,  treacherous,  sly,  cir- 
cumventive. 

INSIGHT,  inspection,  introspec- 
tion. 

INSIGNIFICANT,  unimportant,  in- 
considerable, trivial,  iminate- 
rial. 


INSCFFERABLE,  insurmountable ; 
unconquerable,  invincible. 

INSURRECTION,  rebellion,  revolt. 

INTEGRAL,  whole,  entire,  complete, 
total. 

INTEGRITY,  uprightness,  honesty, 
probity. 

INTELLECT,  genius,  talent. 

INTELLECTUAL,  mental,  ideal. 

INTELLIGENCE,  advice,  informa- 
tion, instruction,  notice  ;  under- 
standing, intellect. 

INTEMPERATE,  immoderate,  exces- 
sive, inordinate. 

To  INTEND,  design,  mean,  purpose. 

INTENSE,  ardent. 


INTENT,   design,   purpose,    inten- 
To  INSINUATE,  hint,  intimate,  sug-       tion,  view,  drift,  aim. 

gest;  ingratiate.  To    INTERCEDE,   interpose,   inter- 

INSIPID,  dull,  flat,  spiritless.  fere,  mediate. 

To  INSNARE,  entrap,  enveigle.        I  INTERCHANGE,  exchange,  recipro- 
INSOLENT,    rude,   saucy,    imperti-!      city. 

nent,  abusive,  reproachful,  scur- 1  INTERCOURSE,    communion,    com- 
rilous,   opprobrious,    insulting,  j      merce,  connexion. 

To  INTERDICT,  forbid,   proscribe, 


offensive. 

INSPECTION,  insight,  introspec- 
tion ;  oversight,  superintend- 
ence. 

To  INSPIRE,  animate,  exhilarate, 
enliven,  cheer. 

INSTANTANEOUSLY,  directly,  imme- 
diately, instantly. 

To  INSTIGATE,  animate,  incite, 
urge,  impel,  move,  stimulate, 
encourage. 

To  INSTIL,  infuse,  insinuate. 

To  INSTITUTE,  establish,  found, 
erect ;  prescribe. 

To  INSTRUCT,  inform,  teach. 

INSTRUCTION,  advice,  counsel,  in-   To  INTERPOSE,  interfere,  intermed- 
formation.  die  ;  intercede,  mediate. 

INSTRUMENT,  tool. 

INSUFFICIENT,  inadequate,  incom-       elucidate. 

petent,  incapable.  |  To  INTERPRET  wrongly,  misinter- 

INSULT,   affront,  offence,  outrage,    _  pret,  misconstrue. 


prohibit. 

INTEREST,  concern ;  advantage, 
good. 

To  INTERFERE.     See  INTERCEDE. 

INTERIOR,  inside. 

INTERLOPER,  intruder. 

To  INTERMEDDLE.  See  INTER- 
CEDE. 

INTERMEDIATE,  intervening. 

INTERMENT,  burial,  sepulture,  in- 
humation. 

INTERMISSION,  cessation,  rest, 
stop,  interruption. 

To  INTERMIT,  subside,  abate. 


To  INTERPRET,  explain,  expound, 


indin;nity._ 


To   INTERROGATE,   question,   ask, 


INSULTING,  insolent,  rude,  saucy, :      inquire  of. 

impertinent,  abusive,  reproach-   To  INTERRUPT,  disturb,  hinder, 
ful,  scurrilous,  opprobrious,  of-   INTERVAL,     interstice,    vacancy ; 
fensive.  space. 


INV 


262 


JIL 


INTERVENING,  intermediate. 

INTERVENTION,  interposition. 

INTERVIEW,  meeting,  conference. 

INTIMACY,  acquaintance,  familiar- 
ity ;  fellowship. 

To  INTIMATE,  hint,  suggest,  insin- 
uate. 

To  INTIMIDATE,  frighten,  dastard- 
ize. 

INTOXICATION,  drunkenness,  ine- 
briety, infatuation. 

INTRACTABLE,  stubborn,  unma- 
nageable, ungovernable ;  cross, 
obstinate,  untoward. 

To  INTRENCH,  encroach,  infringe, 
invade,  intrude. 

INTREPID,  bold,  fearless,  undaunt- 
ed, courageous,  valiant. 

INTRICACY,  complexity,  complica- 
tion, involution,  perplexity. 

INTRINSIC,  real,  genuine,  native. 

To  INTRODUCE,  present. 

INTRODUCTORY,  preliminary,  pre- 
vious, prefatory. 

To  INTRUDE,  obtrude ;  encroach, 
intrench,  infringe,  invade. 

INTRUDER,  interloper. 

To  INTRUST,  commit,  confide. 

To  INVADE.     See  INTRUDE. 

INVALID,  weak,  feeble,  infirm,  sick. 

To  INVALIDATE,  weaken,  enfeeble. 

INVASION,  incursion,  irruption,  in- 
road. 

INVECTIVE,  abuse,  censure,  re- 
proach. 

To  INVEIGH,  declaim,  censure. 

To  INVENT,  devise,  contrive, 
frame,  fabricate ;  find  out,  dis- 
cover. 

To  INVERT,  overturn,  overthrow, 
subvert,  reverse. 

To  INVEST,  endue,  endow. 

INVESTIGATION,  examination, 
search,  inquiry,  research,  scru- 
tiny. 

INVIDIOUS,  envious,  malignant. 

To  INVIGORATE,  strengthen,  for- 
tify. 

INVINCIBLE,  unconquerable,  insu- 
perable. 


To  INVITE,  ask,  call,  bid,  summon ; 
allure,  attract. 

To  INUNDATE,  overflow,  deluge. 

To  INVOLVE,  implicate,  entangle, 
enwrap. 

INWARD,  interior,  internal,  intrin- 
sic. 

IRASCIBLE,  angry,  passionate, 
hasty,  hot,  fiery. 

IRE,  anger,  wrath,  resentment, 
indignation,  passion. 

IRKSOME,  troublesome,  vexatious, 
•wearisome,  tedious. 

IRONY,  ridicule,  sarcasm,  satire, 
burlesque. 

IRRATIONAL,  foolish,  silly. 

IRREFRAGABLE,  indubitable,  un- 
questionable, indisputable,  in- 
controvertible, undeniable. 

IRREGULAR,  eccentric,  disorderly; 
inordinate,  intemperate. 

IRRELIGIOUS,  profane,  impious. 

IRREPREHENSIBLE.    See  next  word. 

IRREPROACHABLE,  blameless,  un- 
blemished, spotless. 

IRREPROVABLE.  See  IRREPROACH- 
ABLE. 

To  IRRITATE,  aggravate,  pro- 
voke, exasperate,  incite,  ex- 
cite. 

IRRUPTION,  invasion,  incursion, 
inroad. 

ISSUE,  effect,  consequence,  event, 
result;  progeny,  offspring. 

To  ISSUE,  arise,  proceed,  flow, 
spring,  emanate. 


To  JADE,  harass,  dispirit,  weary, 

tire. 

To  JANGLE,  wrangle,  jar. 
JAUNT,    ramble,    excursion,    trip, 

tour. 

JEALOUSY,  suspicion,  envy. 
To  JEER,  gibe,  sneer,  scoff. 
To  JEST,  joke,  sport,  make  game. 
JEST   (given  to),  jocose,  jocular, 

facetious. 
JILT,  coquet. 


KIN 


263 


LAW 


JOCOSE,  jocular,  facetious,  witty, 
pleasant. 

JOCUND,  lively,  sprightly,  viva- 
cious, sportive,  merry,  light- 
hearted,  mirthful. 

To  JOIN",  add,  unite,  combine,  co- 
alesce, confederate,  league. 

To  JOKE,  jest,  sport,  make  game. 

JOLLITY,  joviality,  mirth,  merri- 
ment, hilarity. 

JOURNEY,  travel,  tour,  voyage. 

JOY,  delight,  gladness,  charm, 
pleasure,  ecstasy,  rapture, 
transport. 

JUDGMENT,  discernment,  penetra- 
tion, discrimination;  sagacity, 
intelligence;  decision,  sen- 
tence. 

JUST,  right,  proper. 

JUSTICE,  right,  equity,  retribu- 
tion. 

To  JUSTIFY,  clear,  exculpate,  de- 
fend, excuse,  absolve. 

JUSTNESS,  correctness,  accuracy, 
exactness,  propriety. 

JUVENILE,  youthful,  puerile. 


EEN,  shrewd,  acute,  penetrating, 
piercing,  cutting. 

To  KEEP,  detain,  retain,  hold,  re- 
serve, preserve ;  maintain,  sus- 
tain, support;  observe. 

To  KEEP  back,  retain,  reserve, 
withhold. 

To  KEEP  from,  abstain,  refrain ; 
forbear,  desist  from. 

KIND,  bland,  mild,  tender,  indul- 
gent, compassionate,  clement, 
gentle,  meek,  benevolent,  be- 
nignant, generous,  good,  cour- 
teous, affable,  gracious,  lenient. 

KIND,  species,  sort,  class,  genus. 

KINDNESS,  favor,  civility;  benig- 
nity, beneficence,  benevolence, 
humanity,  tenderness. 

KINDRED,  relationship,  affinity, 
consanguinity. 

KINGLY,  royal,  regal. 

KINSMAN,  relation,  relative,  kin- 
dred. 


KNAVISH,  dishonest,  trickish. 

KNOWLEDGE,  learning,  erudition, 
science. 

To  make  KNOWN,  acquaint,  dis- 
close, communicate,  divulge, 
apprise,  inform,  reveal. 


LABOR,  work,  toil,  drudgery, 
task. 

To  LABOR,  toil,  drudge,  work, 
strive,  exert. 

LABORIOUS,  active,  industrious, 
diligent,  assiduous. 

LABYRINTH,  maze. 

To  LACK,  want,  need. 

LACONIC,  short,  brief,  concise,  suc- 
cinct. 

LADING,  freight,  cargo,  load,  bur- 
den. 

To  LAG,  linger,  tarry,  loiter, 
saunter. 

To  LAMENT,  complain,  bewail,  de- 
plore, bemoan,  grieve,  mourn, 
regret. 

LANDSCAPE,  view,  prospect. 

LANGUAGE,  tongue,  speech,  idiom, 
dialect. 

LANGUID,  faint,  exhausted,  droop- 
ing, pining. 

LARGE,  extensive,  big,  capa- 
cious, comprehensive,  huge, 
great. 

LARGER  (to  make),  enlarge,  aug- 
ment, magnify,  extend,  in- 
crease. 

LASSITUDE,  fatigue,  weariness, 
enervation. 

LAST,  latest,  final,  ultimate. 

LASTING,  durable,  permanent. 

LATENT,  secret,  hidden,  occult. 

LAUDABLE,  praiseworthy,  com- 
mendable. 

To  LAUGH  at,  ridicule,  banter, 
deride,  mock. 

LAUGHABLE,  risible,  ludicrous,  ri- 
diculous, comical,  droll,  mirth- 
ful. 

LAVISH,  extravagant,  profuse, 
prodigal. 

LAWFUL,  legal,  legitimate,  licit. 


LIB 


264 


LIT 


LAX,  loose,  vague ;  dissolute,  li- 
centious. 

To  LAY  open,  dilate,  expand,  ex- 
tend. 

To  LAY  up,  hoard,  deposit,  trea- 
sure, store. 

LAZY,  idle,  indolent,  slothful, 
sluggish,  inactive,  inert. 

To  LEAD,  conduct,  guide,  direct ; ! 
induce,  persuade,  influence, 
bias,  incline. 

LEADER,  chief,  chieftain,  head, 
guide. 

LEAGUE,  alliance,  confederacy, 
combination,  coalition. 

To  LEAN,  incline,  bend,  pro- 
pend. 

LEARNING,  knowledge,  erudition, 
science,  literature. 

LEAVE,  liberty,  license,  permis-! 
sion. 

To  LEAVE,  quit,  relinquish,  aban- 
don, desert. 

To  LEAVE  off,  cease,  desert,  dis- 
continue, stop. 

LEAVING  off,  ceasing,  discon- 
tinuance, cessation,  discon- 
tinuation. 

Taking  LEAVE,  valediction,  fare- 
well. 

LEAVINGS,  remains,  relics,  rem- 1 
nants,  refuse. 

LEGAL,  legitimate,  lawful,  licit. 

LEISURE,  idle,  vacant,  free. 

LENITY,  clemency,  mercy,  mild- 
ness, tenderness. 

To  LESSEN,  abate,  diminish,  de- 
crease, liquidate,  subside. 

To  LET,  leave ;  permit,  allow, 
suffer. 

LETHARGIC,  sleepy,  drowsy. 

LETTER,  epistle,  note. 

LEVEL,  even,  plain,  smooth,  flat. 

To  LEVEL,  aim,  point. 

LEVITY,  lightness,  volatility, 
flightiness,  giddiness. 

LEXICON,  dictionary,  glossary, 
vocabulary. 

LIABLE,  exposed,  subject,  ob-j 
noxious. 

LIBERAL,     beneficent,    bountiful, ; 


bounteous,  munificent,  gene- 
rous. 

To  LIBERATE,  free,  set  free,  de- 
liver, set  at  large. 

LIBERTY,  freedom  ;  leave,  license, 
permission. 

LICENSE.     See  preceding  word. 

LICENTIOUS,  luose,  vague,  lax,  dis- 
solute. 

LICIT,  lawful,  legal,  legitimate 

LIE,  falsehood,  falsity,  untruth, 
fabrication,  fiction,  invention, 
mendacity. 

LIFE,  animation,  vivacity,  spirits; 
good  cheer. 

LIFELESS,  dead,  inanimate. 

To  LIFT,  heave,  huist ;  raise,  ele- 
vate, erect,  exalt. 

LIGHT  (to  supply),  illuminate, 
illumine,  illume,  enlighten, 
lighten. 

LIGHTNESS,  ease,  facility ;  levity, 
flightiness.  volatility,  giddiness; 
unsteadiness,  mutability,  incon- 
stancy. 

LIKE,  uniform,  equal,  alike. 

LIKENESS,  resemblance,  simi- 
larity ;  representation,  simili- 
tude, picture,  image,  effigy. 

LIKELIHOOD,  probability. 

LIKEWISE,  also,  too. 

LIMIT,  extent,  boundary,  bound, 
border. 

To  LIMIT,  bound,  circumscribe, 
restrict,  confine. 

LINEAGE,  family,  house,  race,  ge- 
neration. 

To  LINGER,  tarry,  loiter,  lag, 
saunter. 

LIQUID,  fluid;  liquor,  juice,  hu- 
mor. 

To  LIQUIDATE,  lessen,  decrease, 
lower,  abate,  diminish. 

LIST,  roll,  catalogue,  register. 

To  LISTEN,  hearken,  attend 
to. 

LISTLESS,  indolent,  supine,  care- 
less. 

LITERATURE,  letters,  learning, 
erudition. 

LITTLE,  small,  diminutive. 


LOT 


205 


MAI 


To  LIVE,  exist,  subsist. 
LIVELIHOOD,    living,    subsistence 

maintenance,     support,     suste 

nance. 
LIVELY,     active,     agile ;      alert 

brisk,  nimble,  quick,  sprightly 

prompt,  jocund. 
LIVING   at  the  same    time  wit 

another,    coeval,    cotemporary 


contemporary, 
ous. 


contemporane 


LOAD,  freight,  cargo,  lading,  bur 
den  ;  weight. 

LOATH,  reluctant,  backward,  un 
willing,  averse. 

To  LOATHE,  abhor,  detest,  abomi 
nate. 

To  LODGE,  harbor,  shelter,  enter 
tain. 

LOFTINESS,  dignity;  haughtiness: 
pride. 

LOFTY,  high,  tall,  elevated,  ex- 
alted. 

To    LOITER,    linger,    tarry,    1 
saunter. 

LONELY,  solitary,  lonesome. 

To  LONG  for,  desire,  hanker  af- 
ter. 

To  LOOK,  behold,  view,  eye,  in- 
spect. 

LOOK,  air,  manner,  mien,  appear- 
ance, aspect ;  glance. 

LOOKER  on,  spectator,  beholder, 
observer. 

To  LOOK  for,  expect,  await. 

LOOKING  into,  inspection,  in- 
sight. 

LOOKING  at  things  past,  retrospect, 
retrospection. 

LOOSE,  vague,  lax,  slack ;  disso- 
lute, licentious,  unrestrained, 
wanton. 

LOQUACITY,  garrulity,  talkative- 
ness, babbling. 

LORDLY,  imperious,  overbearing, 
domineering. 

LORD'S  supper,  eucharist,  commu- 
nion, sacrament. 

Loss,  damage,  detriment. 

LOT,  destiny,  late,  doom. 


LOUD,   noisy,    clamorous,   strepe- 
rous,     turbulent,     tumultuous, 
g,   vehement,    vocifer- 


blusterii 
ous. 


LOVE,  affection,  attachment,  fond- 
ness  ;  friendship. 

LOVELY,   amiable,  charming,  de- 
lightful. 

LOVER,  suiter,  wooer. 

LOVING,  amorous,  fond,  affection- 
ate. 

Low,  humble,  lowly ;  base,  abject, 
mean. 

To  LOWER,  reduce,  humble,  hu- 
miliate, degrade,  debase,  abase. 

LUCKY,  fortunate,  prosperous, 
successful. 

LUCRE,  gain,  profit,  emolument. 

LUDICROUS,  laughable,  ridiculous, 
comical,  droll. 

LUNACY,  madness,  derangement, 
insanity,  mania. 
USTRE,      brightness,      splendor, 
brilliancy. 

JUSTY,  corpulent,  stout. 

-.UXURIANT,  exuberant. 

JUXURY,  voluptuousness,  sensual- 
ity. 

M 

IADNESS,  derangement,  insanity, 
lunacy,  mania,  phrensy;  fran- 
ticness.  mental  aberration,  rage, 
fury. 

IAGISTERIAL,  majestic,  stately, 
pompous,  august,  dignified. 

V!AGNIFICENCE,  grandeur,  splen- 
dor, pomp. 

IAUNITUDE,  size,  bulk,  great- 
ness. 

IAJESTIC.     See  MAGISTERIAL. 
•  MAIM,  mutilate,  mangle,  crip- 
ple. 

IAIN,  chief,  principal. 

\>  MAINTAIN,  assert,  vindicate, 
support,  sustain. 

[AINTENANCE,  livelihood,  living, 
subsistence,  sustenance,  sup- 
port. 


MAR 


266 


MEE 


To  MAKE,  create,  form,  produce  ; 
do,  act. 

To  MAKE  game,  jest,  sport,  joke, 
mimic. 

To  MAKE  amends,  compensate, 
recompense,  remunerate,  re- 
quite. 

MALADY,  disease,  distemper,  dis- 
order. 

MALEDICTION,  curse,  imprecation, 
execration. 

MALEFACTOR,  criminal,  culprit, 
felon,  convict. 

MALEVOLENT,  malignant,  mali- 
cious. 

MALICE,  spite,  rancor,  grudge, 
pique,  ill-will. 

MALICIOUS,  malevolent,  malig- 
nant. 

MALIGNITY,  malevolence,  ill-will, 
mischievousness,  malicious- 
ness. 

To  MANAGE,  contrive,  concert; 
direct. 

MANAGEMENT,  care,  charge,  econo- 
my, direction. 

MANDATE,  command,  order,  in- 
junction, precept. 

MANFUL,  manly,  bold,  daring. 

To  MANGLE,  mutilate,  maim,  la- 
cerate, tear. 

MANIA,  derangement,  insanity, 
lunacy,  madness. 

To  MANIFEST,  discover,  declare, 
reveal,  make  known,  evince. 

MANIFEST,  open,  apparent,  visible, 
obvious,  clear,  plain. 

MANNER,  air,  look,  mien,  aspect, 
appearance;  habit,  custom,  way. 

MANNERS,  morals,  habits,  beha- 
vior. 

MANY,  several,  sundry,  divers, 
various,  numerous,  manifold. 

MARGIN,  border,  edge,  rim,  brim, 
brink,  verge. 

MARINER,  seaman,  sailor. 

MARK,  print,  impression,  stamp ; 
sign,  note,  symptom,  token,  in- 
dication ;  trace,  vestige,  track  ; 
badge,  stigma ;  butt. 


To  MARK,  note,  notice,  observe, 
remark ;  show,  point  out,  indi- 
cate ;  impress,  imprint,  stamp, 
brand,  stigmatize. 

MARRIAGE,  wedding,  nuptials; 
matrimony,  wedlock. 

MARRIAGE  (relating  to),  connu- 
bial, conjugal,  matrimonial, 
nuptial,  hymeneal. 

MARTIAL,  warlike,  military,  sol- 
dier-like. 

MARVEL,  wonder,  miracle,  prodi- 
gy, monster. 

MASK,  cloak,  veil,  blind. 

MASSACRE,  carnage,  slaughter, 
butchery. 

MASSIVE,  bulky,  heavy,  weighty, 
ponderous. 

MASTER,  possessor,  proprietor, 
owner. 

MATERIAL,  corporeal ;  important, 
momentous. 

MATRIMONY,  marriage,  wedlock, 
nuptials. 

MATTER,  affair,  business,  concern; 
material. 

MATURE,  ripe,  perfect,  complete. 

MAXIM,  adage,  aphorism,  apoph- 
thegm, proverb,  saying. 

MAZE,  labyrinth ;  uncertainty, 
perplexity. 

MEAGRE,  lean  ;  poor,  hungry. 

MEAN,  low,  abject,  vulgar,  vile, 
contemptible,  despicable  ;  sor- 
did, penurious,  niggardly. 

To  MEAN,  design,  purpose,  intend, 
contemplate ;  signify,  imply, 
import,  express,  denote. 

MEANING,  signification,  import, 
sense. 

MEANS,  way,  manner,  method, 
mode,  course. 

MECHANIC,  artist,  artisan,  artifi- 
cer, operative. 

To  MEDIATE,  intercede,  interpose. 

I  MEDIUM,  mean. 

MEDLEY,    difference,    variety,    di- 

I      versity,  mixture,  miscellany. 

MEEK,  mild,  gentle,  humble, 
soft. 


MET 


267 


MIT 


MEET,    apt,    fit,    suitable;    expe-  MIEX,  look,  air,  aspect    aDnear- 
dient.  ance. 

MEETING,  assembly,  congregation,  MIGHTY,  powerful,  potent. 
auditory,  company.  |  MILD,  soft,  meek,  gentle. 

MELANCHOLY,    dejection,    depres-j  MILITARY,  martial,  warlike,  sol- 
sion.  I      dier-like. 

MELODY,    harmony,     accordance,  To  MIMIC,  ape,  imitate,  counter- 
unison,  feit,  mock. 

MEMOIR,  anecdote,  annal,  chroni-  To  MIND,  heed,  attend  to,  regard, 
cle,  narrative.  notice. 

MEMORABLE,  signal,  worthy  of  re-  MINDFUL,    regardful,    observant, 
membrance.  attentive. 

MEMORIAL,    monument,     remem-  To    MINGLE,   mix,   blend;    com- 


brancer,  memento. 

MEMORY,  retention,  recollection, 
remembrance,  reminiscence. 

MENACE,  threat. 

To  MEND,  amend,  correct,  emend, 
better,  improve,  rectify,  reform. 

MENDACITY,  falsehood,  *  untruth, 
lying,  deceit. 

MENIAL,  servant,  domestic. 

MENTAL,  intellectual,  ideal. 

MERCENARY,  venal,  hireling. 

MERCHANT,  trader,  tradesman. 

MERCHANDISE,  goods,  ware,  corn- 
mad  ity. 

MERCIFUL,    gracious,    benignant, 


kind. 
MERCILESS, 


cruel,     unmerciful, 


hard-hearted. 
MERCY,  clemency,  lenity,  pity. 
MERELY,  barely,  only,  scarcely. 
MERIT, worth,  desert;  claim,  right. 


pound  ;  confound. 
MINISTER,     agent,     official,     em- 


ployee ; 
priest. 


clergyman,     parson, 


To  MINISTER,  administer,  contrib- 
ute, supply. 

MIRACLE,  wonder,  marvel,  pro- 
^gy- 

MIRTH,  festivity,  joy,  gladness, 
merriment,  jollity,  joviality,  hi- 
larity, gayety,  vivacity,  cheer- 
fulness, fun. 

MISCARRIAGE,  failure,  abortion, 
mishap. 

MISCELLANY,  mixture,  medley,  di- 
versity. 

MISCHANCE,  calamity,  disaster, 
misfortune,  mishap. 

MISCHIEF,  evil  or  ill,  misfor- 
tune; harm,  injury,  damage, 
hurt. 


MERRIMENT,  mirth,  joviality,  jol-'To  MISCONSTRUE,  misinterpret. 


lity,  hilarity. 
MERRY,  cheerful,  mirthful,  joyous, 


MISDEED,  offence,  trespass,  trans- 
gression, misdemeanor,  crime. 


gay,    sprightly,    lively,    blithe,  MISERABLE,  unhappy,  wretched. 

blithesome,    vivacious,  jocund,  MISERLY,    avaricious,   parsimoni- 

sportive.  I      ous,  niggardly,  penurious. 

MESSAGE,  mission,  errand.  j  MISFORTUNE,    harm,    ill,   mishap, 

MESSENGER,    carrier,     harbinger,       calamity,  disaster,  nuisance. 

forerunner,  precursor.  !  To  MISINTERPRET,  misconstrue. 

METAMORPHOSIS,    change,    trans-  To  Miss,  lose  ;  fail. 

formation.  i  MISSION,  message,  errand. 

METAPHOR,   figure,   allegory,  em-  MISTAKE,  error,  blunder,  miscon- 

blem,  symbol.  j      ception. 

METHOD,  order,  rule,   regularity,  To  MISUSE,  abuse,  maltreat. 

system ;    way,   manner,   mode,  To  MITIGATE,    allay,  soothe,  ap- 

course,  means.  |     pease,  assuage. 


MUN 


268 


NEC 


To  Mix,  mingle,  blend,  confound.  To    MURDER,     kill,     assassinate, 
To  MOAN,  groan,  grieve,  deplore.         slay. 

MOB,  populace,  mobility.  To  MURMUR,  complain,  repine. 

To   MOCK,    mimic,    imitate,   ape  ;   To  MUSE,  meditate,  contemplate, 
1  .  i      think,  reflect,  wonder, 

method,  To  MUSTER,  collect,  assemble. 

MUTABLE,  alterable,  inconstant, 
changeable,  fickle,  variable, 
unstable,  wavering,  unsteady, 
irresolute. 

To  MUTILATE,  maim,  mangle. 
MODEST,     bashful,    diffident,    re- 1  MUTINOUS,     tumultuous,     turbu- 

served;  chaste,  virtuous.  j     lent,  seditious. 

To   MOLEST,    annoy,  incommode,  MUTUAL,  reciprocal. 

vex,  tease,  inconvenience,  dis-  MYSTERIOUS,  dark,  obscure,  hid- 


bauter,  deride,  ridicule. 
MODE,    way,     manner, 

course,  means. 

MODEL,  copy,  pattern,  specimen. 
MODERATION,     mediocrity ;      mo- : 

desty,  temperance,  sobriety. 
MODERN,  novel,  new,  recent. 


turb,  trouble. 

MOMENT,  signification,  avail,  im- 
portance, consequence,  weight. 

MONARCH,  prince,  sovereign,  po- 
tentate. 

MONUMENT,  memorial,  remem- 
brancer. 

MOOD,  humor,  temper,  frame. 

MORALS,  manners,  behavior. 

MORBID,  sick,  sickly,  diseased. 

MOREOVER,  besides,  likewise,  1 
also. 


den,  occult,  latent,  dim,  mystic. 


N 

NAKED,  bare,  uncovered,  un- 
clothed; rude. 

To  NAME,  denominate,  entitle, 
style,  designate,  characterize, 
term,  call. 

NAME,  appellation,  denomination, 
title,  cognomen ;  reputation, 
character,  credit. 


MOROSE,  gloomy,  sullen,  splenetic.  To    NAP,   sleep,    doze,    slumber, 
MORTAL,  deadly,  fatal.  drowse. 

MORTIFICATION,     vexation,     cha- 


vexation, 
grin. 
MOTION,  movement. 


NARRATION,  narrative,  account, 
description,  relation,  recital, 
detail,  explanation. 


prmci-  NARROW,      contracted,     confined, 
i      straitened,  limited. 


MOTIVE,    cause,    reason, 

pie. 

To  MOULD,  form,  shape,  fashion.    |  NASTY,  filthy,  foul. 
To   MOUNT,  arise,   rise,   ascend  ;  i  NATAL,  native,  indigenous. 

climb,  scale. 
To  MOURN,  grieve,  lament,  fret. 


To  MOVE,  actuate,  impel,  induce, 
stir,  instigate. 


NATIVE,  intrinsic,  real,  genuine; 
indigenous. 


NATURALLY,    in     course,     conse- 
quently. 


To   MOVE   round,    turn,   revolve,  NAVAL,  marine,  maritime,  nauti- 

circulate,  whirl.  cal. 

MOVING,  affecting,  touching,  pa-  NAUSEA,  disgust,  loathing. 

thetic.  NAUTICAL.     See  NAVAL. 
MULCT,  fine,  penalty,  forfeiture.     ;  NEAR,  nigh,  close,  adjacent,  con- 

MULTITUDE,        crowd,        throng,  tiguous,  vicinal. 

swarm.  NECESSARY,    expedient,  essential, 

MUNIFICENT,   beneficent,    bounti-  requisite,  needful. 

ful,  bounteous,  generous,  libe-  To    NECESSITATE,   compel,   force, 

ral.  oblige. 


NOT  269  OBS 

NECESSITY,   occasion,   need;    exi-  NOTIOX,    conception     percention 

gency,  emergency.  |      idea,  opinion,  sentiment 

ABED,  poverty,   indigence,  want, '  NOTORIOUS,  noted,  distinguished, 

DGnuvy.  r»nn«r»ir»iir*nc     I*/-**!,-*,    ««J 


penury 

To  NEED,  want,  lack. 
NEFARIOUS,  wicked,   unjust,   ini- 


conspicuous,  renowned. 
NOTWITHSTANDING,  however,  yet, 
nevertheless. 


T  <lu;tous-  j  NOVEL,  new,  fresh,   recent,   mo- 

To    NEGLECT,    disregard,    slight,  I     dern. 

contemn  ;  omit,  ;  To    NOURISH,    nurture,    cherish 

NMUGKNT,  remiss,  careless,  heed-       support,  maintain 

less,  inattentive.     _  jNu*u,   benumbed,   chill,   torpid, 

NEIGHBORHOOD,  vicinity,  adjacen-;     motionless. 

cy,  vicinage.  j  To   NUMBER,  calculate,  compute 

NEVERTHELESS,  however,  yet,  not-l     reckon,  count. 

withstanding.  NUMERAL,  numerical. 

NEW,   novel,    fresh,   modern,   re-;  NUPTIALS,  marriage,  wedding. 
,  cent-  .  I  To  NURTURE,  cherish,  nourish. 

.NEWS,  tidings,  intelligence. 
NICE,  exact,   particular,  precise ; 


fine,  delicate,  dainty. 

NIGGARDLY,  avaricious,  miserly, 
penurious,  parsimonious,  sav- 
ing, sparing,  thrifty. 

NIGH,  near,  close,  adjacent,  con- 
tiguous, vicinal. 

NIGHTLY,  nocturnal. 

NIMBLE,  active,  brisk,  lively,  ex- [OBJECT,  aim,  end,  subject, 
pert,  quick,  agile,  prompt.          |  To  OBJECT,  oppose,  except  to. 

NOBLE,   exalted,    elevated,    illus-  OBJECTION,  difficulty,  exception; 


OBDURATE,  hard,  callous,  hard- 
ened, unfeeling,  insensible,  un- 
susceptible. 

OBEDIENT,  dutiful,  respectful,  sub- 
missive, obsequious,  compli- 


ant. 


trious,  great,  grand. 


demur,  doubt,  hesitation. 


NOCTURNAL,  nightly.  OBLIGATION,  duty. 

NOISE,  cry,  outcry,  clamor.  !  To  OBLIGE,  bind,  engage,  compel, 

NOISOME,  hurtful,  pernicious,  nox- 


NOISY,  loud,  high  sounding,  cla- 


force,  necessitate. 
OBLIGING,  civil,  complaisant. 
To  OBLITERATE,  blot  out,  expunge, 


morous.  j      efface,  erase,  cancel. 

NOMENCLATURE,  dictionary,  lexi-  OBLIVION,  forgetful  ness. 

con,  catalogue,  vocabulary.         j  OBLOQUY,   reproach,  odium,   con- 
To     NOMINATE,     name;     entitle,       tumely. 

call.  i  OBNOXIOUS,  offensive  ;  subject,  lia< 

XOTE,  mark,  sign,  symptom,  to-       ble,  exposed. 

ken,  indication  ;  remark,  obser-  OBSCURE,     dim,    dark,     mysteri- 

vntion,  comment,  annotation.  ous. 

NOTED,   distinguished,    cons,picu-  OBSEQUIOUS,     obedient,     submis- 

ous,  eminent,   illustrious,  cele-       sive. 

brated,  renowned,  notorious.        OBSERVANCE,     form,     ceremony, 
NOTICE,    advice,   intelligence,   in-1     rite. 

formation,  warning.  OBSERVANT,  mindful,  regardful. 

To  NOTICE,  attend  to,  mind,  re-  OBSERVATION,     observance;     re- 
gard, heed  ;  mark,  note.  ;     mark,  comment,  note. 


OFF 


OPU 


To  OBSERVE,  keep,  fulfil ;  notice, 
remark,  watch. 

OBSERVER,  spectator,  looker  on, 
beholder. 

OBSOLETE,  old,  ancient,  antique, 
antiquated,  old-fashioned,  out 
of  date. 

OBSTACLE,  difficulty,  impedi- 
ment. 

OBSTINATE,  perverse,  pertina- 
cious, contumacious,  refracto- 
ry, stubborn,  inflexible,  reso- 
lute, opinionated,  headstrong, 
heady. 

OBSTINACY,  perverseness,  contu- 
macy, stubbornness,  inflexibili- 
ty, pertinacity. 

OBSTREPEROUS,  loud,  clamorous, 
noisy,  vociferous,  turbulent. 

To    OBSTRUCT,    hinder,    prevent, 

'  impede. 

To  OBTAIN,  acquire,  attain,  gain, 
procure ;  win,  earn. 

To  OBTRUDE,  intrude. 

OBVIOUS,  apparent,  open,  visible, 
clear,  plain,  evident,  manifest. 

To  OCCASION,  create,  cause. 

OCCASION,  opportunitv,  necessi- 
ty- 

OCCASIONAL,  casual,  irregular. 

OCCULT,  hidden,  secret,  latent. 

OCCUPANCY,  occupation,  holding 
possession. 

OCCUPATION,  business,  avoca- 
tion, calling,  employment,  en- 
gagement, office,  trade,  profes- 
sion. 

To  OCCUPY,  hold,  possess. 

OCCURRENCE,  event,  incident, 
adventure,  casualty,  contingen- 
cy- 

ODD,  particular,  singular,  eccen- 
tric, strange ;  fantastical,  whim- 
sical, comical,  droll. 

ODIOUS,  hateful,  detestable,  abo- 
minable. 

ODOR,  smell,  scent,  perfume,  fra- 
grance. 

OFFENCE,  affront,  insult,  out- 
rage, indignity ;  misdeed,  tres- 


pass, transgression,  misde- 
meanor. 

To  OFFEND,  despise,  vex. 

OFFENDER,  delinquent,  culprit. 

OFFENSIVE,  rude,  saucy,  imperti- 
nent, insolent,  abusive,  re- 
proachful, scurrilous,  opprobri- 
ous, insulting,  obnoxious. 

To  OFFER,  present,  exhibit,  bid, 
tender,  propose. 

OFFERING,  oblation,  presentation. 

OFFICE,  business,  function,  duty, 
charge  ;  benefit,  service. 

OFFICIOUS,  active,  busy. 

OFFSPRING,  issue,  progeny. 

OFTEN,  frequently. 

OLD,  aged,  senile ;  ancient,  an- 
tique, antiquated,  old-fushioned, 
obsolete. 

OLDER,  senior,  elder. 

OMEN,  presage,  prognostic. 

ONSET,  attack,  encounter,  as- 
sault. 

ONWARD,  forward,  progressive. 

OPAQUE,  dark,  cloudy. 

OPEN,  candid,  frank,  ingenuous 
free,  sincere,  undissembling. 

OPENING,  aperture,  cavitv. 

OPERATION,  work,  action,  agen- 
cy- 

OPINIONATED,  opinionative,  con- 
ceited, egotistical. 

OPINION,  sentiment,  notion. 

OPPONENT,  adversary,  antagonist, 
enemy,  foe. 

OPPORTUNITY,  occasion. 

To  OPPOSE,  combat,  contradict, 
deny,  object,  resist,  withstand, 
thwart. 

OPPOSITE,  adverse,  contrary,  ini- 
mical, repugnant. 

OPPROBRIOUS,  abusive,  reproach- 
ful, scurrilous,  insolent,  insult- 
ing, offensive. 

OPP'ROBRIUM,  infamy,  ignominy. 

To  OPPUGN,  oppose,  attack,  con- 
fute, refute,  disprove. 

OPTION,  choice. 

OPULENCE,  affluence,  riches, 
wealth. 


OVE  271  PAK 

ORAL,  verbal,  vocal.  :  OVERSIGHT,     inadvertency,    inat- 

ORATION,    address,     speech,    ha-  j     tention ;     inspection,    superin- 


tendence. 

To  OVERTHROW,   overturn,   beat, 
defeat,   rout;    subvert,   invert, 


reverse. 


rangue. 

ORATORY,  elocution,  rhetoric. 

ORB,  circle,  globe,  sphere. 

To  ORDAIN,   appoint,   order,  pro- 
scribe. jTo  OVERWHELM,   overbear,   bear 

ORDER,  class,  rank,  degree;  sue-!     down,       overpower,       subdue, 
cession,   series  ;  method,   rule  ;  i  •    crush, 
command,  injunction,  precept,  OUTCRY,  cry,  clamor,  noise, 
mandate.  i  To    OUTDO,   exceed,    excel,    sur- 

To  put  in  ORDER  or  rank,  arrange, !     pass, 
range,  dispose,  regulate,  adjust,  OUTLINES,  sketch,  draught, 
classify ;  digest.  I  To  OUTLIVE,  survive. 

To  put  out  of  ORDER,  confuse,  de-  OUTSIDE,  appearance,  semblance, 
range,   perplex,  disorder,  disar-:  OUTWARD,  outer,   external,   exte- 
range,    confound,   disturb,   dis-;      rior ;  extrinsic,  extraneous, 
place,  unsettle,  ruffle,  discom-  To  OUTWEIGH,  overbalance,  pro- 
pose. !     ponderate. 

ORDERLY,  regular,  systematic,  me- 1  To   OWN,   acknowledge,   confess, 
thodical.  |     recognise. 

ORDINARY,  common,  vulgar,  mean.  OWNER,      possessor,     proprietor, 

ORIFICE,  perforation. 


ORIGIN,  original,  beginning,  rise, 


source. 


ORIGINAL,     primary,     primitive, 
pristine. 


P 


PACE,  step,  gait. 


To'  ORNAMENT,    adorn,   beautify,  PACIFIC,  peaceful, peaceable, mild, 

embellish,  deck,  decorate.  !     gentle. 

OSTENSIBLE,   colorable,    specious,  j  To  PACIFY,  appease,  calm,  quiet, 

plausible,  feasible.  ;      still. 

OSTENTATION,       show,       parade ;  PAGAN,  gentile,  heathen. 

vaunting,  boasting.  i  PAIN,    anguish,    agony,   distress, 

OUTRAGE,  affront,  insult,  offence.   !      suffering. 
OVERBALANCE,  outweigh,  prepon-  To  PAINT,  color,  represent,  depict, 

derate.  i     describe,  delineate,  sketch. 

To  OVERBEAR,  bear  down,  over-  PAIR,  couple,  brace. 

power,  overwhelm,  subdue.         i  PALATE,  taste,  relish. 
OVERBEARING,  imperious,  lordly,  PALE,  pallid,  wan  ;  fair. 

domineering.  PALINODE,      palmody,      recanta- 

To  OVERCOME,  conquer,  vanquish,       tion. 

subdue,  surmount.  To    PALLIATE,   extenuate,    gloss, 

To     OVERFLOW,     inundate,     del-      cover,  varnish. 

u<re  PALLID,  pale,  w:m. 

To  "OVERPOWER,    overbear,   bear  To      PALPITATE,     flutter,    pant, 

down,  overwhelm  ;  defeat,  over-       gasp. 

throw,  subdue,  rout.  PANEGYRIC,  encomium,  eulogy. 

To  OVERRULE,  supersede.  PANG,  pain,  anguish,  aguny,  di! 

OVERRULING,  prevailing,  predomi-      tress. 

n:mt,  prevalent.  To  PANT,  palpitate,  gasp 

To  OVERRUN,  overspread,  ravage.    PARABLE,  allegory,  similitude. 
18 


PEA 


272 


PER 


PARADE,  show,  ostentation,  vain- 
glory. 

PARASITE,  flatterer,  sycophant. 

To  PARDON,  forgive,  absolve,  re- 
mit, acquit;  discharge,  set  free, 
clear. 

PARDONABLE,  venial,  excusable. 

To  PARE,  peel ;  diminish. 

PARSIMONIOUS,  avaricious,  nig- 
gardly, miserly,  penurious. 

PART,  portion,  share,  piece,  divi- 
sion. 

To  PART,  separate,  divide,  disu- 
nite. 

To  PARTAKE,  participate,  share. 

PARTICULAR,  peculiar,  appropri- 
ate, exclusive ;  exact,  nice, 
punctual,  specific  ;  circumstan- 
tial, minute. 

PARTICULARLY,  especially,  princi- 
pally, chiefly. 

PARTISAN',  adherent,  follower,  dis- 
ciple. 

PARTNER,  colleague,  coadjutor,- 
associate. 

PARTNERSHIP,  association,  compa- 
ny, society. 

PARTY,  confederacy,  faction,  de- 
tachment. 

PASSAGE,  course,  race. 

PASSIONATE,  hot,  hasty,  irascible, 
angry. 

PASSIVE,  unresisting,  quiescent; 
submissive,  patient. 

PASTIME,  amusement,  diversion, 
entertainment,  recreation,  sport, 
play. 

PATCH,  part,  piece. 

PATHETIC,  moving,  touching,  af- 
fecting. 

PATIENCE,  endurance,  resigna- 
tion. 

PATIENT,  enduring,  passive ;  an 
invalid. 

To  PAUSE,  demur,  hesitate,  delib- 
erate. 

PAY,  allowance,  stipend,  hire, 
salary. 

PEACE,  quiet,  calm,  tranquillity. 

PEACEABLE,     peaceful,     tranquil, 


quiet,  undisturbed,  serene,  mild, 
still,  pacific. 

PEASANT,  countryman,  swain, 
hind,  rustic,  clown. 

PECULIAR,  appropriate ;  particu- 
lar, exclusive. 

PEEL,  skin,  rind. 

To  PEEL,  pare,  strip,  skin. 

PEEVISH,  captious,  cross,  fretful, 
petulant. 

PELLUCID,  transparent,  clear. 

PENALTY,  fine,  mulct,  forfeiture. 

To  PENETRATE,  pierce,  perforate, 
bore. 

PENETRATING,  acute,  sagacious, 
discerning. 

PENETRATION,  acuteness,  saga- 
city ;  discernment,  discrimina- 
tion. 

PENITENCE,  repentance,  contri- 
tion, compunction,  remorse. 

PENMAN,  writer,  scribe. 

PENURIOUS,  sparing,  niggardly, 
parsimonious. 

PENURY,  poverty,  indigence, 
want,  need. 

To  PERCEIVE,  discern,  distinguish, 
observe. 

PERCEPTION,  idea,  notion,  concep- 
tion, sentiment,  sensation. 

PEREMPTORY,  absolute,  positive. 

PERFECT,  complete,  finished,  con- 
summated. 

PERFECTION  (to  bring  to),  perfect, 
finish,  complete,  consummate ; 
fulfil,  accomplish. 

PERFIDIOUS,  faithless,  treacherous. 

To  PERFORATE,  pierce,  bore,  pene- 
trate. 

To  PERFORM,  effect,  produce,  exe- 
cute, fulfil. 

PERFORMANCE,  production,  work, 
deed,  achievement,  exploit, 
feat. 

PERFORMER,  actor,  player. 

PERFUME,  odor,  scent,  fragrance, 
smell. 

PERIL,  danger,  hazard. 

PERIOD,  time,  age,  date,  era, 
epoch. 


POV 

To  PERISH,  decay,  die,  expire. 
To  PERJURE,  forswear,  suborn. 
PERMANENT,  durable,  lasting. 


273 


PLA 


To  POUND,  break,  bruise,  crush. 
To  POUR,  shed,  spill. 
POURING  out,  effusion. 


PERMISSION,     leave,     liberty,    li-|  POWER,       authority,       strength, 
cense.  •  might,     dominion,     influence, 

To  PERMIT,  admit,  allow;  consent, ,     sway. 

suffer,  tolerate  ;  yield.  1  POWERFUL,  mighty,  potent,   puis- 

PERNICIOUS,  destructive,  ruinous,  I     sant;    efficacious,   forcible,    co- 
hurtful,  noxious,  noisome.  j     gent,  strong. 

To  PERPETRATE,  commit.  PESTILENTIAL,     contagious,     epi- 

PERPETUAL,  continual,  lasting, 
constant,  incessant,  unceasing, 
uninterrupted. 

To  PERPLEX,  embarrass,  harass, 
confuse,  entangle  ;  molest. 


PERPLEXITY,  anxiety,  distraction ; 
entanglement. 

To  PERSEVERE,  continue,  persist, 
pursue,  prosecute ;  insist. 

PERSONS,  people,  folks,  individu- 
als. 

PERSPICUITY,    clearness,  transpa- 


demical,    infectious  ;    mischiev- 

ous, pernicious,  destructive. 
PETITION,  prayer,  request,  entrea- 

ty, suit. 
PETTY,  trifling,  trivial,  frivolous, 

futile. 


PETULANT,  captious,  cross,  peev- 

ish, fretful. 
PHANTOM,      vision,      apparition, 

spectre,  ghost. 
PHRASE,  sentence,  proposition,  pe- 

riod. 
PHRASEOLOGY,  diction,  style. 


rency,  translucency. 

To   PERSUADE,   exhort,  urge,  en-  j  PHRENSY,  madness,  fury^ 
tice,  prevail  upon.  To  PICK,  choose,  select. 

PERTINENT,  relevant,  apposite. 

PERVERSE,  awkward,  cross,  unto- 
ward, crooked,  froward. 

PEST,  bane,  plague,  ruin. 

PEREMPTORY,  absolute,  arbitrary, 
despotic. 

To  POSSESS,  have,  hold,  occupy. 


POSSESSION,    occupancy,     occupa- 

tion, holding. 

POSSESSIONS,  goods,  property. 
POSSESSOR,  proprietor,  owner,  mas- 

ter. 

POSSIBLE,  practicable. 
POST,  place,  situation,  station,  po- 

sition. 

POSTERIOR,  after,  subsequent. 
To   POSTPONE,  delay,  defer,  pro- 


crastinate,   prolong,     protract, 

retard. 
POSTURE,  action,  gesture,  gesticu- 

lation, position,  attitude. 
POTENT,  powerful,  mighty. 
POTENTATE,  prince,  monarch, 


PICTURE,  likeness,  image,  effigy, 

representation. 
PIECE,  part,  portion ;  patch. 
To   PIERCE,  penetrate,  perforate, 

bore. 

To  PILE,  heap,  accumulate,  amass. 
PILLAGE,  rapine,  plunder. 


PILLAR,  column. 

To  PINCH,  press,  squeeze,  gripe. 

To  PINE,  flag,  droop,  languish. 

Pious,  holy,  godly,  devout,  reli- 
gious. 

PIQUE,  malice,  rancor,  spite, 
grudge. 

PITEOUS,  doleful,  woful,  rueful, 
pitiable. 

PITIFUL,  mean,  sordid,  contempti- 


ble, despicable. 

PITY,  commiseration,  compas- 
sion ;  sympathy,  condolence, 
mercy. 

PLACE,  "situation,  station,  position, 
site,  spot,  post ;  office,  charge, 
sovereign  function. 

PovERTY,°indigence,  want,  penu-  To  PLACE,  put,  set,  lay;  dispose, 


ry,  need. 


order. 


PLU 


274 


PRA 


PLACID,  serene,  calm. 

To  PLAGUE,  annoy,  vex,  tease, 
harass,  torment,  tantalize,  im- 
portune, molest. 

PLAIN,  even,  level,  smooth ;  ap- 
parent, visible,  clear,  obvious, 
evident,  manifest,  distinct; 
open,  candid,  free,  frank,  inge- 
nuous. 

PLAN,  design,  device,  contri- 
vance, scheme,  project,  strata- 
'gem. 

PLAUDIT,  acclamation,  applause, 
exultation,  shouting. 

PLAUSIBLE,  colorable,  specious, 
ostensible,  feasible. 

PLAY,  game,  sport,  pastime, 
amusement. 

PLAYER,  actor,  performer. 

To  PLEAD,  apologize,  defend,  jus- 
tify, exculpate,  excuse. 

PLEASANT,  pleasing,  agreeable ; 
facetious,  jocular,  jocose,  witty. 

To  PLEASE,  gratify,  satisfy. 

PLEASED,  gratified,  glad,  cheerful, 
joyful,  pleasing,  pleasant, 
agreeable. 

PLEASING,  pleasant,  agreeable. 

PLEASURE,  .comfort,  enjoyment; 
joy,  delight,  charm. 

PLEASURE  (one  given  up  to),  vo- 
luptuary, sensualist,  epicure. 

PLEDGE,  earnest,  security,  depo- 
sit. 

PLENIPOTENTIARY,  ambassador, 
envoy. 

PLENITUDE,  fulness ;  repletion, 
exuberance,  abundance. 

PLENTEOUS,  plentiful,  abundant, 
copious,  ample,  exuberant. 

PLENTIFUL,  abundant,  ample,  co- 
pious, exuberant,  plenteous. 

PLIANT,  pliable,  flexible,  supple, 
yielding. 

PLIGHT,  situation,  condition,  state, 
predicament,  case. 

PLOT,  cabal,  conspiracy,  combina- 
tion ;  form,  scheme,  plan. 

To  PLUCK,  pull ;  draw,  tug. 

PLUNDER,  rapine,  pillage,  booty, 
spoil. 


To  PLUNGE,  dive. 

To  POINT,  aim,  level. 

To  POINT  out,  show,  mark,  indi- 
cate. 

To  POISE,  balance,  equiponder- 
ate. 

POLITE,  polished,  refined,  genteel, 
civil. 

POLITENESS,  gentility,  civility, 
courteousness,  courtesy,  affabil 
ity ;  good  breeding,  good  man 
ners. 

To  POLLUTE,  corrupt,  contami- 
nate, defile,  taint,  infect,  viti- 
ate. 

POMP,  magnificence,  splendor, 
grandeur,  show,  state. 

POMPOUS,  magisterial,  stately,  au- 
gust, dignified,  lofty. 

To  PONDER,  think,  muse,  reflect. 

PONDEROUS,  heavy,  burdensome, 
weighty. 

POOR,  indigent,  needy,  necessitous, 
distressed.  , 

POPULACE,  people,  mob,  mobili- 
ty- 

PORT,  harbor,  haven. 

To  PORTEND,  augur,  presage,  fore- 
bode, betoken,  threaten. 

PORTION,  part,  division,  share, 
quantity. 

POSITION,  place,  situation,  sta- 
tion, post ;  action,  gesture,  ges- 
ticulation, posture,  attitude; 
tenet. 

POSITIVE,  actual,  real,  certain  ; 
confident. 

PRACTICABLE,  practical,  possi- 
ble. 

PRACTICE,  custom,  habit,  man- 
ner. 

To  PRACTISE,  exercise. 

To  PRAISE,  commend,  extol,  eulo- 
gize, applaud. 

PRAISE,  encomium,  eulogy,  pane- 
gyric, applause,  commendation. 

PRAISEWORTHY,  laudable,  com- 
mendable, deserving  praise. 

PRANK,  frolic,  gambol. 

To  PRATE,  babble,  chat,  chatter, 
prattle. 


PRE 


275 


PRI 


PKATER,  petition,  request,  entrea- 
ty, suit. 

PRECARIOUS,  doubtful,  dubious, 
uncertain,  equivocal. 

PRECEDENCE,  priority,  pre-emi- 
nence, preference. 

PRECEDENT,  example. 

PRECEDING,  antecedent,  anterior, 
previous,  prior,  former,  forego- 
ing. 

PRECEPT,  command,  injunction, 
mandate,  order;  doctrine,  prin- 
ciple ;  maxim,  rule,  law. 

PRECIOUS,  valuable,  costly,  uncom- 
mon. 

PRECIPITANCY,  rashness,  temerity, 
hastiness. 

PRECISE,  accurate,  correct,  exact, 
nice. 

To  PRECLUDE,  prevent,  obviate, 
hinder,  shut  out. 

PRECURSOR,  forerunner,  harbin- 
ger. 

PREDICAMENT,  situation,  condi- 
tion, state,  pliglit,  case. 

To  PREDICT,  foretell,  prophesy, 
prognosticate. 

PREDOMINANT,  prevailing,  preva- 
lent, overruling. 

PRE-EMINENCE,  priority,  prece- 
dence. 

PREFACE,  prelude,  introduction, 
proem. 

To  PREFER,  choose ;  encourage, 
advance,  promote,  forward. 

PREFERENCE,  priority,  prece- 
dence. 

PREGNANT,  big,  large,  enceinte. 

PREJUDICE,  prepossession,  bias; 
disadvantage,  injury,  hurt,  de- 
triment. 

PRELIMINARY,  preparatory,  intro- 
ductory, previous. 

PRELUDE,  *  preface,  introduction, 
proem. 

PREMEDITATION,  forethought,  fore- 
cast. 

To  PREPARE,  fit,  equip,  qualify, 
make  ready. 

PREPARATORY,  introductory,  pre- 
liminary, previous. 


|To    PREPONDERATE,   overbalance, 

j     outweigh. 

PREPOSSESSION,    bias,     prejudice, 

j     bent. 

I  PREPOSTEROUS,  irrational,  foolish, 

J     absurd. 

|  PREROGATIVE,  privilege,  immu- 
nity. 

j  PRESAGE,  omen,  token,  prognos- 
tic. 

To    PRESCRIBE,   appoint,   ordain, t 
dictate. 

PRESCRIPTION,  usage,  custom. 

PRESENT,  gift,  donation,  benefac- 
tion. 

To  PRESENT,  offer,  exhibit,  give, 
introduce. 

To  PRESERVE,  keep,  save ;  pro- 
tect, spare. 

|  To  PRESS,  squeeze,  gripe,  pinch. 
!  PRESSING,  urging,  emergent,  im- 
I     portunate. 

j  PRESUMING,  presumptive,  pre- 
sumptuous, forward,  arrogant. 

PRETENCE,  pretension,  pretext,  ex- 
cuse. 

To  PRETEND,  feign,  affect,  simu- 
late. 

PRETENSION,  claim,  assump- 
tion. 

PRETEXT,  pretence,  pretension, 
excuse. 

PRETTY,  beautiful,  fine,  hand- 
some. 

|  PREVAILING,  prevalent,  ruling, 
overruling,  dominant. 

To  PREVENT,  impede,  obviate, 
preclude,  hinder,  obstruct ;  an- 
ticipate. 

PREVIOUS,  introductory,  prelimi- 
nary ;  anterior,  prior. 

PREY,  booty,  spoil. 

PRICE,  cost,  charge,  expense  ;  va- 
lue, worth. 

PRIDE,  arrogance,  hauteur,  haugh- 
tiness, assumption,  vanity,  in- 
solence, conceit,  ostentation, 
loftiness. 

PRIMARY,  primitive,  pristine,  ori- 
ginal. 

PRINCIPAL,  chief,  main. 


PRO  276  PRO 

PRINCIPALLY,  especially,  mainly,  PROFLIGATE,  abandoned,  corrupt, 

particularly,  chiefly.  I     vitiated,      depraved,       vicious. 

PRINCIPLE,      doctrine,     element;       wicked. 

motive.  PROFUNDITY,  depth. 

PRINT,  mark,  impression,  stamp.     PRUFUSE,    extravagant,    prodigal, 
PRIOR,  antecedent,  anterior,  pre-!      lavish. 

vious,  preceding,  former.  j  PROGENITOR,  forefather,  ancestor, 

PRIORITY,     precedence,    pre-emi-       predecessor. 

nence,  preference.  PROGENY,  oifspring,  issue. 

PRISTINE,  primitive,  original.         j  PROGNOSTIC,  omen,  presage. 
PRIVACY,  retirement,  seclusion,      j  To   PROGNOSTICATE,  foretell,  pre- 
PRIVILEGE,    immunity,    preroga-j      diet,  prophesy,  vaticinate. 

live,  right,  claim,  exemption,      j  PROGRESS,  advancement,  progres- 


To  PRIZE,  value,  esteem. 
PROBABILITY,  chance,  likelihood. 
PROBITY,    honesty,     uprightness, 


sion ;    improvement,   proficien- 
cy- 
PROGRESSION,   progress,  advance- 


emanate. 


integrity.  I      ment. 

To  PROCEED,  advance ;  arise,  issue,  PROGRESSIVE,    onward,    forward, 

advancing. 
To    PROHIBIT,    forbid,    interdict, 

proscribe. 

PROJECT,  design,  plan,  scheme 
PROLIFIC,  fertile,  fruitful. 


PROCEEDING,     transaction ;      pro- 
cess, course,  progress,  progres- 


sion. 


PROCESSION,  train,  retinue. 

To      PROCLAIM,     advertise,     an- j  PROLIX,  diffuse,  long,  tedious. 


nounce,    publish,  declare,  pro- 
mulgate. 

PROCLAMATION,  decree,  edict. 

To  PROCRASTINATE,  delay,  defer, 


To  PROLONG,  delay,  protract, 
procrastinate ;  postpone,  re- 
tard. 

PROMINENT,  conspicuous. 


postpone,  prolong,  protract,  re-' PROMISCUOUS,  indiscriminate. 

tard.  (PROMISE,  word,  engagement. 

To  PROCURE,  obtain,  acquire, gain; '  To  PROMOTE,  encourage,  advance, 

win,  earn.  I      prefer,  forward. 

PRODIGAL,     extravagant,     lavish,  j  PROMPT,  quick,  active,  agile,  as- 
profuse.  I      siduous,    alert,    brisk,   "nimble, 
PRODIGIOUS,       enormous,       mon-!      lively,  sprightly. 

strous.  .  To  PROMULGATE,  promulge,  pub- 

PRODIGY,  wonder,  miracle,  mar-!      lish,  proclaim,  advertise. 

vel,  monster.  :  PRONENESS,  inclination,  tendency, 

To  PRODUCE,  yield,  give,  impart,       propensity. 

communicate.  To  PRONOUNCE,  articulate,  speak, 

PRODUCT,    production,     produce;;      utter;  declare,  affirm. 

performance,  work.  ;  PROOF,  reason,  argument,  demon- 

PROFANE,  impious,  irreligious.        I      stration  ;   evidence,   testimony ; 
To  PROFESS,  declare.  experience,    experiment,    trial, 

PROFESSION,  business,  occupation, ,      test. 

avocation,    office,    employment,   PROP,  staff,  stay,  support. 

engagement.  ;  To  PROPAGATE,  speed,   circulate, 

PROFICIENCY,   advancement,   pro-       diffuse,  disseminate. 

gress,  improvement.  PROPENSITY,     inclination,     bias, 

PROFIT,  gain,  advantage,  benefit,     -proneness,  tendency. 

lucre.  PROPER,  right,  just. 


PRO 


277 


PDZ 


PROPERTY,  goods,  possessions ; 
quality,  attribute. 

PROPITIOUS,  favorable,  auspi- 
cious, 

To  PROPHESY,  foretell,  predict, 
prognosticate,  vaticinate. 

To  PROPITIATE,  appease,  concili- 
ate, reconcile. 

PROPORTION,  rate,  ratio ;  symme- 
try. 

PROPORTIONATE,  adequate,  com- 
mensurate, equal. 

To  PROPOSE,  purpose,  intend; 
offer,  bid,  tender. 

PROPOSITION,  sentence,  period, 
phrase. 

PROPRIETOR,  possessor,  owner. 

To  PROROGUE,  adjourn ;  postpone, 
defer. 

To  PROSCRIBE,  forbid,  prohibit, 
interdict. 

To  PROSECUTE,  continue,  pursue, 
persevere,  persist. 

PROSELYTE,  convert. 

PROSPECT,  view,  survey,  land- 
scape. 

To  PROSPER,  flourish,  thrive,  suc- 
ceed. 

PROSPERITY,  -well-being,  welfare, 
happiness. 

PROSPEROUS,  successful,  flourish- 
ing, fortunate,  lucky. 

To  PROTECT,  support,  cherish, 
harbor,  shelter,  foster,  guard, 
defend,  shield,  cover,  counte- 
nance, patronize,  encourage, 
vindicate. 

PROTECTION  (a  place  for),  asy- 
lum, sanctuary,  refuge,  shelter, 
retreat. 

To  PROTEST,  assert,  affirm,  de- 
clare, asseverate,  aver,  assure, 
vouch. 

To  PROTRACT,  delay,  defer,  pro- 
long, retard,  postpone. 

To  PROVE,  evince,  demonstrate, 
manifest,  argue. 

PROVERB,  adage,  maxim,  apho- 
rism, apophthegm,  saying,  saw, 
by-word. 


To  PROVIDE,  procure,  furnish, 
supply. 

j  PROVIDENT,  careful,  cautious,  eco- 
nomical. 

PROVISION,  fare. 

|  To  PROVOKE,  aggravate,  irritate, 
exasperate,  tantalize,  excite, 
incite. 

PRUDENCE,  judgment,  discretion, 
wisdom,  providence. 

PROUD,  vain,  lofty,  arrogant,  pre- 
sumptuous, assuming,  haughty, 
conceited. 

To  PRY,  scrutinize,  look  into. 

PRYING,  curious,  inquisitive. 

To  PUBLISH,  proclaim,  advertise, 
announce,  declare,  promulgate ; 
disclose,  reveal. 

PUERILE,  youthful,  juvenile,  child- 
ish. 

To  PULL,  draw,  drag,  haul,  hale, 
tug. 

PUNCTUAL,  exact,  nice,  particu- 
lar. 

PUNGENCY,  acridness,  acrimo- 
niousness,  smartness,  keen- 
ness. 

To  PUNISH,  chastise,  correct, 
chasten,  discipline. 

PUPIL,  scholar,  disciple. 

To  PURCHASE,  buy,  bargain. 

PURGATIVE,  abstergent,  abster- 
sive, cleansing. 

PURPOSE,  design,  intention,  view, 
aim,  drift,  end ;  sake,  account, 
reason. 

To  PURSUE,  follow ;  continue,  per- 
severe, persist,  prosecute. 

PUSILLANIMITY,  cowardice,  timidi- 
ty, fear. 

To  PUT,  place,  lay,  set. 
|  To  PUT  down,  suppress,  repress  ; 
reduce,  subdue;  restrain. 

To  PUT  off,  postpone,  defer,  de- 
lay, protract,  procrastinate,  re- 
tard. 

To  PUTREFY,  corrupt,  rot. 

To  PUZZLE,  perplex,  confound, 
embarrass,  bewilder,  entan- 
gle. 


RAC  278  RAY 

To  RACK,  break,  rend,  tear. 

Q  RADIANCE,       brilliancy,       lustre, 

QCACK,     mountebank,      empiric,       brightness. 

charlatan.  ,  To  RADIATE,  shine,  glitter,  glare, 

To  QUAKE,  shake,  tremble,  quiver,       sparkle. 

•shudder.  RAGE,  anger,  choler,  fury. 

QUALIFICATION,  acquirement,  ac-  To   RAISE,    heighten,    aggravate, 

quisition.  lift,  exalt,  elevate,  erect. 

QUALIFIED,      competent,      fitted,  ^°  RALLY,  deride,  mock,  ridicule, 

adapted.  banter. 

To  QUALIFY,  fit,  equip,  prepare,  RAMBLE,    excursion,    tour,    trip, 

adapt;  temper,  humor.  jaunt. 

QUALITY,      property,      attribute  ;  To  RAMBLE,  wander,  stroll,  move, 

fashion,  distinction.  roam,  range. 

QUANTITY,  deal,  portion,  part.        i  RANCOR,  hatred,  enmity,   ill-will, 
QUARREL,    dispute,   contest,   con-  ,,  malice,  spite,  grudge. 

tendon,    broil,    brawl,    alterca-  To   RANGE,   class,    place,    rank  ; 

tion,  tumult,  feud,  affray.  wander,  stroll,  rove,  roam,  ram- 

QUARRELLING,    dissension,    strife, i     ^le. 

faction,  contention,  discord,  al-i  RANK>  or(ler,  degree,  class. 


tercation,  wrangling,  dispute. 

QUARTER,  district,  region. 

QUERY,  question,  inquiry,  inter- 
rogatory. 

To  QUESTION,  doubt,  dispute ;  ask, 
interrogate,  inquire. 

QUICK,  nimble,  agile,  active,  brisk, 
lively,  prompt,  expeditious. 


To  RANSOM,  redeem,  free,  manu- 


mit. 


voracious, 


RAPACIOUS,    ravenous, 

greedy. 
RAPIDITY,    quickness,    swiftness, 

fleetness,      celerity,      velocity, 

speed,  agility. 


RAPINE,  plunder,  pillage. 
To  QUICKEN,   accelerate,  hasten,   CAPTURE,  ecstasy,  transport. 

expedite,  despatch.  RARE,    scarce,    singular,    uncom- 

QUICKNESS,  speed,  velocity,  celeri- 1     mon,  incomparable. 

ty,  swiftness,  rapidity,  fleetness,   To    RASE,     blot    out,    efface,    ex- 

nimbleness,  briskness;  expedi-       punge,  erase,  obliterate,  cancel ; 

tion,  despatch;  agility,  activity.       demolish,    dismantle,    destroy, 
QUICKNESS  of  intellect,  acuteness, '      subvert,  ruin. 

sharpness,  sagacity,  penetration,   RASH,  foolhardy,  thoughtless. 

shrewdness.  j  RASHNESS,  temerity,  precipitance, 

To  QUIET,  appease,  calm,  pacify,       precipitancy,  precipitation,  lias- 
still.  I      tiness. 
QUIET,   ease,    rest,   repose,    calm, 'RATE,    proportion,    ratio,    quota, 

tranquillity.  !      degree ;    tax,    assessment,    im- 

To  QUIT,  relinquish,  leave,   give       post:  value,  worth,  price. 

up,  resign.  ,  To    RATE,    estimate,    value,    ap- 

To  QUIVER,  shake,  tremble,  quake.       praise  ;  scold. 
To  QUOTE,  cite,  adduce.  RATIO,    rate,  proportion,  degree, 

:      quota. 

RAVAGE,  desolation,  devastation. 
RACE,   course,    passage;    family,  RAVENOUS,  rapacious,  greedy,  vo- 

house,  lineage,  breed,  genera-       raoious. 

*10Q-  RAY,  glimmer,  gleam,  beam. 


REC 


279 


REF 


To  REACH,  stretch,  extend. 

READY,  apt,  prompt,  dextrous; 
easy,  facile. 

REAL,  actual,  positive,  certain; 
genuine. 

To  REALIZE,  accomplish,  achieve, 
fulfil,  effect,  complete,  excite, 
consummate. 

REALM,  state,  kingdom. 

REASON,  argument,  proof;  cause, 
motive ;  sake,  account,  purpose, 
end. 

REASONABLE,  rational,  just,  honest, 
equitable,  fair. 

Void  of  REASON,  irrational,  fool- 
ish, silly,  unreasonable,  absurd, 
preposterous,  ridiculous. 

REBELLION,  insurrection,  sedition, 
revolt;  contumacy. 

To  REBOUND,  recoil,  reverberate. 

To  REBUFF,  repel,  reject,  beat 
back,  oppose. 

To  REBUKE,  reprimand,  reprove, 
check,  chide. 

To  RECANT,  abjure,  retract,  recall, 
revoke. 

To  RECAPITULATE,  repeat,  recite, 
rehearse. 

To  RECEDE,  retire,  retreat,  -with- 
draw, retrograde. 

RECEIPT,  reception. 

To  RECEIVE,  accept,  take. 

RECENT,  fresh,  new,  novel,  mo- 
dern. 

RECEPTION,  receipt. 

RECIPROCAL,  mutual,  alternate. 

RECIPROCITY,  interchange,  ex- 
change. 

RECITAL,  account,  narrative,  de- 
scription, relation,  detail,  ex- 
planation, narration. 

To  RECITE,  repeat,  rehearse,  re- 
capitulate. 

To  RECKON,  compute,  calculate, 
estimate,  count,  number;  es- 
teem, account. 

RECKONING,  account,  bill,  charge. 

To  RECLAIM,  reform,  recover,  cor- 
rect. 

To  RECLINE,  repose,  lean,  rest. 


|  To  RECOGNISE,  acknowledge, 
avow,  confess,  own. 

To  RECOIL,  rebound,  reverberate, 
rush  back. 

RECOLLECTION,  memory,  remem- 
brance, reminiscence. 

To  RECOMPENSE,  m:ike  amends, 
compensate,  compense,  remune- 
rate, requite. 

RECOMPENSE,  compensation,  remu- 
neration, requital,  satisfaction, 
amends,  gratuity. 

To  RECONCILE,  conciliate;  propi- 
tiate. 

To  RECORD,  enroll,  register. 

To  RECOUNT,  relate,  describe,  enu- 
merate. 

To  RECOVER,  refrain,  retrieve ;  re- 
pair, recruit. 

RECOVERY,  restoration. 

RECREATION,  amusement,  diver- 
sion, sport,  pastime,  entertain- 
ment. 

To  RECRUIT,  repair,  recover,  re- 
trieve. 

To  RECTIFY,  amend,  correct, 
emend,  better,  mend,  reform, 
improve. 

RECTITUDE,  uprightness. 

To  REDEEM,  ransom,  rescue,  re- 
cover. 

REDRESS,  remedy,  relief,  amend- 
ment. 

To  REDUCE,  diminish,  curtail, 
shorten,  lower;  subdue;  de- 
grade. 

REDUNDANCY,  excess,  superflui- 
ty- 

To  REEL,  stagger,  totter. 

To  REFER,  allude,  hint,  glance  at, 
intimate,  suggest. 

REFINED,  polite,  polished,  genteel, 
I     elegant. 

1  REFINEMENT,  cultivation,  civiliza- 
!      tion. 

To    REFLECT,     consider,     think, 
I     ponder,     muse;     censure,     re- 
proach. 

REFLECTION,  consideration,  medi- 
tation, cogitation. 


REL 


280 


HEM 


To  REFORM,  amend,  emend,  mend, 
correct,  better,  rectify,  improve, 
restore. 

REFORMATION",  reform,  amend- 
ment, correction. 

REFRACTORY,  unruly,  ungoverna- 
"ble,  perverse,  obstinate,  contu-| 
macious. 

To  REFRAIN*,  abstain,  forbear- 
withhold. 

To  REFRESH,  revive,  renovate,  re- 
new ;  refrigerate,  cool. 

REFUGE,  asylum,  shelter,  retreat. 

To  REFUSE,  deny,  reject,  de- 
cline. 

REFUSE,  dregs,  sediment,  dross, 
scum, 

To  REFUTE,  confute,  oppugn,  dis- 
prove. 

REGAL,  royal,  kingly. 

REGARD,  concern,  care,  attention  ; 
respect,  reverence. 

To  REGARD,  attend  to,  mind,  heed  ; 
consider ;  esteem,  respect,  re- 
verence, 

REGARDFUL,  mindful,  heedful,  at- 
tentive, observant. 

REGARDLESS,  indifferent,  uncon- 
cerned, careless,  unobser- 
,  vant. 

REGIMEN,  food,  diet. 

REGION,  district,  quarter. 

To  REGISTER,  enroll,  record. 

REGISTER,  list,  catalogue,  roll,  re- 
cord, archive,  chronicle,  annal, 
memoir. 

To  REGRET,  complain,  lament,  re- 
pent, grieve. 

To  REGULATE,  direct,  dispose,  ad- 
just ;  govern,  rule. 

To  REHEARSE,  repeat,  recite,  reca- 
pitulate. 

REIGN,  empire,  dominion ;  power, 
influence. 

To  REJECT,  refuse,  decline,  repel, 
rebuff. 

To  REJOICE,  exult,  exhilarate. 

REJOINDER,  answer,  reply,  re- 
sponse, replication. 

To  RELATE,  recount^  narrate,  de- 


tail, describe ;  refer,  respect,  re- 
gard, concern. 

RELATED,  connected,  combined. 

RELATION,  account,  narrative,  de- 
scription, recital,  detail,  narra- 
tion, explanation. 

RELATIVE.     See  RELATION. 

RELATIONSHIP,  kindred,  consan- 
guinity, affinity. 

To  RELAX,  slacken,  loose ;  miti- 
gate, remit. 

RELENTLESS,  implacable,  unre- 
lenting, unpitying. 

RELEVANT,  pertinent,  to  the  pur- 
pose, apposite,  tit,  proper. 

RELIANCE,  dependence;  trust, con- 
fidence, repose. 

RELICS,  remains,  leavings. 

RELIEF,  redress,  alleviation,  miti- 
gation. 

To  RELIEVE,  aid,  help,  succor, 
assist,  alleviate. 

RELIGIOUS,  pious,  devout,  holy. 

To  RELINQUISH,  give  up,  forego, 
renounce,  quit,  abdicate,  resign. 

RELISH,  taste,  flavor,  savor. 

RELUCTANT,  averse,  backward, 
unwilling,  loth. 

To  REMAIN,  abide,  stay,  continue, 
tarry,  sojourn,  await. 

REMAINDER,  rest,  remnant,  resi- 
due. 

REMAINS,  leavings,  relics. 

REMARK,   annotation,    note,   com- 
i      ment,  observation. 

REMARKABLE,   extraordinary,    ob- 
servable, distinguished,  worthy 
I     of  note. 
!  To  REMARK,  observe,  notice. 

A  REMARK,  observation,  comment, 
annotation,  note,  notice. 

REMEDY,  cure,  reparation. 

REMEMBRANCE,  memory,  recollec- 
tion, reminiscence. 

REMEMBRANCER,  memorial,  monu- 
j      ment,  memento. 

REMINISCENCE,  recollection,  re- 
membrance. 

REMISS,  inattentive,  heedless,  ne- 
gligent, careless,  thoughtless. 


REP 


281 


RES 


To  REMIT,  .absolve,  pardon,  for- 
give; liberate,  give  up. 

REMNANT,  rest,  residue,  remain- 
der. 

To  REMONSTRATE,  expostulate. 

REMORSE,  repentance,  penitence, 
contrition,  repugnance. 

REMOTE,  distant,  far. 

REMUNERATION,  compensation, 
satisfaction,  recompense,  requi- 
tal. 

To  REND,  break,  rack,  tear. 

To  RENE\V,  renovate,  revive,  re- 
fresh. 

To  RENOUNCE,  abandon,  forsake, 


abdicate,      relinquish, 
give  up,  quit,  forego. 


resigr 


RENOWN,  fume,  notoriety,  reputa- 
tion, celebrity. 

To  REPAIR,  restore,  recover, 
amend,  retrieve. 

REPARATION,  restoration,  restitu- 
tion, amends. 

REPARTEE,  retort. 

To  REPAY,  restore,  return. 

To  REPEAL,  abolish,  abrogate, 
revoke,  annul,  cancel;  destroy, 
annihilate. 

To  REPEAT,  tell  over,  recite,  re- 
capitulate, rehearse. 

REPENTANCE,  penitence,  contri- 
tion, remorse,  compunction. 

REPETITION,  tautology. 

To  REPINE,  complain,  murmur. 

REPLICATION,  answer,  reply,  re- 
joinder, response. 

REPLY.     See  the  preceding  word. 

REPORT,  fame,  rumor,  hearsay. 

REPOSE,  ease,  quiet,  rest. 

To  REPOSE,  recline,  rest. 

REPREHENSIBLE,  blamable,  culpa- 
ble, reprovable,  censurable. 

REPREHENSION,    reproof, 
reproach 

REPRESENTATION,  show,  exhibi- 
tion, sight,  spectacle. 

To  REPRESS,  restrain,  suppress, 
subdue. 

To  REPRIEVE,  respite. 

To  REPRIMAND,  check,  chide,  re- 
prove, rebuke. 


REPRISAL,  retaliation. 

To  REPROACH,  blame,  reprove, 
upbraid,  censure,  condemn ; 
vilify,  revile. 

REPROACHFUL,  abusive,  scurrilous, 
opprobrious,  insolent,  insulting, 
offensive. 

REPROBATE,  abandoned,  vitiated, 
profligate,  corrupt,  depraved, 
castaway,  wicked. 

To  REPROBATE,  censure,  con- 
demn. 

REPROOF,  reprehension,  censure, 
blame. 

To  REPROVE,  check,  chide,  repri- 
mand, rebuke. 

REPUGNANCE,  aversion,  dislike, 
antipathy,  hatred. 

REPUGNANT,  adverse,  contrary, 
opposite,  inimical,  hostile. 

REPUTATION,  character,  fame,  re- 
nown, credit,  repute. 

To  REQUEST,  ask,  solicit,  entreat, 
demand. 

In  REQUEST,  repute,  credit,  de- 
mand. 

REQUEST,  prayer,  petition,  entrea- 
ty, suit. 

To  REQUIRE,  demand,  need. 

REQUISITE,  necessary,  essential, 
expedient. 

REQUITAL,  compensation,  satisfac- 
tion, amends,  remuneration,  re- 
compense ;  retribution. 

To  RESCUE,  deliver,  set  free, 
save. 

RESEARCH,  examination,  inquiry, 
investigation,  scrutiny. 

RESEMBLANCE,  likeness,  similarity, 
similitude. 

RESENTFUL,  revengeful,  vindic- 
tive. 

blame,  RESENTMENT,  anger,  indignation, 
ire,  wrath. 

RESERVATION,  reserve,  retention. 

To  RESIDE,  dwell,  inhabit, sojourn, 
abide. 

RESIDENCE,  habitation,  abode, 
dwelling,  domicile. 


RESIDUE,   rest,   remainder,    rem- 


RET 


282 


RID 


To  RESIGN,  give  up ;  renounce, 
relinquish,  forego,  abdicate. 

RESIGNATION,  patience,  endur- 
ance, submission. 

To  RESIST,  withstand,  oppose ; 
thwart. 

To  RESOLVE,  determine,  purpose  ; 
solve,  analyze,  reduce. 

RESOLUTE,  decided,  determined, 
fixed  ;  firm,  constant,  steady. 

RESOLUTION,  courage,  fortitude, 
firmness. 

To  RESORT  to,  frequent,  haunt. 

RESOURCE,  resort,  means,  expedi- 
ent. 

To  RESPECT,  esteem,  regard,  ho- 
nor, venerate,  revere ;  value, 
prize. 

RESPECT,  deference,  regard,  con- 
sideration, esteem,  estimation. 

RESPECTFUL,  obedient,  dutiful. 

RESPITE,  reprieve  ;  interval. 

RESPONSE,  answer,  reply,  rejoin- 
der, replication. 

RESPONSIBLE,  answerable,  ac- 
countable, amenable. 

REST,  cessation,  stop,  intermis- 
sion ;  ease,  quiet,  repose ;  re- 
mainder, residue,  remnant. 

To  RESTORE,  return,  give  back, 
repay. 

RESTORATION,  restitution,  retribu- 
tion, reparation,  compensation, 
requital,  amends. 

To  RESTRAIN,  repress,  coerce,  re- 
strict. 

To  RESTRICT,  bound,  limit,  con- 
fine, circumscribe. 

RESULT,  effect,  consequence,  issue, 
event. 

To  RETAIN,  hold,  keep,  detain,  re- 
serve. 

RETALIATION,  reprisal,  repay- 
ment. 

To  RETARD,  delay,  defer,  pro- 
tract, prolong,  postpone,  pro- 
crastinate, hinder. 

To  RETIRE,  recede,  retrograde, 
retrocede,  retreat ;  withdraw, 
secede. 


j  RETIREMENT,  privacy,  seclusion. 

RETORT,  repartee. 

To  RETRACT,  recall,  revoke,  re- 
cant, abjure. 

RETREAT,  asylum,  shelter,  refuge. 

To  RETREAT.     See  RETIRE. 

RETRIBUTION,  requital,  repay- 
ment. 

To  RETRIEVE,  recover,  repair,  re- 
cruit, regain. 

To  RETROCEDE.     See  RETIRE. 

To  RETROGRADE,  go  backward. 
See  RETIRE. 

RETROSPECT,  review,  silrvey. 

To  RETURN,  revert;  restore,  re- 
pay. 

To  I\EVEAL,  divulge,  disclose, 
make  known,  communicate, 
open,  impart. 

To  REVENGE,  avenge,  vindicate. 

REVENGEFUL,  vindictive,  resent- 
ful. 

To  REVERBERATE,  rebound,  re- 
coil. 

To  REVERE,  reverence,  adore,  ve- 
nerate. 

REVERENCE,  awe,  dread  ;  honor, 
respect. 

To  REVERSE,  invert,  overturn, 
subvert,  return. 

REVERY,  dream. 

REVIEW,  retrospect,  survey  ;  revi- 
sal,  revision. 

To  REVILE,  vilify. 

REVISAL,  revision,  review. 

To  REVIVE,  refresh,  renew,  reno- 
vate. 

To  REVOKE,  recall,  retract;  .abo- 
lish, abrogate,  annul,  repeal, 
cancel,  destroy,  annihilate. 

REVOLT,  insurrection,  sedition,  re- 
bellion. 

REWARD,  compensation,  amends, 
satisfaction,  remuneration,  re- 
compense, requital. 

RHETORIC,  elocution,  eloquence, 
oratory. 

RICHES,  wealth,  opulence,  afflu- 
ence. 

To   RIDICULE,   laugh    at,    deride, 


ROU 


283 


SAL 


mock,  satirize,  lampoon,  rally, 
banter. 

RIDICULE,  satire,  sarcasm,  bur- 
lesque, irony,  banter. 

RIDICULOUS,  absurd,  preposterous, 
ludicrous,  droll. 

RIGHT,  straight,  direct;  just, 
proper ;  claim,  privilege,  immu- 
nity. 

RIGHTEOUS,  upright,  just,  honest, 
virtuous,  incorrupt,  equitable, 
godly. 

KIGID,  rigorous,  austere,  stern ; 
harsh,  severe. 

RIM,  border,  edge,  brim,  brink, 
margin. 

RIND,  skin,  peel,  hide. 

RIPF.NESS,  maturity,  perfection, 
puberty. 

To  RISE,  arise,  mount,  ascend, 
climb,  scale. 

RISE,  origin,  source,  original. 

RITE,  form,  ceremony,  observ- 
ance. 

RIVALRY,  emulation,  competi- 
tion. 

ROAD,  way,  route,  course,  path. 

To  ROAM,  rove,  wander,  stroll, 
ramble,  range. 

ROBBERY,  depredation,  theft,  plun- 
der. 

ROBUST,  strong,  firm,  sturdy. 

ROLL,  list,  register,  catalogue. . 

ROMANCE,  fable,  tale,  novel. 

ROOM,  space,  extent ;  chamber, 
apartment. 

ROOMY,  capacious,  ample,  spa- 
cious. 

To  ROOT  out,  eradicate,  extermi- 
nate, extirpate. 

To  ROT,  putrefy,  decay,  corrupt. 

ROTTEN,  putrefied,  putrid,  de- 
cayed, corrupt,  carious. 

ROTUNDITY,  roundness,  circularity. 

To  ROVE,  wander,  stroll,  ramble, 
roam,  range. 

ROUGH,  rugged,  rude,  harsh,  se- 
vere. 

ROUND,  circuit,  tour,  sphere,  orb, 
globe. 


ROUNDNESS,  circularity,  rotundity, 
globosity,  sphericity. 

To  ROUSE,  awaken,  stir  up,  excite, 
provoke. 

To  ROUT,  beat,  defeat,  overpower, 
overthrow. 

ROUTE,  way,  road,  course. 

Row,  tumult,  broil,  commotion, 
riot,  disturbance,  affray,  uproar. 

ROYAL,  regal,  kingly. 

To  RUB,  chafe,  fret,"  gall. 

RUDE,  coarse,  rough;  uncouth, 
unpolished;  impertinent,  sau- 
cy, impudent,  insolent. 

RUEFUL,  piteous,  doleful,  woful. 

RUGGED,  rough,  rude,  harsh. 

RUIN,  destruction  ;  bane,  pest. 

RUINOUS,  pernicious,  destructive. 

RULE,  order,  method;  law,  max- 
im, precept,  guide,  regulation, 
government. 

RULING,  prevailing,  prevalent, 
predominant. 

RUMOR,  fame,  report,  bruit. 

RUPTURE,  fracture,  fraction. 

RURAL,  rustic. 

RUSTIC,  rural ;  countryman,  pea- 
sant, swain,  hind,  clown. 


S 


SACRAMENT,   Lord's    supper,    eu- 

charist. 

SACRED,  holy,  divine. 
SAD.  sorrowful,  mournful,  melan- 
choly, dull,  dejected,  depressed, 

gloomy,  cheerless. 
SAFE,    secure,    fearless ;    trusty, 

trustworthy. 
SAGE,    sagacious,    sapient,   wise, 

prudent ;  grave. 
SAGACITY,  acuteness,  discernment, 

penetration. 

SAILOR,  mariner,  seaman. 
SALARY,  allowance,  stipend,  pay, 

wages,  hire. 
SAKE,   account,  reason,  purpose, 

end. 
SALUBRIOUS,    salutary,     healthy, 

wholesome. 


SCA 


284 


SED 


SALUTARY,  advantageous.  See  also 
SALUBRIOUS. 

SALUTATION,  greeting,  address. 

SALUTIFEROUS,  healthy. 

SAMENESS,  identity. 

To  SANCTION,  countenance,  sup 
port. 

SANCTITY,  holiness. 

SANE,  sound,  healthy. 

SANGUINARY,  bloody,  bloodthirsty. 

To  SAP,  undermine,  subvert. 

SAPIENT,  sagacious,  wise,  sage. 

SARCASM,  satire,  ridicule,  irony. 

To  SATIATE,  satisfy,  glut,  cloy. 

SATIRE,  ridicule,  irony,  sarcasm  ; 
wit,  humor,  burlesque. 

SATISFACTION,  compensation, 

amends,  remuneration,  recom- 
pense, requital,  reward  ;  con- 
tentment. 

To  SATISFY,  please,  gratify ;  sa- 
tiate, glut,  cloy. 

SAUCY,  impertinent,  rude,  impu- 
dent, insolent. 

SAVAGE,  cruel,  inhuman,  brutal, 
barbarous  ;  ferocious,  fierce. 

To  SAVE,  rescue,  deliver ;  spare, 
protect;  preserve. 

SAVING,  economical,  sparing,  fru- 
gal, thrifty ;  penurious,  nig- 
gardly, stingy. 

To  SAUNTER,  linger,  loiter,  lag, 
tarry. 

SAVOR,  taste,  flavor,  relish. 

To  SAY,  speak,  tell. 

SAYING,  adage,  maxim,  aphorism, 
apophthegm,  proverb,  by-word, 
saw. 

To  SCALE,  rise,  mount,  ascend, 
climb. 

SCANDAL,  discredit,  disgrace,  re- 
proach, infamy. 

To  SCANDALIZE,  accuse  falsely, 
asperse,  calumniate,  dentine, 
detract,  slander,  vilify,  offend. 

SCARCE,  rare,  singular ;  hardly, 
scantily. 

SCARCITY,  dearth,  penury. 

To  SCATTER,  spread,  disperse,  dis- 
sipate. 


SCENT,  smell,  odor,  perfume,  fra- 
grance. 

SCHEME,  design,  plan,  project. 

SCHOLAR,  disciple,  pupil. 

SCHOOL,  academy,  seminary. 

SCIENCE,  knowledge,  learning, 
erudition. 

To  SCOFF,  gibe,  jeer,  sneer. 

SCOPE,  drift,  aim,  tendency. 

To  SCORN,  contemn,  despise,  dis- 
dain. 

To  SCREAM,  shriek,  cry,  screech. 

To  SCREEN,  cover,  shelter,  shield. 

SCRIBE,  writer,  penman. 

To  SCRUPLE,  hesitate,  doubt,  fluc- 
tuate. 

SCRUPULOUS,  conscientious. 

To  SCRUTINIZE,  pry.  dive  into,  ex- 
amine, investigate,  inquire  into, 
search. 

SCUM,  dregs,  sediment,  refuse, 
dross. 

SCURRILOUS,  abusive,  reproachful, 
opprobrious,  insolent,  insulting, 
offensive. 

SEA,  ocean,  main. 

SEAMAN,  sailor,  mariner. 

SEARCH,  scrutiny,  inquiry,  inves- 
tigation, examination,  research, 
quest,  pursuit. 

SEASONABLE,  timely,  opportune. 

To  SECEDE,  recede,  retire,  with- 
draw, retreat. 

SECLUSION,  privacy,  retirement. 

SECONDARY,  second,  inferior,  sub- 
ordinate. 

SECRECY,  concealment,  privacy. 

SECRET,  clandestine,  concealed, 
hidden,  occult,  latent,  myste- 
rious. 

SECULAR,  temporal,  worldly. 
i  To   SECURE,  make   sure,  certain, 
guarantee. 

SECURE,  certain,  sure,  safe. 

SECURITY,  deposit,  pledge ;  fence, 
guard. 

SEDATE,    composed,    calm,   quiet, 

serene,  unruffled,  still. 
•  SEDIMENT,   dregs,    dross,    refuse, 

I      scum. 


SEQ 


285 


SHA 


SEDITION,  insurrection,  rebellion, '  SERENE,  calm,  tranquil. 
revolt.  I  SERIES,    course;     successive    or- 

SEDITIOUS,   factious  ;  tumultuous,  i      der. 

turbulent,  mutinous,  rebellious. ,  SERIOUS,  earnest,  grave,  solemn. 

To  SEDUCE,  allure,  attract,  decoy,  j  SERVANT,        domestic,        menia 
entice,  tempt,  abduct. 

SEDULOUS,  diligent,  assiduous. 

To  SEE,  look,  behold,  view,  eye ; 
perceive,  observe. 

To  SEEK,  search,  explore,  exam- 
ine. 

To  SEEM,  appear. 


SEEMLY,  tit,  suitable,  meet,  be- 
coming, decent. 

To  SEIZE,  catch,  snatch,  appre- 
hend, lay  hold  on,  take. 

SEIZURE,  capture. 

To  SELECT,  choose,  pick. 

SELF-CONCEIT,  self-sufficiency,  va- 
nity. 

SEMBLANCE,  show,  outside  appear- 
ance. 

To  SEND  away,  dismiss,  discharge, 
discard,  despatch. 

SENIOR,  elder. 

SENSATION,  perception,  senti- 
ment. 

SENSE,  feeling,  perception  ;  judg- 
ment ;  signification,  meaning, 
import. 

SENSIBILITY,  feeling,  susceptibili- 
ty- 

SENSITIVE,  sensible,  sentient. 

SENSUALIST,  voluptuary,  epicure. 

SENTENCE,  decision,  "judgment; 
proposition,  period,  phrase. 

To  SENTENCE,  condemn,  doom. 

SENTIENT,  sensible,  sensitive. 

SENTIMENT,  sensation,  perception ; 
opinion,  notion. 

SENTINEL,  guard. 

SEPARATE,  distinct,  different,  un- 
connected. 

To  SEPARATE,  detach,  sever,  di- 
vide, disjoin,  disunite,  disen 
gage,  part,  sunder. 

SEPULCHRE,  grave,  tomb. 

SEPULTURE,  burial,  interment,  in- 
humation. 

SEQUEL,  close,  conclusion. 


menial, 
drudge. 

To  SERVE,  aid,  assist,  help,  suc- 
cor, minister  to,  furnish,  pro- 
vide. 

SERVICE,  advantage,  benefit,  avail, 
use,  utility. 

SERVITUDE,  slavery,  bondage. 

To  SET,  put,  place,  lay. 

To  SET  free,  liberate,  loose ;  ac- 
quit, clear  ;  pardon,  forgive. 

To  SET  apart,  dedicate,  devote ; 
consecrate,  hallow. 

To  SETTLE,  adjust, compose;  regu- 
late, arrange,  determine,  fix, 
establish. 

To  SETTLE  firmly,  confirm,  estab- 
lish, corroborate. 

SETTLED,  determinate,  definitive, 
decisive,  conclusive. 

To  SEVER,  separate,  disjoin,  de- 
tach. 

SEVERAL,  different,  divers,  sun- 
dry, various. 

SEVERE,  rigid,  austere,  rigorous, 
harsh,  stern,  rough. 

SEVERE  in  remark,  keen,  cutting, 
sarcastic,  satirical. 

SEX,  gender. 

SHACKLE,  fetter,  manacle,  chain. 

SHADE,  shadow. 

To  SHAKE,  agitate,  tremble,  shud- 
der, shiver,  quiver,  quake. 

To  SHAME,  abash,  confuse,  con- 
found. 

SHAME,  dishonor,  disgrace. 

SHAMELESS,  immodest,  impudent, 
indecent,  indelicate. 

SHAMEFUL  (grossly),  infamous, 
scandalous,  disgraceful,  oppro- 
brious, ignominious. 

To  SHAPE,  form,  fashion,  mould. 

To  SHARE,  divide,  distribute,  ap- 
portion, participate,  partake. 

SHARP,  acute,  keen,  shrewd. 

SHARPNESS,  penetration,  shrewd- 


SHU 


286 


SKI 


ness,  acutcness,  sagacity ;  sour- 
ness, acidity,  acrimony. 

To  SHED,  pour,  spill. 

SHELTER,  asylum,  refuge,  retreat. 

To  SHELTER,  cover,  screen,  har- 
bor, lodge. 

SHIFT,  evasion,  subterfuge;  ex- 
pedient, resource,  alternative. 

To  SHINE,  radiate,  glitter,  glis- 
ten, gleam,  glare,  sparkle,  co- 
ruscate. 

SHINING,  brilliant,  splendid,  re- 
splendent, bright,  radiant,  glit- 
tering. 

To  SHOCK,  offend,  disgust ;  ap- 
pall, dismay,  terrify,  affright, 
disturb. 

SHOCKING,  formidable,  dreadful, 
terrible. 

To  SHOOT  forth,  sprout,  bud,  ger- 
minate. 

To  SHOOT  out,  project,  protrude. 

SHORT,  brief,  concise,  compen- 
dious, summary,  succinct,  la- 
conic. 

To  SHORTEN,  curtail,  contract, 
abridge,  reduce. 

SHOUTING,  declamation,  applause, 
plaudit,  exultation. 

SHOW,  outside  appearance,  sem- 
blance ;  exhibition,  representa- 
tion, sight,  spectacle ;  parade, 
ostentation. 

To  Snow,  exhibit,  discover,  dis- 
play ;  direct,  point  out,  instruct, 
inform. 

SHOWY,  ostentatious,  gaudy,  fine, 
gay,  splendid,  pompous,  sump- 
tuous, magnificent,  stately, 
grand. 

SHREWD,  acute,  keen,  penetrat- 
ing. 

To  SHRIEK,  cry,  scream,  screech. 

To  SHUDDER,  shake,  tremble, 
quake,  quiver. 

To  SHUFFLE,  equivocate,  prevari- 
cate, quibble,  cavil,  evade,  so- 
phisticate. 

To  Siiux,  avoid,  elude,  eschew, 
evade. 


To  SHUT,  close. 
I  SICK,    sickly,    diseased,    morbid, 

ill,  indisposed. 

:  SIGHT,  show,  exhibition,  represen- 
tation, spectacle. 

:  SIGN,  omen,  prognostic,  presage, 
bodement,  signal,  token  ;  mark, 
i      sign,  note,  symptom. 
!  SIGNAL,   memorable,  remarkable, 
I      eminent,  distinguished. 
I  SIGNIFICANT,  expressive. 

SIGNIFICATION,  meaning,  import, 
sense  ;  avail,  importance,  con- 
sequence, moment,  weight. 

To  SIGNIFY,  denote,  imply,  ex- 
press, declare,  testify,  "utter, 
betoken,  intimate. 

SILENCE,  taciturnity  ;  stillness. 

SILENT,  dumb,  mute,  speechless. 

SILLY,  simple,  foolish. 

SIMILARITY,  likeness,  resemblance, 
similitude. 

SIMILE,  similitude,  comparison. 
!  SIMILITUDE,  likeness, resemblance, 
similarity. 

SIMPLE,  silly,  foolish;  single,  sin- 
gular. 

SIMULATION,  dissimulation,  feint, 
pretence. 

SINCERE,  unvarnished,  honest,  un- 
dissembling,  upright,  true,  un- 
corrupt ;  plain,  frank. 

SINGLE,  only,  sole,  singular,  par- 
ticular. 

SINGULAR,  particular,  odd,  eccen- 
tric, strange,  rare,  scarce. 

To  SINK,  droop,  drop,  fall,  tum- 
ble. 

SITE,  place,  spot,  situation,  locali- 
ty- 

SITUATION,  condition,  state,  plight, 
case,  predicament ;  place,  site, 
station,  position,  post,  locality. 

SIZE,  greatness,  magnitude,  bulk. 
:  To  SKETCH,  depict,  delineate,  por- 
tray, paint. 

SKETCH,  outline,  draught. 

SKILFUL,  clever,  expert,  dextrous, 

adroit. 
:  SKIN,  hide,  peel,  rind,  pelt,  husk. 


SOB 


287 


SOU 


SLACK,  loose,  relaxed. 

To  SLANDER,  accuse  falsely,  as- 
perse, calumniate,  defame,  de- 
tract, scandalize,  vilify. 

SLAVERY,  servitude,  bondage,  cap- 
tivity. 

SLAUGHTER,  carnage,  massacre 
butchery. 

To  SLAY,  kill,  murder,  assassi 
nate. 

To  SLEEP,  slumber,  nap,  doze, 
drowse. 

SLEEPY,  drowsy,  lethargic. 

SLENDER,  slight,  slim,  thin. 

To  SLIDE,  slip,  glide. 

SLIGHT,  slender,  slim ;  cursory, 
hasty,  desultory ;  neglect,  con- 
tempt, scorn. 

To  SLIP,  slide,  glide. 

SLOTHFUL,  lazy,  inactive,  slug- 
gish, inert. 

SLOW,  dilatory,  tardy,  tedious, 
dull. 

SLUGGISH,  inactive,  inert,  lazy, 
slothful. 

To  SLUMBER,  sleep,  doze,  nap, 
drowse. 

SLY,  cunning,  crafty,  subtle, 
wily. 

SMALL,  little,  diminutive,  mi- 
nute. 

SMARTNESS,  quickness,  liveliness, 
briskness ;  pungency,  tartness. 

To  SMEAR,  daub,  besmear. 

SMELL,  scent,  odor,  perfume,  fra- 
grance. 

SMOOTH,  even,  plain,  level. 

To  SMOTHER,  stifle,  suppress, 
suffocate. 

SNARLING,  cynical,  snappish, 
waspish. 

To  SNATCH,  catch,  seize,  grasp, 
gripe. 

SNEAKING,  crouching,  servile. 

To  SNEER,  scoff,  gibe,  jeer. 

To  SOAK,  steep,  imbrue ;  drench, 
macerate. 

SOBER,  moderate,  abstemious,  ab- 
stinent, temperate ;  grave. 

SOBRIETY,     moderation,     temper- 
ance, modesty. 
19 


i  SOCIAL,  sociable,  convivial,  con- 
versable, familiar,  companion- 
able. 

SOCIETY,  association,  company, 
community,  fellowship. 

SOFT,  flexible,  supple,  ductile, 
pliant,  lithe,  pliable,  yielding, 
compliant,  docile,  tractable ; 
mild,  gentle,  meek. 

To  SOIL,  stain,  sully,  tarnish. 

To  SOJOURN,  dwell,  reside,  in- 
habit; tarry,  stay. 

SOLACE,  consolation,  comfort,  re- 
creation. 

SOLE,  solitary,  single,  only, 
alone. 

SOLEMN,  grave,  serious. 

To  SOLICIT,  ask,  request,  crave, 
entreat,  beg,  beseech,  implore, 
supplicate. 

SOLICITATION,  importunity,  invi- 
tation. 

SOLICITUDE,  care,  anxiety. 

SOLID,  hard,  substantial,  firm, 
•table. 

SOLITARY,  sole,  only,  alone,  sin- 
gle, lonely ;  retired,  remote ; 
desolate,  desert. 

To  SOLVE,  resolve,  explain,  clear 
up. 

SOME,  any. 

SOON,  early,  betimes;  quickly, 
promptly. 

To  SOOTHE,  allay,  appease,  as- 
suage, compose,  calm,  tranquil- 
lize, pacify,  mitigate. 

To  SOPHISTICATE,  adulterate,  cor- 
rupt, vitiate. 

SORDID,  mean,  covetous,  nig- 
gardly, gross. 

•SORROW,  affliction,  grief. 

SORRY,  grieved,  hurt,  afflicted, 
affected,  mortified,  vexed,  cha- 
grined. 

SORT,  species,  kind. 

SOVEREIGN,  prince,  monarch,  po- 
tentate. 

SOUND,  healthy,  hearty,  KMK-; 
tone. 

SOUR,  acid,  sharp,  tart,  acrimo- 
nious, acetose,  acetous. 


SPI 


288 


STA 


SOURNESS  of  manner,  acrimony 
asperity,  harshness. 

SOURCE,  origin,  rise,  spring,  foun- 
tain. 

SPACE,  room. 

SPACIOUS,  ample,  capacious. 

To  SPARE,  afford,  give,  impart, 
communicate. 

SPARING,  economical,  saving, 
thrifty. 

SPARK,  gallant,  beau. 

To  SPARKLE,  shine,  glitter,  glare, 
radiate,  coruscate. 

To  SPEAK,  say,  tell,  talk,  con- 
verse, discourse,  utter,  articu- 
late, pronounce. 

To  SPEAK  to,  accost,  address,  di 
course. 

SPECIAL,  specific,  particular. 

SPECIES,  kind,  sort. 

SPECIFIC,  particular,  special. 

SPECIMEN,  model,  pattern,  sam- 
ple. 

SPECIOUS,  colorable,  ostensible, 
plausible,  feasible. 

SPECK,  stain,  spot,  flaw,  blem- 
ish. 

SPECTACLE,  show,  sight,  exhibi- 
tion, representation,  pageant. 

SPECTATOR,  looker-on,  beholder, 
observer. 

SPECTRE,  ghost,  phantom,  appa- 
rition. 

SPECULATION,  theory,  scheme. 

SPEECH,  oration,  address,  ha- 
rangue. 

SPEECHLESS,  dumb,  silent,  mute. 

To  SPEED,  hasten,  accelerate,  ex- 
pedite, despatch. 

To  SPEND,  expend  ;  exhaust,  dis- 
sipate, squander,  waste. 

SPHERE,  circle,  globe,  orb. 

To  SPILL,  pour/shed. 

SPIRITED,  lively,  animated,  viva- 
cious, ardent,  active. 

SPIRITS,  animation,  life,  vivacity ; 
courage,  enterprise. 

SPIRITUAL,  immaterial,  incorpo- 
real. 

SPITE,  rancor,  malice,  malevo- 
lence, malignity;  pique, grudge. 


SPLENDOR,  lustre,  brightness,  bril- 
liancy ;  magnificence,  pomp,  pa- 
geantry. 

SPLENETIC,  morose,  gloomy,  sul- 
len. 

To  SPLIT,  break,  burst;  crack. 

SPOIL,  booty,  prey. 

SPONTANEOUSLY,  voluntarily,  wil- 
lingly. 

SPORT,  amusement,  diversion,  en- 
tertainment, recreation,  pas- 
time ;  play,  game. 

SPORTIVE,  lively,  jocund,  spright- 
ly, vivacious'  merry. 

SPOT,  place,  site,  locality  ;  speck, 
stain,  flaw. 

SPOTLESS,  unspotted,  unblemish- 
ed ;  blameless,  irreproacha- 
ble. 

To  SPREAD,  scatter,  expand,  dif- 
fuse, disperse,  distribute,  circu- 
late, propagate,  disseminate, 
dispensate. 

SPRIGHTLY,  active,  agile,  assidu- 
ous, alert,  brisk. 

SPRING,  fountain,  source. 

To  SPRING,  arise,  issue,  proceed, 
flow,  emanate. 

To  SPRINKLE,  bedew,  besprinkle ; 
scatter. 

To  SPROUT,  bud,  germinate,  shoot 
forth. 

SPRUCE,  finical,  foppish,  dandy- 
ish. 

SPURIOUS,  counterfeit,  suppositi- 
tious, not  genuine. 

SPY,  emissary. 

To  SQUANDER,  spend,  expend, 
waste. 

SQUEAMISH,  fastidious,  over-nice, 
finical. 

SQUEEZE,  press,  pinch,  gripe. 

STABILITY,  fixedness,  firmness, 
steadiness. 

STAFF,  stick,  crutch ;  prop,  stay, 
support. 

To  STAGGER,  reel,  totter. 

To  STAGNATE,  stand,  stop,  rest. 

STAIN,  blot,  blemish,  spot,  speck, 
flaw. 

To  STAIN,  color,  dye,  tinge. 


STI 


289 


STR 


To  STAIN  or  dirt,  blot,  maculate, 
spot,  foul,  soil,  tarnish,  sully, 
pollute. 

To  STAMMER,  stutter;  hesitate, 
falter. 

STAMP,  mark,  impression,  print. 

To  STAND,  stop,  rest,  stagnate. 

STANDARD,  criterion,  rule,  test. 

To  STARE,  gape,  gaze. 

To  START,  startle,  shrink. 

STATE,  condition,  situation,  posi- 
tion, predicament,  case,  plight. 

STATION,  situation,  position,  post, 
place. 

STATELY,  magisterial,  majestic, 
pompous,  dignified,  august. 

STAY,  staff,  support,  prop. 

To  STAY,  remain,  abide,  con- 
tinue. 

STATE  in  life,  station,  situation, 
condition,  circumstances,  rank, 
degree,  post. 

STEADINESS,  constancy,  firmness, 
stability. 

To  STEAL  away,  withdraw,  ab- 
scond. 

To  STEEP,  soak,  drench. 

STERILITY,  unfruitfulness,  barren- 
ness, aridity. 

STERN,  austere,  severe,  rigid,  rig- 
orous. 

To  STICK,  hold,  cleave,  fasten,  ad- 
here, attach,  fix. 

STICKING  to,  adherent,  adhesive, 
tenacious. 

STICKING  together,  cohesion,  ag- 
glutination. 

To  STIFLE,  suppress,  smother; 
suffocate,  choke. 

STIGMA,  mark,  badge. 

To  STILL,  quiet,  calm,  lull,  allay, 
pacify,  assuage,  appease ;  sub- 
due, suppress. 

To  STIMULATE,  animate,  incite, 
encourage,  impel,  urge,  insti- 
gate, irritate,  exasperate,  in- 
cense. 

STIPEND,  allowance,  pay,  wages, 
salary,  hire. 

To  STIR  up,  awaken,  rouse,  in- 


cite, animate,  excite,  stimulate, 
provoke. 

STOCK,  store,  fund,  supply,  accu- 
mulation, hoard,  provision. 

STOP,  cessation,  rest,  intermis- 
sion. 

To  STOP,  check,  hinder,  impede. 

STORE.     See  STOCK. 

STORM,  blast,  tempest,  hurricane. 

STORY,  tale,  anecdote,  memoir,  in' 
cident. 

STOUT,  corpulent,  lusty. 

STRAIGHT,  right,  direct. 

STRAIT,  narrow. 

STRANGE,  particular,  odd,  singu- 
lar, eccentric. 

STRANGER,  foreigner,  alien. 

STRATAGEM,  artifice,  trick,  finesse, 
deception,  cheat,  imposture,  de- 
lusion, fraud,  deceit,  imposition. 

To  STRAY,  deviate,  wander,  swerve, 
rove,  ramble,  err. 

STREAM,  current,  tide. 

STRENGTH,  power,  force,  autho- 
rity. 

To  STRENGTHEN,  fortify,  invigo- 
rate, animate. 

STRENUOUS,  bold,  zealous,  vehe- 
ment, vigorous,  ardent. 

To  STRETCH,  extend,  reach. 

STRICT,  accurate,  exact,  nice ; 
rigorous,  severe. 

STRICTURE,  animadversion,  criti- 
cism, censure. 

STRIFE,  dissension,  contention, 
discord. 

To  STRIKE,  hit,  beat. 

A  STRIKING  together,  collision, 
clashing. 

To  STRIP,  bereave,  deprive,  divest; 
rob,  plunder,  pillage. 

To  STRIVE,  contend,  vie  ;  endea- 
vor, aim,  struggle. 

STROKE,  blow,  knock. 

To  STROLL,  wander,  ramble,  rove, 
roam,  range. 

STRONG,  forcible,  cogent,  potent, 
efficacious ;  powerful,  vigorous, 
stout,  robust,  hardy,  firm,  mus- 
cular. 


SUB 


290 


SUP 


STRUCTURK,  edifice,  fabric. 

To  STRUGGLE,  contend,  contest, 
strive,  endeavor,  labor. 

STUBBORN,  obstinate,  contuma- 
cious, unyielding,  headstrong, 
heady. 

STUDY,  attention,  application. 

STUPID,  dull,  doltish. 

STURDY,  strong,  firm,  robust. 

To  STUTTER,  stammer,  hesitate, 
falter. 

STYLE,  diction,  phraseology. 

To  STYLE,  name,  denominate,  en- 
title, characterize,  designate. 

SUAVITY,  urbanity,  sweetness. 

To  SUBDUE,  overbear,  overpower, 
overcome,  surmount,  conquer, 
vanquish,  subjugate. 

SUBJECT,  matter,  materials,  ob- 
ject ;  exposed,  liable,  obnox- 
ious ;  subordinate,  subservient, 
inferior. 

To  SUBJECT,  subjugate,  subdue. 

To  SUBJOIN,  affix,  attach,  connect, 
add  to. 

SUBLIME,  great,  grand,  exalted, 
lofty,  elevated. 

SUBMISSIVE,  compliant,  yielding, 
obedient,  obsequious ;  humble, 
modest,  passive. 

To  SUBMIT,  comply,  yield. 

SUBORDINATE,  subject,  inferior, 
subservient. 

To  SUBORN,  perjure,  forswear. 

SUBSEQUENT,  consequent,  poste- 
rior. 

SUBSERVIENT,  subject,  subordi- 
nate, inferior. 

To  SUBSIDE,  abate,  intermit. 

To  SUBSIST,  exist,  to  be. 

SUBSISTENCE,  living,  livelihood, 
sustenance,  support,  mainte- 
nance. 

SUBSTANTIAL,  solid  ;  strong,  stout, 
bulky  ;  responsible. 

To  SUBSTITUTE,  change,  ex- 
change. 

SUBTERFUGE,  evasion,  shift,  quirk. 

SUBTLE,  cunning,  crafty,  sly, 
wily. 


To  SUBTRACT,  deduct,  withdraw. 

To  SUBVERT,  overturn,  overthrow, 
invert,  reverse. 

To  SUCCEED,  follow,  ensue  ;  obtain 
one's  object. 

SUCCESSFUL,  fortunate,  lucky, 
prosperous. 

SUCCESSION,  series,  order. 

SUCCESSIVE,  alternate. 

SUCCINCT,  brief,  short,  concise, 
compendious,  summary,  laco- 
nic. 

To  SUCCOR,  aid,  assist,  help,  re- 
lieve, cherish. 

SUDDEN,  unexpected,  unanticipat- 
ed, unlooked-for. 

To  SUFFER,  bear,  endure,  support, 
sustain ;  admit,  allow,  permit, 
tolerate. 

SUFFICIENT,  enough,  competent, 
adequate. 

To  SUFFOCATE,  stifle,  smother, 
choke. 

SUFFRAGE,  vote,  voice. 

To  SUGGEST,  allude,  hint,  refer 
to,  glance  at,  intimate,  insinu- 
ate. 

To  SUIT,  answer,  fit,  serve  ;  agree, 
accord. 

SUIT,  prayer,  request,  petition. 

SUITABLE,  fit,  apt,  meet,  becom- 
ing, expedient,  seemly ;  agree- 
able, conformable ;  convenient. 

SUITOR,  wooer,  lover. 

SULLEN,  gloomy,  morose,  sple- 
netic. 

To  SULLY,  stain,  tarnish,  soil. 

SUMMARY,  brief,  short,  compen- 
dious, succinct,  laconic. 

To  SUMMON,  call,  cite,  bid,  in- 
vite. 

SUNDRY,  different,  several,  va- 
rious, diverse. 

SUPERFICIAL,  shallow,  flimsy. 

SUPERFICIES,  surface. 

SUPERFLUITY,  excess,  redundancy. 

SUPERIORITY,  excellence,  pre-emi- 
nence. 

SUPERINTENDENCY,  inspection, 
oversight,  superintendence. 


sus 


291 


TAL 


SUPERSCRIPTION,  direction,  ad- 
dress. 

To  SUPERSEDE,  overrule,  set 
aside. 

SUPINE,  indolent,  listless,  care- 
less. 

SUPPLE,  flexible,  pliant,  bending. 

To  SUPPLICATE,  beg,  solicit,  be- 
seech, entreat,  implore,  crave. 

To  SUPPLY,  furnish,  provide,  ad- 
minister, minister,  contribute. 

To  SUPPORT,  sustain,  stay,  prop, 
uphold,  maintain;  assist,  coun- 
tenance, favor,  second,  for- 
ward, patronize,  promote,  en- 
courage ;  nurture,  nourish,  che- 
rish, protect,  shield,  defend. 

To  SUPPOSE,  conceive,  appre- 
hend, imagine,  think,  believe, 
deem. 

SUPPOSITION,  conjecture,  surmise, 
guess. 

SUPPOSITITIOUS,  spurious,  counter- 
feit, not  genuine. 

To  SUPPRESS,  repress,  restrain, 
put  down,  stifle,  smother. 

SURE,  infallible,  certain,  indis- 
putable ;  safe,  secure ;  confi- 
dent. 

SURFACE,  superficies. 

SURGE,  wave,  billow,  breaker. 

SURMISE,  conjecture,  supposition. 

To  SURMOUNT,  rise  above,  over- 
come, subdue,  vanquish,  con- 
quer. 

To  SURPASS,  excel,  exceed,  outdo, 
outstrip. 

SURPRISE,  wonder,  astonishment, 
admiration,  amazement. 

To  SURRENDER,  give  up,  deliver, 
yield,  cede. 

To"    SURROUND,    environ,  encom- 
pass,   encircle ;     enclose,      in- 
vest. 
SURVEY,  review,  retrospect ;  view 

prospect. 

To  SURVIVE,  outlive. 
SUSCEPTIBILITY,   sensibility,  feel 

ing. 
SUSPENSE,     doubt,     indetermina- 


SUSPICION,  jealousy,  distrust,  dif- 
fidence. 

To  SUSTAIN,  support,  maintain, 
bear  up. 

SUSTENANCE,  living,  livelihood, 
subsistence,  support,  mainte- 
nance. 

SWAIN,  countryman,  peasant,  rus- 
tic, hind,  clown. 

To.  SWALLOW  up,  absorb,  imbibe, 
ingulf,  engross,  consume. 

SWARM,  multitude,  throng,  crowd, 

SWAY,  influence,  authority,  as- 
cendency, rule. 

To  SWELL,  heave ;  rise,  protuber, 
ate,  enlarge. 

To  SWELL  out,  extend,  enlarge, 
expand,  dilate. 

SWELLING,  turgid,  tumid. 

To  SWERVE,  deviate,  wander, 
stray. 

SWIFTNESS,  quickness,  fleetness, 
rapidity,  celerity,  velocitv. 

SYCOPHANT,  flatterer,  parasite. 

SYMBOL,  emblem,  figure,  type ; 
metaphor. 

SYMMETRY,  proportion,  harmony. 

SYMPATIIY,  compassion,  commis- 
eration, condolence ;  fellow- 
feeling  ;  agreement. 

SYMPTOM,  mark,  note,  sign,  token, 
indication. 

SYNOD,  assembly,  meeting,  convo- 
cation, diet,  congress,  congre- 
gation, convention. 

SYSTEM,  method ;  scheme. 


TACITURNITY,  silence. 

To  TAINT,  contaminate,  defile, 
pollute,  corrupt,  infect,  vitiate. 

To  TAKE,  accept,  receive ;  seize. 

To  TAKE  heed,  guard  against. 

To  TAKE  from,  deduct,  subtract, 
abstract. 

To  TAKE  out,  extract. 

TALE,  anecdote,  story,  fable,  inci- 
dent, memoir,  narrative. 

TALENT,  ability,  faculty,  gift,  en- 
dowment. 


TEM 


THO 


TA£K,  conversation,  colloquy,  dis- 
course, chat,  dialogue,  confer- 
ence, communication. 

TALKATIVENESS,  garrulity,  loqua- 
city. 

TALL,  high,  lofty. 

TAME,  gentle. 

To  TANTALISE,  aggravate,  pro- 
voke, irritate,  vex,  tease,  taunt, 
torment. 

TARDY,  slow,  dilatory,  tedious. 

To  TARNISH,  stain,  sully,  soil. 

To  TARRY,  await,  loiter,  continue, 
linger,  saunter. 

TARTNESS,  acrimony,  asperity, 
acerbity,  harshness. 

TASK,  work,  labor,  toil,  drudg- 
ery. 

TASTE,  judgment,  discernment, 
perception,  sensibility  ;  savor, 
relish,  flavor,  gout. 

To  TAUNT,  tease,  vex,  tantalize, 
torment. 

TAUTOLOGY,  repetition. 

TAX,  impost,  tribute,  contribution, 
duty,  toll,  rate,  assessment,  cus- 
tom. 

To  TEACH,  inform,  instruct. 

To  TEAR,  rend,  rack,  break. 

To  TEASE,  vex,  tantalize,  plague, 
torment,  mortify,  chagrin. 

TEDIOUS,  slow,  dilatory,  tardy ; 
wearisome,  tiresome. 

TEGUMENT,  covering. 

To  TELL,  make  known,  communi- 
cate, impart,  reveal,  disclose, 
inform,  acquaint,  report. 

To  TELL  over,  repeat,  recite,  re- 
hearse, recapitulate,  enumerate. 

TEMERITY,  rashness,  precipitancy, 
heedlessness. 

TEMPER,  disposition,  tempera- 
ment, constitution ;  frame,  mood, 
humor. 

To  TEMPER,  gratify,  humor,  mo- 
dify ;  soften,  assuage,  mollify, 
soothe,  calm. 

TEMPERAMENT,  frame,  constitu- 
tion, temper. 

TEMPERANCE,  moderation,  sobrie- 
ty, modesty. 


TEMPERATE,  moderate,  abstinent, 
abstemious,  sober. 

TEMPEST,  blast,  gale,  storm,  hur- 
ricane. 

TEMPORAL,  worldly,  secular. 

TEMPORARY,  transient,  transitory, 
fleeting. 

TEMPORIZING,  time-serving. 

To  TEMPT,  allure,  attract,  decoy, 
entice,  seduce  ;  try. 

TENDENCY,  inclination,  propen- 
sity, proneness ;  drift,  scope, 
aim. 

To  TENDER,  offer,  propose,  bid. 

TENDERNESS,  benignity,  humanity, 
benevolence,  kindness. 

TENET,  doctrine,  opinion,  princi- 
ple, position. 

TERM,  condition,  stipulation ; 
limit,  boundary  ;  word,  expres- 
sion. 

To  TERMINATE,  complete,  finish, 
close,  end. 

TERRIBLE,  terrific,  fearful,  dread- 
ful, shocking,  frightful,  horri- 
ble. 

TERRITORY,  domain. 

TERROR,  alarm,  fright,  consterna- 
tion. * 

TEST,  criterion,  standard ;  expe- 
rience, experiment,  trial,  proof. 

To  TESTIFY,  declare,  signify,  ut- 
ter. 

TESTIMONY,  proof,  evidence. 

THEORY,  speculation. 

j  THEREFORE,  consequently,  accord- 

ingly- 

THICK,  dense,  close,  compact, 
solid ;  gross,  coarse. 

THIN,  lean,  meagre,  slim,  slender, 
rare,  slight. 

To  THINK,  cogitate,  consider,  re- 
flect, ponder,  deliberate,  con- 
template, meditate,  muse ;  con- 
ceive, imagine,  suppose,  opine, 
believe,  deem,  fancy. 

THOUGHT,  imagination,  concep- 
tion, fancy,  idea ;  conceit,  no- 
tion, supposition,  consideration, 
meditation,  reflection,  contem- 
plation, cogitation,  deliberation. 


TOR 


293 


TRA 


THOUGHTFUL,  considerate,  delibe- 
rate, attentive,  careful,  wary, 
circumspect,  discreet;  reflective, 
contemplative. 

THREAT,  menace. 

THREATENING,  imminent,  impend- 
ing. 

THRIFTY,  economical,  saving, 
sparing,  careful,  penurious. 

To  THRIVE,  nourish,  prosper. 

THRONG,  multitude,  crowd, 
swarm. 

To  THROW,  cast,  hurl. 

To  THROW  back,  reject,  retort ;  re- 
flect. 

To  THROW  in,  inject. 

To  THWART,  oppose,  resist,  with- 
stand. 

TIDE,  current,  stream. 

TIDINGS,  news,  intelligence. 

TILLAGE,  cultivation,  husbandry. 

TIME,  duration  ;  period,  age,  date, 
era,  epoch ;  season. 

TIMELY,  seasonably,  opportune. 

TIME-SERVING,  temporizing. 

TIMID,  timorous,  fearful,  afraid. 

TIMIDITY,  pusillanimity,  fear, 
cowardice. 

To  TINGE,  dye,  color,  stain. 

TINT,  hue,  color. 

To  TIRE,  weary,  jade,  harass. 

TIRED,  fatigued,  wearied,  jaded, 
harassed. 

TIRESOME,  tedious,  wearisome. 

TITLE,  denomination,  name,  ap- 
pellation. 

TOIL,  labor,  drudgery. 

TOKEN,  mark,  sign,  note,  symp- 
tom, indication. 

To  TOLERATE,  admit,  allow,  per- 
mit, suffer. 

TOLL,  tax,  custom,  duty,  impost, 
contribution. 

TOMB,  grave,  sepulchre. 

TONE,  sound. 

TONGUE,  language,  speech,  idiom, 
dialect. 

TORMENT,  torture. 

To  TORMENT,  tease,  vex,  tanta- 
lize, taunt,  torment. 


TORPID,  benumbed,  numb. 

To  Toss,  shake,  agitate. 

TOTAL,  gross,  whole,  entire,  com- 
plete. 

To  TOTTER,  stagger,  reel. 

TOUCH,  contact. 

TOUCHING,  affecting,  moving,  pa- 
thetic. 

TOUR,  circuit,  round,  excursion, 
ramble,  trip,  jaunt. 

To  TRACE,  derive,  deduce. 

TRACE,  mark,  track,  vestige. 

TRACT,  essay,  treatise,  disserta- 
tion ;  district,  region,  quarter. 

TRACTABLE,  docile,  ductile. 

TRADE,  business,  profession,  occu- 
pation, calling,  office,  avocation, 
employment ;  commerce,  deal- 
ing, traffic. 

TRADER,  merchant,  tradesman. 

To  TRADUCE,  disparage,  detract, 
depreciate,  degrade,  decry. 

TRAFFIC,  commerce,  exchange, 
barter,  dealing,  truck,  trade. 

TRAIN,  retinue,  procession. 

TRAITOROUS,  treacherous,  treason- 
able. 

To  TRANQUILLIZE,  appease,  allay, 
assuage;  compose,  soothe,  calm, 
pacify. 

TRANQUILLITY,  peace,  quiet,  calm, 
repose. 

To  TRANSACT,  negotiate,  treat  for, 
or  about. 

TRANSACTION,  proceeding. 

To  TRANSCEND,  exceed,  surpass, 
excel,  outdo. 

To  TRANSCRIBE,  copy. 

To  TRANSFIGURE,  transform,  meta- 
morphose. 

TRANSGRESSION,  offence,  infringe- 
ment ;  misdemeanor,  misdeed, 
affront, 

TRANSIENT,  transitory,  temporary, 
fleeting. 

TRANSPARENT,  pellucid,  translu- 
cent, transpicuous,  diaphanous, 
pervious. 

To  TRANSPORT,  bear,  carry,  con- 
vey. 


TRO 


UNB 


TRANSPORT,  ecstasy,  rapture. 

TRAVEL,  journey,  tour. 

TREACHEROUS,  faithless,  perfidious, 
insidious. 

TREASONABLE,  treacherous,  trai- 
torous. 

To  TREASURE,  hoard,  deposit,  lay 
up. 

TREAT,  feast,  banquet,  carousal, 
entertainment. 

To  TREAT  for,  or  about,  nego- 
tiate. 

TREATMENT,  usage ;  entertain- 
ment. 

TREMBLING,  tremor,  trepidation, 
shaking,  shivering,  quivering. 

TREMENDOUS,  dreadful,  frightful, 
terrible,  terrific,  horrid,  horri- 
ble. 

TREMOR.     See  TREMBLING. 

TREPIDATION,  agitation,  tremor, 
disturbance,  emotion,  trem- 
bling. 

TRESPASS,  offence,  transgression, 
misdemeanor,  misdeed. 

TRIAL,  experiment,  proof,  test ; 
attempt,  endeavor,  effort. 

TRIBUTE.     See  TAX. 

TRICK,  artifice,  stratagem,  wile, 
fraud,  cheat,  juggle,  finesse, 
sleight,  deception,  imposture, 
delusion,  imposition. 

TRIFLING,  trivial,  futile,  petty, 
frivolous,  unimportant,  incon- 
siderable, light,  slight,  worth- 
less. 

TRIP,  excursion,  ramble,  tour, 
jaunt. 

TRIVIAL.     See  TRIFLING. 

To  TROUBLE,  afflict,  distress,  ha- 
rass, perplex,  disturb,  molest. 

TROUBLES,  distress,  affliction,  ad- 
versity, calamity,  misfortune ; 
difficulties,  embarrassments, 
perplexities,  vexations,  anxie- 
ties, sorrow,  misery. 

TROUBLESOME,  vexatious,  perplex- 
ing, harassing,  annoying,  dis- 
gusting, disturbing,  irksome, 
afflictive. 


To  TRUCK,  exchange,  barter,  com- 
mute. 

TRUE,  sincere,  honest,  upright, 
plain. 

TRUST,  belief,  credit,  faith,  confi- 
dence ;  hope,  expectation. 

TRUSTY,  faithful. 

To  give  in  TRUST,  intrust,  com- 
mit, confide,  consign,  charge. 

TRUTH,  veracity,  honesty,  faith- 
fulness, fidelity. 

To  TRY,  attempt,  endeavor,  essay  ; 
tempt. 

To  TUG,  haul,  pull,  pluck,  hale. 

To  TUMBLE,  fall,  sink,  drop, 
droop. 

TUMID,  turgid,  bombastic. 

TUMULT,  uproar,  commotion, 
riot. 

TURBULENT,  tumultuous,  riotous, 
seditious,  mutinous. 

TURGID,  tumid,  bombastic. 

TURN,  gyration,  meander;  cast, 
bent,  character. 

To  TURN,  revolve,  circulate, 
whirl,  twirl,  wheel ;  bend, 
twist,  distort,  wring,  wrest,  con- 
tort. 

To  TWIST.     See  TURN. 

TYPE,  symbol,  figure,  emblem. 

TYRANNICAL,  absolute,  arbitrary, 
despotic,  imperious. 


ULTIMATE,  last,  latest,  final. 

UMPIRE,  arbiter,  arbitrator,  judge. 

UNANTICIPATED,  unexpected,  un- 
looked-for ;  sudden. 

UNAVOIDABLE,  not  to  be  avoided, 
inevitable. 

UNBELIEF,  disbelief;  infidelity, 
incredulity,  skepticism. 

UNBLEMISHED,  blameless,  spotless, 
unspotted,  irreproachable. 

UNBODIED,  incorporeal,  immate- 
rial, spiritual. 

UNBOUNDED,  boundless,  infinite, 
unlimited,  illimitable,  intermi- 
nable. 


UNG 


295 


UXS 


UNBURY,  disinter,  disentomb,  ex- 
hume, exhumate. 

UNCEASINGLY,  uninterruptedly, 
always,  constantly,  continually, 
perpetually,  ever. 

UNCERTAIN,  doubtful,  dubious, 
precarious ;  equivocal. 

UNCOMMON,  rare,  scarce,  unique, 
choice,  singular. 

UNCONCERN-ED,  indifferent,  regard- 
less. 

UNCONQUERABLE,  invincible,  insu- 
perable, insurmountable. 

UNCOUTH,  odd,  strange,  awk- 
ward, clumsy,  unhandy,  unpo- 
lite. 

To  UNCOVER,  discover,  strip,  de- 
nude. 

UNDAUNTED,  bold,  fearless,  intre- 
pid. 

UNDENIABLE,  indubitable,  indis- 
putable, incontrovertible,  un- 
questionable, irrefragable. 

UNDER,  below,  beneath,  subja- 
cent, lower. 

To  UNDERMIVE,  sap. 

To  UNDERSTAND,  comprehend, 
conceive,  apprehend. 

UNDERSTANDING,  intellect,  intelli- 
gence, faculty ;  comprehension, 
apprehension,  perception,  con- 
ception. 

UNDERTAKING,  enterprise,  attempt, 
engagement. 

UNDETERMINED,  unsettled,  un- 
steady, irresolute,  unresolved, 
hesitating,  doubtful,  fluctuat- 
ing, wavering. 

UNEXPECTED,  sudden,  unlocked 
for,  unanticipated. 

UNFAITHFUL,  perfidious,  treacher- 
ous: undutiful,  disloyal. 

UNFEELING,  insensible,  unsuscep- 
tible, callous,  obdurate. 

To  UNFOLD,  develop,  divulge,  un- 
ravel, expand. 

UNFRUITFULNESS,  barrenness,  ste- 
rility, aridity. 

UNGOVERNABLE,  unruly,  refracto- 
ry, obstreperous. 


UNHANDY,  awkward,  clumsy,  un- 
couth, untoward. 

UNHAPPY,  miserable,  wretched, 
distressed,  afflicted ;  untbrtus 
nate,  calamitous. 

UNIFORM,  equal,  even,  equable, 
alike. 

UNIMPORTANT,  insignificant,  im- 
material, inconsiderable,  trivial, 
trifling,  petty. 

UNINTERRUPTEDLY,  unceasingly, 
incessantly,  unintermitting. 

UNISON,  accordance,  agreement, 
harmony  ;  melody. 

To  UNITE,  join,  combine,  connect, 
coalesce. 

UNIVERSAL,  general. 

UNLEARNED,  illiterate,  unlettered, 
ignorant. 

UNLIKE,  dissimilar. 

UNLIMITED,  boundless,  unbound- 
ed, illimitable,  infinite. 

UNLOOKED-FOR,  unanticipated ; 
sudden. 

UNMERCIFUL,  merciless,  hard- 
hearted, cruel. 

UNOFFENDING,  inoffensive,  harm- 
less. 

UNQUESTIONABLE,  indubitable,  in- 
disputable, incontrovertible,  ir- 
refragable, undeniable. 

To  UNRAVEL,  unfold,  develop; 
disentangle,  extricate. 

UNRELENTING,  relentless,  impla- 
cable, inexorable. 

UNRULY,  ungovernable,  refracto- 
ry- 

UNSEARCHABLE,  inscrutable. 

To  UNSETTLE,  disconcert,  dis- 
compose, dis  rrange,  derange, 
displace,  ruffle,  disorder,  con- 
fuse. 

UNSETTLE,  undetermined,  un- 
steady, wavering. 

UNSPEAKABLE,  ineffable,  unutter- 
able, inexpressible. 

UNSPOTTED.     See  SPOTLESS. 

UNSTABLE,     infirm,     changeable, 
I      mutable,  wavering. 
!  UNSTEADY.     See  UNSETTLED. 


VAL 


296 


VEX 


UNSUSCEPTIBLE,  unfeeling,  insen- 
sible, hard,  callous. 

UNTIMELY,  premature,  inoppor- 
tune, unseasonable. 

UNTOWARD,  awkward;  uncouth; 
froward,  perverse. 

UNTRUTH,  falsehood,  falsity,  lie, 
mendacity. 

UNUTTERABLE.  See  UNSPEAKA- 
BLE. 

UNWILLING,  averse,  backward, 
loth,  reluctant. 

UNWORTHY,  worthless ;  mean, 
contemptible,  vile. 

To  UPBRAID,  blame,  reprove,  re- 
proach, censure,  condemn. 

UPRIGHTNESS,  rectitude,  integrity, 
probity,  honesty. 

UPROAR,  bustle,  tumult,  disturb- 
ance. 

URBANITY,  suavity,  affability, 
complaisance,  courtesy. 

To  URGE,  animate,  incite,  impel, 
instigate,  stimulate ;  encourage. 

URGENT,  pressing,  importunate. 

USAGE,  custom,  prescription ; 
treatment. 

USE,  usage,  practice,  habit ;  avail, 
advantage,  utility,  benefit,  ser- 
vice. 

USUALLY,  generally,  commonly. 

To  USURP,  arrogate,  assume,  ap- 
propriate. 

UTILITY,  advantage,  benefit,  ser- 
vice, avail,  use. 

To  UTTER,  speak,  articulate,  pro- 
nounce, express. 

UTTERED  by  the  mouth,  oral,  vo- 
cal, verbal. 


VACANCY,  vacuity,  chasm,  inani- 
ty- 

VACANT,  empty,  void,  devoid; 
idle. 

VACUITY.     See  VACANCY. 

VAGUE,  loose,  lax. 

VAIN,  idle,  fruitless,  ineffectual. 

VALE,  valley,  dale,  dingle,  dell. 


VALEDICTION,  farewell,  taking 
leave. 

VALOR,  bravery,  courage,  gal- 
lantry, boldness,  intrepidity ; 
fearlessness. 

VALUABLE,  precious,  costly,  esti- 
mable. 

VALUE,  worth,  rate,  price;  ac- 
count, estimation,  appreciation. 

To  VALUE,  compute,  rate,  calcu- 
late, appraise,  assess  ;  appre- 
ciate, estimate ;  esteem,  re- 
spect, regard,  prize. 

VANITY,  pride,  conceit. 

To  VANQUISH,  conquer,  subdue, 
surmount,  overcome. 

VARIABLE,  changeable,  fickle,  wa- 
vering, versatile,  unsteady. 

VARIATION,  change,  vicissitude, 
variety. 

VARIETY,  difference,  diversity, 
change,  medley. 

VARIOUS,  different,  divers,  seve- 
ral, sundry. 

To  VARNISH,  gloss,  palliate. 

To  VARY,  change,  alter;  differ, 
disagree,  dissent. 

VAST,  enormous,  huge,  im- 
mense. 

To  VAUNT,  glory,  boast,  brag. 

VAUNTING,  boasting,  ostentation, 
vain-glory,  parade. 

VEHEMENT,  ardent,  hot,  eager, 
firm,  passionate,  impetuous,  vi- 
olent. 

VEIL,  mask,  cloak,  blind,  cover- 
ing. 

I  VELOCITY,    quickness,    swiftness, 
j     fleetness,  celerity,  rapidity. 
[VENAL,  mercenary,  hireling. 

To  VENERATE,  adore,  revere,  re- 
verence. 

VENIAL,  pardonable. 

VENTURE,  hazard,  risk. 

VERACITY,  truth,  integrity. 

VERBAL,  vocal,  oral. 

VERGE,  border,  edge,  rim,  brim, 
brink,  margin. 

VESTIGE,  mark,  trace,  track. 

To    VEZ,    tease,    plague,    tanta- 


TIT 


297 


lize,  torment,  mortify,  chagrin,  \  VIVACIOUS, 


offend 

VEXATION,  chagrin,  mortification ; 
uneasiness,  trouble. 

VICE,  imperfection,  defect,  fault ; 
crime. 

VICINITY,  neighborhood. 

Vicious  corrupt,  depraved,  pro- 
fligate, wicked. 

VICISSITUDE,  change,  variation. 

VICTOR,  conqueror,  vanquisher. 

To  VIE,  contend,  strive. 

To  VIEW,  look,  see,  behold,  eye. 

VIEW,  survey,  prospect;  land- 
scape. 

VIGILANT,  watchful,  wakeful. 

VIGOR,  energy,  force,  strength, 
efficacy. 

VIGOROUS,  strong;  active,  agile, 
alert,  brisk,  nimble,  sedulous, 
dtlisent. 


WAR 

animated,       lively, 
sportive,     jocund, 


VILE,  base,  mean,  worthless,  des-  To  VOUCH,  obtest,  attest,  warrant ; 


picable,  wicked. 
To  VILIFY,  accuse  falsely,  asperse, 

calumniate,     defame,     detract, 

scandalize,  slander. 
To   VINDICATE,   defend,  protect; 

clear. 
VINDICTIVE,    resentful,    revenge- 

ful. 
To     VIOLATE,  '   infringe,     trans- 


gress;   inure; 
deflower. 


hurt;    ravish, 


VIOLENT,  forcible,  vehement,  bois- 
terous, turbulent,  furious,  im- 
petuous, passionate. 

VISAGE,  face,  countenance. 

VISIBLE,  apparent,  obvious,  clear, 
plain,  evident,  discernible,  ma- 
nifest, distinct. 

VISION,  apparition,  phantom, 
spectre,  ghost. 

VISIONARY,  imaginary,  fantasti- 
cal ;  enthusiast,  fanatic. 


sprightly, 
merry. 

VIVACITY,  life,  animation,  spirits, 
lightness,  volatility. 

VIVID,  clear,  lucid,  bright;  live- 
ly, quick,  sprightly,  active ; 
striking. 

VOCABULARY,  dictionary,  nomen- 
clature, lexicon,  glossary. 

VOCAL,  verbal,  oral. 

VOID,  empty,  vacant,  devoid. 

VOLATILITY,  lightness,  levity,  gid- 
diness, flightiness. 

VOLUNTARILY,  spontaneously,  wil- 
lingly, gratuitously. 

VOLUPTUARY,  sensualist,  epi- 
cure. 

VORACIOUS,  rapacious,  ravenous, 
greedy. 

VOTE,  suffrage,  voice. 


asseverate,  affirm,  aver,  protest, 
assure. 

VULGAR,  common,  ordinary,  mean, 
low. 

W 

WAGES,  stipend,  salary,  hire,  al- 
lowance, pay. 

WAKEFUL,  watchful,  vigilant,  ob- 
servant. 

WALK,  carriage,  gait. 
To  WALK  unsteadily,  stagger,  reel, 

totter. 

WAN,  pale,  pallid. 
To  WANDER,  stroll,  ramble,  rove, 

roam,  range. 
WANT,  poverty,  penury,  indigence, 

necessity,  need,  lack. 
WARE,   commodity,    goods,   mer- 
chandise. 

I  WARINESS,   caution,    circumspec- 

VISITVNT.  visiter,  guest.  tion,  scrupulousness  care. 

Io   VITIATE,    contaminate,  taint,  j  WARLIKE,   martial,  military,  sol- 
defile    pollute,  infect,  sophisti- '      dier-like. 
^te  '  WARM-HEARTED,  cordial,  sincere, 

VITIATED,  corrupt,  depraved,  de- 1      hearty, 
based,  wickedf  i  WARMTH,  fervency,  fervor,  ardor, 


298 


WON 


zeal,     cordiality;     vehemence,  WELCOME,  acceptable,   agreeable, 

heat ;  glow.  <      grateful. 

WARNING,    caution,    admonition,  WELL-BEING,  welfare,  prosperity, 

notice.  j      happiness. 

To   WARRANT,    answer  for,  gua-  WELFARE.      See    the    preceding 

ranty,  secure.  [      wurd. 

WARY,      cautious,     circumspect,  To  WELTER,  wallow. 


guarded,  watchful. 


To      WHEEDLE,      coax,      cajole, 


To  WASTE,  spend,  expend,  dissi-  fawn. 

pate  ;   squander,    consume,   la-  WHIM,  freak,  caprice. 

vish,  destroy.  WHIMSICAL,    capricious,  fanciful, 

WASTE,       devastation,       ravage,  fantastical. 

spoil,  desolation,  havoc,  destruc-  To  WHIRL,  twirl,  turn,  wheel,  re- 


turn ;      consumption, 
tion. 


dissipa- 


WASTEFUL,  profuse,  extravagant, 


volve,  circulate. 
To  WHITEN,  blanch,  bleach. 
WHOLE,    all;     entire,    complete, 


prodigal,  lavish. 
WATCHFUL,     vigilant,     attentive, 

cautious,     observant,     circum-j  WICKED,  unjust,  nefarious,  irreli- 


integral,  total,  undivided,  per- 
fect. 


spect,  wakeful. 
WATERY,  aqueous. 
WAVE,  billow,  surge,  breaker. 
To    WAVER,    hesitate,    fluctuate, 

scruple. 
WAY,     method,     system,     mode, 

means,  manner,  form,  fashion  ; 

road,  route,  course. 
WEAK,  feeble,  infirm,  enfeebled, 

debilitated,  enervated. 
WEAKNESS,      debility,      languor, 


gions,  profane,  impious. 

WICKED  in  a  high  degree,  atro- 
cious, heinous,  flagrant,  flagi- 
tious, villanous,  enormous, 
monstrous. 

WILLINGLY,  voluntarily,  sponta^ 
neously. 

To  WIN,  obtain,  gain,  procure, 
get,  earn. 

WILY,  subtle,  sly,  crafty,  cun- 
ning. 


feebleness,    infirmity,  imliecili-!  To  WIND,  turn,  whirl,  twirl. 

ty,  frailty,  impotence ;  failing,   WISDOM,     sapience,     knowledge ; 


foible. 

WEALTH,  riches,  opulence,  afflu- 
ence. 

WEARINESS,  lassitude,  fatigue. 
WEARISOME,  tiresome,  tedious,  fa- 


prudence. 

WISE,  sage  ;  sapient,  sagacious ; 
learned,  skilled  ;  judicious  ;  dis- 
creet, prudent. 

To  WISH,  desire,  long  for,  hanker 


tiguing,  troublesome,  annoying,       after. 

vexatious.  !WIT,   ingenuity;    humor,   satire, 

To  WEARY,  tire,  fatigue,  harass,       irony,  burlesque ;  contrivance, 

jade,  subdue  ;  vex,  annoy.  stratagem,  invention. 

WEDDING,  marriage,  nuptials.          To  WITHDRAW,  retreat,  retire,  re- 
WEDLOCK,  marriage,  matrimony.        cede,  retrograde,  go  back. 
WEEKLY,  hebdomadal.  j  To    WITHHOLD,    keep    back,    let, 

WEIGHT,  gravity,  heaviness,  pon- 1      hinder;  refrain,  forbear. 

derousness ;  burden,  load  ;  sig-  To    WITHSTAND,    oppose,    resist, 

nifi",ation,     avail,     importance,       thwart. 

consequence,  moment.  WITNESS,  deponent,  evidence. 

WEIGHTY,     heavy,     burdensome,  WOFUL,  piteous,  doleful,  rueful. 

ponderous;  onerous.  I  WONDER,  surprise,  astonishment 


WRE 


299 


ZEA 


admiration,  amazement ;  mira- 
cle, marvel,  prodigy. 

WOOER,  suitor,  lover. 

WORD,  term,  expression  ;  promise, 
argument. 

WORK,  employment,  occupation ; 
operation,  performance ;  toil, 
labor,  drudgery,  production. 

WORLDLY,  secular,  temporal. 

WORSE  (to  make),  impair,  deterio- 
rate ;  injure,  damage. 

To  WORSHIP,  adore,  revere ;  honor. 

WORTH,  desert,  merit ;  value,  ex- 
cellence ;  rate,  price. 

WORTHLESS,  unworthy,  valueless. 

WORTHY,  deserving,  meritorious, 
estimable. 

To  WRANGLE,  jangle,  jar. 

WRATH,  anger,  ire,  fury,  resent- 
ment, indignation. 

To  "\VRENCH,  wrest,  turn,  bend, 
twist,  distort. 


WRETCHED,  unhappy,  miserable. 
To  WRING.     See  WRENCH. 
WRITER,  penman,  scribe;  author. 
WRONG,  injury,  injustice. 


YEARLY,  annual. 

To  YIELD,  impart,  give,  communi- 
cate ;  produce ;  give  up,  com- 
ply, cede,  concede,  surrender; 
conform. 

YIELDING,  compliant,  submissive. 

YOUTH,  juvenility,  adolescence, 
puerility. 


ZEAL,  ardqrj  enthusiasm. 

ZEALOUS,  ardent,  earnest,  solicit- 
ous, anxiousi,  warm,  fervent, 
enthusiastic. 


INDEX. 


INTRODUCTION. 


PART  I. 


CLAS 


WORDS. 


CHAP.  I.     Words  of  different  orthography,  but  of  similar  orthoepy.  9 
"      II.     Words  of  similar  orthoepy,  but  of  different  orthography 

(17  classes) 19 

"    III.     Words  of  equivocal  signification,              ....  35 

"     IV.     Words, — colloquial  improprieties,             ....  44 

"       V.     Words,— Rule  of  Orthography, 46 


PART   II. 


CHAP.  I.     Derivation  and  composition             .... 
Prefixes,     
Suffixes,       

A. 

21.  Arbor—  arbor. 

1.  Acer  —  acid. 

22.   Arceo  —  coerce. 

2.  Ager  —  agrarian. 

23.  Ardeo  —  ardent. 

3.  Ago,  actum  —  act. 

24.  Arguo  —  argue. 

4.  Alienus  —  alien. 

25.  Anna—  arm. 

5.  Alo—  aliment. 

26.  Aro—  arable. 

6.  Alter  —  altercation. 

27.  Ars—  art. 

1.  Altus  —  altitude. 

28.  Artus—  article. 

8.  Ambulo—  amble. 

29.  Asper  —  asperity. 

9.  A  mo  —  amatory.         ^ 

30.  Audio—  audible. 

10.  Ampins  —  ample. 

31.  Augeo  —  augment. 

11.   Ango  —  anger. 

32.  Avis  —  aiiary. 

12.  Aogulus  —  angle. 

13.  Animus—  animal. 

B. 

11.  Annus  —  annual. 

33.  Bacchus  —  bacchanal. 

lo.   Annulus  —  annular. 

34.  Beatus  —  beatific. 

16.  Antiquus  —  antiquary. 

35.   Bellum  —  belligerent. 

17.  Aperio  —  aperient. 

36.   Bibo—  bibber. 

18.  Apto—  apt. 

37.  Bis—  binary. 

19.  Aqua—  aquatic. 

38.  Bonus  —  bounty. 

20.  Arbiter  —  arbiter. 

39.   Brevis—  brevity. 

48 
50 

52 
55-169 


(300) 


COR 


301 


MTt 


c. 

90.  Costa  —  coast. 

40.  Cado  —  cadence. 

91.  Cras—  procrastinate. 

41.  Caedo  —  excision. 

92.  Credo—  credit. 

42.  Caleo—  ca/ta1. 

93.  Creo  —  create. 

43.  Calx—  calx. 

94.   Crepo  —  crepitation. 

44.  Candeo—  candle. 

95.   Cresco—  cretcent. 

45.  Canis  —  canine. 

96.   Crimen  —  crime. 

46.  Cano  —  chant. 

97.  Crudus  —  crude. 

47.  Capio—  capable. 
48.  Caput  —  capital. 
49.  Career  —  incarcerate. 
50.  Caro—  carnal. 

98.  Crux  —  cro««. 
99.  Cubo  —  cumber. 
100.  Culpn-culpablt. 
101.  Cumulus  —  cumulative. 

51.  Carpo  —  carp. 
52.  Castigo  —  castigate. 
53.  Catena  —  catenarian. 

102.  Cura—  cure. 
103.  Curro  —  current. 
104.  Curvus  —  ««rc«. 

54.  Causa  —  cause. 

105.  Custos  —  custody. 

55.  Caveo  —  caution. 

106.  Cutis  —  cutaneous. 

56.  Cavus  —  cave. 

D. 

57.  Cedo—  cede. 
58.  Ccleber  —  celebrate. 

107.  Damnum  —  damage. 
108.  Debeo—  debt. 

59.   Celer—  celerity. 
60.  Cella—  ce«ar. 

109.  Decem—  decimal. 
110.  Decet  —  decent. 

61.  Celo—  conceal 

111.  Dens—  dental. 

62.  Caelum  —  celestial. 

112.  Census—  dense.        « 

63.  Censeo  —  censor. 

113.  Deterior—  deteriorate. 

64.  Centum—  cent.                _ 
65.  Cerno  —  certain. 
66.   Certo  —  eoncert. 

114.  Deus—  deity. 
115.  Dexter—  dexterity. 
116.  Dice—  dedicate. 

67.  Certo  —  certain. 

117.  Dico  —  diction. 

68.  Cieo  —  ci'te. 

118.  Dies—  diary. 

69.  Cingo—  cincture. 
70.   Cinis  —  cinder. 

119.  Digitus—  digit. 
120.  Dignus  —  dignity. 

71.  Circus  —  ci'rc/e. 

121.  Dimidium  —  demigod. 

72.  Civis  —  civic. 
73.  Clam  —  clandestine. 

122.  Disco—  disciple. 
123.  Divide—  rfu-iaV. 

74.  Clamo—  clamor. 

124.  Do—  a\mor. 

75.   Claras  —  clarion. 

125.  Doceo—  doctor. 

76.  Classis  —  c/a««. 
77.  Claudo  —  close. 

126.  Doleo—  do/e/uf. 
127.  Dominus  —  dominion. 

78.  Clemens  —  clement. 

128.  Domo—  indomitable. 

79.  Clino—  tncZ.ne. 

129.  Domus  —  rfome. 

80.  Clivus  —  acclivity. 

130.  Dormio—  dormant. 

81.  Codex—  code. 

131.  Dorsum—  dorsal. 

82.   Colo  —  colnny. 

132.  Dubious  —  dubious. 

83.  Comes  —  comity. 

133.  Duco  —  t/iict 

84.  Concilium  —  council. 

134.  Duo—  dual. 

85.  Coquo  —  concoct. 

135.  Durus—  durable. 

86.  Cor—  core. 

87.  Cornu  —  corneow*. 

. 

88.  Corona  —  crown. 

136.  Ebrius—  e&nVty. 

89.   Corpus  —  corporate. 

137.  Ades-edijice. 

FOL 


IXF 


138.  Edo  —  edible. 

187.  Forma—  /orm. 

139.   Ego  —  egotism. 

188.  Fors—  fortune. 

140.   Emo  —  exempt. 

189.  Fortis—  fortitude. 

141.   ^mulus  —  emulation. 

190.  Fossa—  /o«»e. 

142.  Eo—  exit. 

191.  Fractum—  fracture. 

143.  Equus  —  equestrian. 

192.  Frater—  fraternal. 

144.  .Slquus  —  equal. 

193.  Fraus—  /ranrf. 

145.    Erro  —  err. 

194.  Frigus-//-^. 

146.  .Slstimo  —  estimate. 

195.  Frons  —  -front. 

147.  JSvum  —  coeval. 

196.  Fruor—  //•»!>  i'f>ii. 

148.  Exemplum  —  example. 

197.  Fugio  —  fugacious. 

149.  Exterus  —  exterior. 

198.  Fulgeo—  /HfyeHcy. 

199.  Fumus  —  fume. 

. 

200.  Fusum—  /u«e. 

150.  Faber—  fabric. 

201.  Fundus  —  foundation. 

151.  Facies—  /ace. 

152.  Facio—  /act. 

G. 

153.  Fallo-  false. 

202.  Geln—  sreZi'rf. 

154.  Fama  —  fame. 

203.  Gestum  —  gesture. 

155.  Fames  —  famine. 

204.  Genitum  —  genius. 

156.  Familia—  /a»,%. 

205.  Gladius  —  gladiator. 

157.  Fanum  —  fane. 

206.  Glutio—  gr/itf. 

158.  Fatus—  /ate. 

207.  Gradior  —  gradation. 

159.  Farina—  /a/-i'nac»OH». 

208.  Grandis  —  grand. 

160.  Fessus  —  confess. 

209.   Granum  —  ^i-afn. 

161.  Febris—  /eeer. 

210.  Gratus  —  grateful. 

162.  Foedus—  -federal. 

211.  Gravis  —  grave. 

163.  Felix—  felicity. 

212.  Gregis  —  gregarious. 

164.  Femina—  feminine. 

213.  Gubernator  —  gubernatorial. 

165.  Fendo—  /e»rf. 

214.  Gusto  —  </««(. 

166.  Fera—  yierce. 

H. 

167.   Fero—  /erry. 

215.  Habeo—  have. 

168.  Ferrum  —  ferruginous. 

216.  Haero—  adAere. 

169.  Ferveo—  fervor. 
170.  Festus  —  festal. 

217.  Hseres  —  heritage. 
218.  Halo—  exhale. 

171    Fido—  fidelity. 
172.  Fixum—  y«. 

219.  Haustum  —  eorAau**. 
220.  Homo  human. 

173.  Filius-  ;/ZHol. 

221.  Honor  honor 

174.  Filum-;  filament. 
175.  Fictum—  fiction. 
176    Finis  finish 

222.  Hortus  —  horticulture. 
223.  Hospes—  hospitable. 

177.  Firmus  —  ,/irm. 

224.  Hostis  —  Ao*f. 
225.  Humus  —  inhume. 

178.  Fiscus—  /i»caf. 

179.  Flagro—;  flagrant. 

I. 

180.  Flamma—  _/?ame. 

226.  Idem  —  identity. 

181.  Flecto—  flexion. 

227.   Ignis  —  ignite. 

182.  Fligo  —  aj^ict. 

228.  Imago  —  image. 

183.  Flatum—  afflatus. 

229.   Impero  —  imperative. 

184.  Flos—  /omi. 

230.   Inanus  —  inanity. 

185.  Fluxum—  /ujr. 

231.  Index—  indicate. 

186.  Folium—  foliage. 

232.  laferus  —  inferior. 

MAO 


SOS 


233.  Insula — insular. 

234.  Integer — integral. 

235.  Intus — interior. 

236.  Ira— ire. 

237.  Iter—  itinerant. 

J. 

23S.  Jaceo— jacent. 

239.  Jaceo—; jaculatum. 

2  tO.  Jocus — joke. 

211.  Judico— judicatory. 

212.  Jungo — junction. 
243.  Juro—jury. 

214.  Jas—jatl. 

215.  Juvenis — juvenile. 


216.  Labor—  laborious. 

217.  Lapsus—  JCT/JOC. 

218.  Lapidus — lapidary. 

219.  Latus— latitude. 

250.  Lateris— lateral. 

251.  Laus— laiirf. 

252.  Lego — legate. 

253.  Lectum — lecture. 

254.  Lenis— lenient. 

255.  Levis— Jet-ify. 

256.  Legis — legal. 

257.  Liber— liberal. 

258.  Libri— library. 

259.  Libro — deliberate. 

260.  Licet— iiceiue. 

261.  Ligo — ligament. 

262.  Limen — eliminate. 

263.  Lingua — language. 

264.  Linquo — delinquent. 

265.  Linum — linen. 

266.  Litis — litigation. 

267.  Litera— literature. 

268.  Locus— /oca/. 

269.  Longus — long. 

270.  Loquor — loquacity. 

271.  Lucrum — lucre. 

272.  Luctor — reluctate. 

273.  Ludo — ludicrous. 

274.  Luna — lunar. 

275.  Lutum— ablution. 

276.  Lucis — lucid. 

M. 

277.  Magister — ma^rutrate. 

278.  Magnus — magnitude. 

20 


279.  Mains— malice. 

280.  Mando— mandate. 

281.  Mansum — mannion. 
232.  Manus— manual. 
283.  Mare — mnrtne. 
281.  Mater—  maternal. 

285.  Maturus — mature. 

286.  Medeor — medicine. 

287.  Medius— met/inn. 

288.  Mel— mellifluous. 

289.  Melior— ameliorate. 

290.  Memini — memory. 

291.  Mens— mental. 

292.  Mergo — me/v/e. 

293.  Mercis— commerce. 
291.  Metior— we/e. 

295.  Migro — migration. 

296.  Miles— m/lilia. 

297.  Mille— /»iYle««Hi»ni. 

298.  Mineo — imminent. 

299.  Minister— miuiitry. 

300.  Minor — minority. 

301.  Mirus— Miracle. 

302.  Mixtum — mir. 

303.  Miser — misery. 

304.  Mitis— mitigate. 

305.  Missum — minion, 

306.  Modus— morfe. 

307.  Molior— mole. 

308.  Mollis—  mollify. 

309.  Moneo — monitor. 

310.  Mons— mount. 

311.  Monstro— mounter. 

312.  Morbus— morbid. 

313.  Mordeo— mordant. 

314.  Mors — mortal. 

315.  Moi— moral 

316.  Moveo — moce. 

317.  Multus—  multitude. 

318.  Mundus— munrf«»e. 

319.  Munis — animuni'n'oif. 

320.  Munus— municipal. 

321.  Murus— mural. 

322.  Musa — muse. 

323.  Muta— mutable. 

N. 

324.  Nascor — nascent. 

325.  Xato— itatawt. 

326.  Navis— nai^. 
827.  N«*t 


PEX 


304 


QUA 


328.  Nego  —  negation. 

375.  Pene  —  penult. 

329.  Negotium  —  negotiate. 

376.  Poena  —  pent//. 

330.  Neuter  —  neutral. 

377.  Penitus  —  penetrate. 

331.  Xihil—  nihiliiy. 

378.  Penna—  pen. 

332.  Xoceo  —  nocent. 

379.  Persona  —  person. 

S33.  Xorma  —  normal. 

380.  Pes,  pedis—  pedal. 

334.  Notum—  note. 

381.   Peto—  petition. 

335.  Xovus  —  novel. 

3S2.  Pilo—  compile. 

336.  Xoctis  —  nocturnal. 

383.  Pingo,  pictum—  picture. 

337.  Nuptum  —  nuptials. 

384.  Pio,  piatuin  —  expiate. 

338.  Nudus—  nudity. 

385.  Piscis—  piscatory. 

339.  Nullus—  nullify. 

386.  Placeo—  pfacu/. 

340.  Numerus  —  numeration. 

387.  Planta  —  ptant. 

341.  Xuncio—  ewunciafe.                           !      388.  Plantis—  plane. 

389.  Plaudo—  plaudit. 

0. 

390.  Plebs—  plebeian. 

342.  Ocnlus—  ocular. 

391.   Pleo—  ptomry. 

343.  Odi  —  odious. 

392.  Plico  —  accomplice. 

344.  Oleo  —  olfactory. 

393.  Ploro  —  deplore. 

345.  Omnis  —  omnipotent. 

394.  Plumbum—  plumb. 

346.   Onus  —  onerous. 

395.  Plus,  pluris—  p/uraf. 

347.  Opinor  —  opine. 

396.  Polio—  po?i»A. 

348.  Opto  —  option. 

397.  Pomum  —  pomace. 

349.   Opus  —  operate. 

398.  Pondus—  pound. 

350.  Orbis—  or&. 

399.  Pono,  positum—  position. 

351.  Ordo—  order. 

400.  Populus  —  people. 

352.   Orior  —  orient. 

401.  Porta—  portal. 

353.  Orno—  orncrfe. 

402.  Porto—  porter. 

354.  Oro  —  orn/or. 

403.  Possum  —  possible. 

355.  Os  —  ossify. 

404.  Posterus  —  posterior 

356.  Ovum  —  oval. 

405.  Postulo  —  postulate. 

406.  Poto—  pofi'oii. 

P. 

407.  Precor,  precatus  —  rfeprecc 

357.  Pagus  —  pagan. 

408.  Pra?da—  predatory. 

358.  Pando  —  expand. 

409.  Prehendo  —  apprehend. 

359.  Pango,  pactum—  compact. 

410.  Premo,  pressum—  prew. 

360.  Pallium—  pall. 

411.  Pretium—  price. 

361.  Par  —  parity. 

412.  Primus—  prime. 

362.  Pareo  —  apparent. 

413.  Privus—  private. 

363.  Pario—  parent. 

414.  Probo—  probity. 

364.  Paro,  paratum  —  apparatus. 

415.  Prope  —  propinquity. 

365.  Pars  —  part. 

416.   Proprius  —  appropriate. 

306.  Pasco,  pastum  —  pastor. 

417.  Puer—  puerile. 

367.  Pater—  paternal. 

418.  Pugnus  —  pugnacious. 

368.  Patior—  patience. 

419.  Pulvis—  pulverise. 

369.  Pax,  pacis  —  peace. 

420.   Pungo  —  pungent. 

370.  Pecco  —  peccable. 

421.  Punio—  punish. 

371.  Pectus—  pectoral. 

422.  Puto—  compute. 

372.  Pecus—  peculate. 

373.  Pello,  pnlsum  —  puke. 

Q. 

374.  Pendeo—  pendent. 

i23.  Qualis  —  quality. 

SEC 


305 


SUM 


424.  Quantns—  quantity. 

471.  Seculum—  «eci<;«r. 

425.  Quatio,  quassum  —  quash. 

472.  Sedeo—  sedentary. 

426.  Quatuor  —  quart. 

473.  Semen,  Seminis—  seminal. 

427.  Queror  —  quarrel. 

474.  Semi  —  semi-annual. 

428.  Quaere—  quest. 

475.  Senex,  senior  —  senile. 

429.  Quies  —  quiet. 

476.  Sentio  —  sentiment. 

430.  Quinque  —  quintuple. 

477.  Sepelio,  sepultuin  —  sepulture. 

431.  Quot—  quota. 

478.  Septem  —  September. 

R. 

479.  Sequor—  segue*. 

480.  Sero—  »erte«. 

432.  Rabies—  rabid. 

481.  Serpo  —  serpent. 

433.  Radius  —  radiate. 

482.  Serra  —  serrate. 

434.  Radix—  radical. 

483.  Servo  —  «erte. 

435.  Rado  —  abrade. 

484.  Severus  —  severe. 

436.  Ramus  —  ramify. 

485.  Sex  —  sextant. 

437.  Rapid  —  rapine. 

486.  Sidus—  «trfereaJ. 

438.  Rego—  mjraJ. 

487.  Signum—  sign. 

439.  Reor,  ratus  —  rate. 

488.  Similis—  similar. 

440.  Repo  —  reptile. 

489.  Sinister—  «nw««r. 

441.  Res—  real. 

490.  Sinus—  tinuotity. 

442.  Rideo—  r/rf/cufe. 

491.  Sto,  statum—  «ta«e. 

443.  Rigeo—  riyie/. 

492.  Socius  —  sociable. 

444.  Rigo  —  irrigate. 

493.  Sol—  War. 

445.  Rivus—  rtff«i/cf. 

494.  Solidus—  »olid. 

446.  Robur  —  robtiit. 

495.  Solor—  console. 

447.  Rogo,  rogatuin  —  abrogate. 

496.  Solus—  We. 

448.  Rota  —  rotary. 

497.  Solve—  solve. 

449.  Rudis—  rack. 

498.  Somnus  —  somnific. 

450.  Ruga  —  corrugate. 

499.  Sonus  —  «ounrf. 

451.  Rumpo,  ruptum  —  rupture. 

500.  Sopor—  soporific. 

452.  Rus,  ruris  —  rural. 

501.  Sors—  «or(. 

*-../.  '    .>:• 

502.  Spargo,  sparsum  —  sparse. 

S. 

503.  Spatium  —  space. 

453.  Sacer  —  sacred. 

504.  Specio,  spectum—  aspect. 

454.  Sagus  —  *«</«. 

505.  Spero  —  despair. 

455.  Sal,  sails  -salad. 

506.  Spiro—  *pi>i'<. 

456.  Salio—  assail. 

507.  Splendeo—  splendid. 

457.  Salus—  salutary. 

608.  Spondeo,  gponsum—  tpoiuor. 

458.  Sancio,  sanctum  —  taint. 

509.  Stella—  •fettar. 

459.  Sanguis  —  sanguinary. 

510.  Sterno  —  conttenation. 

460.  Sanus—  sane. 

511.  Stilla—  in«fi7. 

461.  Sapio  —  sapient. 

512.  Stipo  —  count/pate. 

462.  Sapo,  saponis  —  saponaceous. 
463.  Satis  —  satiate. 

513.  Stirps—  extirpate. 
514.  Stringo,  strietmn—  »/nVr. 

464.  Scala—  scale. 

515.  Struo,  structum—  »/ruc<ure. 

465.  Scando  —  scan. 

516.  Suadeo,  suasum—  persuade. 

466.  Scindo—  exscind. 

517.  Suavis  —  suavity. 

467.  Scio—  «ct'e«ce. 

518.  Sudo—  exude. 

468.  Scribo—  »cr»6e. 

519.  Sui—  suicide. 

469.  Scrutor  —  scrutiny. 

520.  Sum,  esse—  essenee. 

470.  Seeo  —  secant. 

521.  SUMO—  ««fi<me. 

UXD 


306 


VUL 


522.  Super — superior. 
623.  Surge— surge. 

T. 

524.  Taberna — tabernacle. 

525.  Taceo— fecit. 

526.  Tango — tangent. 

527.  Tego — tegument. 

528.  Tempus — temporal. 

529.  Tendo—  tend. 

530.  Teneo — tenure. 

531.  Tento— tentatiee. 

532.  Tenuis— fenuou«. 

533.  Tergo,  tersum — terse. 

534.  Terminus — term. 

535.  Tero,  tritum— trite. 

536.  Terra — terrene. 

537.  Terreo— <er;w. 
533.  Testis — testify. 

539.  Texo— /ear*. 

540.  Timeo — timid. 

541.  Tingo — tinge. 

542.  Tollo— e*<oJ. 

543.  Torpeo — torpid. 

544.  Torqueo— torture. 

545.  Totus — total. 

546.  Trado — tradition. 
5-47.  Traho,  tractum — (roe*. 

548.  Tremo— tremble. 

549.  Tres— treble. 

550.  Tribuo — tribute. 

551.  Trudo — intrude. 

552.  Tuber— <«6ercfe. 

553.  Tueor — intuition. 

554.  Tumeo — tumid. 

555.  Tundo,  tusum — obtuse. 

556.  Turba — turbid. 

557.  Turgeo — turgid. 

558.  Turris— tarref. 

U. 

559.  Ultimus — ultimate. 

560.  Umbra — umbrage. 

561.  Unda— 


562. 
563. 
564. 
565. 
566. 
567. 
568. 
569. 
570. 
571. 
572. 
573. 
574. 
575. 
576. 
577. 
578. 
579. 
580. 
581. 
582. 
583. 
584. 
585. 
586. 
587. 
588. 
589. 
590. 
591. 
592. 
593. 
594. 
595. 
596. 
597. 
598. 
599. 
600. 
601. 
602. 
603. 
604. 


Unguo — unguen  t. 

Unus — unity. 

Utor,  usus — use. 

Vado — evade. 

Vagus — rajary. 

Valeo — valid. 

Veho — vehicle. 

Velio,  vulsum—  avulsion. 

Velo—veil. 

Vendo — vend. 

Venio — event. 

Venter — ventricle. 

Ventus — vent. 

Verbum — verbal. 

Vereor — revere. 

Vergo — verge. 

Vermis — vermin. 

Verto — advert. 

Verus — verity. 

Vestigium — vestige 

Vestis — venture. 

Vetus— veteran. 

Via— deviate. 

Viscis — vicar. 

Video,  visum — vision. 

Yigeo— riVjror. 

Vinco — convince. 

Vindex— vindicate. 

Vinum — cine. 

Vir — virile. 

Viris— virulent. 

Vito — inevitable. 

Vitmm — vitreous. 

Vivo — vivacity. 

Voco — vocal. 

Volo — volatile. 

Volo — voluntary. 

Volupta — voluptuous. 

Volvo— ecolve. 

Voro — voracity. 

Voveo — avow. 

Vulgus — vulgar. 

Vulnus — vu  Inerable. 


KAI 


307 


AIT 


CHAP.  III.    WORDS  DERIVED  FBOM  THE  GREEK 
GREEK  ALPHABET. 


Pp.  169-200. 


A. 

1.  Academin,  axa^fiia — academy. 

2.  Achos,  axof — ache. 

3.  Akme,  aur/iij — acme. 

4.  Akouo,  OKO  o — acoustic. 

5.  Akron,  axpov — acropolis. 

6.  Adelpbos,  a&X^oj — adelphic. 

7.  Aer,  arip — air. 

8.  Ago,  ayeo — demagogue. 

9.  Agon,  aywv — agony. 

10.  Algos,  aXyo,- — cephalalgy. 

11.  Allaxis,  aXXafij — parallax. 

12.  Alpha,  aX^a — alphabet. 

13.  Anemos,  avcfto; — anemometer. 

14.  Aner,  avnp,  avcpo; — android. 

15.  Angello,  ayysXXu — angel. 

16.  Anthos,  avOo;— anthology. 

17.  Anthropos,  avflpawoj — misanthrope. 

18.  Arche,  apx>7 — anarchy. 

19.  Arktos,  ap<rro; — arctic. 

20.  Argos,  apyo; — lethargy. 

21.  Aristos,  apioroj — aristocracy. 

22.  Arithmos,  api9^oj— arithmetic. 

23.  Aroma,  apupa — aromatic. 
21.  Askeo,  ao-ircu — ascetic. 

25.  Astron,  atrrpov — astral. 

26.  Atblos,  a9Xoj- -aiAtew;. 

27.  Atmos,  ar/ioj — atmosphere. 

28.  Aulos,  auXoj — hydraulic. 

29.  Autos,  OUTOJ — autocrat. 


30.  Ballo,  0a\\u— emblem. 

3 1 .  Baptizo,  ffairrilu) — baptize. 

32.  Basis,  /?<uri»- — boae. 

33.  Baros,  /3apo; — barometer. 

34.  Beta,  /fera— alphabet. 

35.  Biblos,  /Jt/3\of— bible. 

36.  Bios,  /?ioj — biology. 

37.  Botane,  /Joravij — botany. 

38.  Boucolos,  /?ou*oXoj — bucolic. 

C. 

39.  Kakos,  (rairoj — cacophony. 

40.  Kalupto,  *oXwm> — apocalypse. 

41.  Kanon,  racuv — canontca/. 

42.  Kaio,  «ai&>,  <fai'<ra) — caiwti'e. 


43.  Eardia,  taptia— cardiac. 

44.  Kentron,  «vrpov — e«n(re. 

45.  Kephale,  «0aX.i — cephalic. 

46.  Keras,  «paj — monoceros. 

47.  Chaos,  X<H>I — cAaoa. 

48.  Charis,  Xapif,  \aptrof — charity. 

49.  Cheir,  xtip — chiroyraphy. 

50.  Chole,  X"Xi7— cAo/er. 

51.  Choreo.  Xupwo — anchorite. 

52.  Christos,  v<n-°i—  CAn»(. 

53.  Chroma,  xpo>/ia — cAromaM'c. 

54.  Chronos,  xpov<n — chronic. 

55.  Chrusos,  xpwn* — chrysolite. 

56.  Konche,  iroj'X'J — conch. 

57.  Kopto,  «rojira) — syncopate. 

58.  Kosmos,  «xr/»of — cosmogony. 

59.  Kranion,  tepaunov — cranium. 

60.  Kratos,  ncpart^ — democracy. 

61.  Krites,  xpirtK — critic. 

62.  Krupto,  xpvxra—cryptogamy. 

63.  Kuklos,  *v*\os— cycle. 

64.  Kuon,  KUUV — cynical. 

65.  Kustis,  *ucrr«f — cy*(. 

D. 

66.  Deka,  Itxa— decalogue. 

67.  Demos,  <5^oj — democracy. 
38.  Despotes,  <Jf<nrorj)j — dcupot. 

69.  Didasco,  Mavicu— didactic. 

70.  Doxa,  A»fa — doxoloyy. 

71.  Drama,  e'p"/"1 — drama. 

72.  Dromos,  f'p0/'0* — dromedary. 

73.  Dunatnis,  Joi-a/iif— dynasty. 

74.  Dus,  Jt-j — dyspepsy. 


75.  Oikos,  »«rof — economy. 

76.  Hedro,  l^a—sauhedrim. 

77.  Hegesis,  >jy»jo<s — exegesis. 

78.  Euieo,  c/iiai — emetic. 

79.  Entera,  tvrcpa — entrails. 

30.  Entomus,  tvropof — tntomolooy. 

81.  Epos,  nroj — */>j'c. 

82.  Eretnos,  tpq/io; — eremite. 
S3.  Ergon,  rpyoy — energy. 

84.  Eso,  «r(J — esotery. 

85.  Aither, 


LET 


PAT 


86  Ethos,  eOof — ethics. 

87.  Ethnos,  «(?K>{ — ethnology. 

88.  Etumon,  trvpov — etymology. 

89.  Eu,  £u — eulogy. 

G. 

90.  Galax,  yaXaf — galaxy. 

91.  Gameo,  ya/<£(j — bigamy. 

92.  Gaster,  yaarrip- — gastric. 

93.  Ge,  yij — geology. 

94.  Gennao,  ysi/cacu — genesis. 

95.  Glotta,  yX&jrra — glottis. 
96     Glupho,  y\wt>o>— glyph. 

97.  Gnome,  yvwfin — gnostics. 

98.  Gonia,  yuvia — goniometer. 

99.  Grapho,  ypafyia — graphic. 

100.  Gumnos,  yu/tvoj — gymnasium. 

101.  Gune,  ywi? — gynarchy. 

102.  Guros,  yupoj — sr^/'ai. 

H. 

103.  Hebdomos,  !/?&/io{ — hebdomad. 

104.  Hekaton,  «<zroi> — hecatomb. 
105    Helios,  f,\,os— heliacal. 

106.  Hellen,  i\\cv—hellenic. 

107.  Haima,  a</<a — hemorrhage. 

108.  Hemera,  »j/zrpa — ephemeral. 

109.  Hemi,  ^—hemisphere. 

110.  Hepta,  i-xTa— heptagon. 

111.  Heteros,  ertpoj — heterodox. 

112.  Hex,  ^— hexagon. 

113.  Hippos,  imrof — hippodrome. 

114.  Hieros,  trpoj — hierarchy. 

115.  Homilos,  6/iiXoj — homily. 

116.  Homos,  fyjof— homogeneous. 

117.  Hora,  o>p<z — horal. 

118.  Horizo,  opijcu — horizon. 

119.  Hudor,  ™5cjp — fyra. 

I. 

120.  Ichthus,  ix6uj — ichthyology. 

121.  Idios,  i&oj — idi'om. 

122.  Idos,  etlos— cycloid. 

123.  Isos,  «<roj — isosceles. 


124.  Laos,  \ao<— laity. 

125.  Lethe,  \i6i-lethean. 


126.  Lexis,  X«f<j — lexicon. 

127.  Lithos,  Xetfoj — lithography. 

128.  Logos,  Xoyoj — ^j'e. 

129.  Lusis,  Xwrif — paralysis. 


130.  Machomai,  pa\opai — monornacJiy. 

131.  Manteia,  pavrtta — necromancy. 

132.  Martur,  fiaprvp — martyr. 

133.  Mathema,  /ja9^a— mathematics. 

134.  Mechanao,  /.jj^oyao)— mecAa/u'sm. 

135.  Melos,  tit\o;—mel'jdy. 

136.  Meteoros,  //Ertupoj — meteor. 

137.  Metron,  ^trpov — metre. 

138.  Mikros,  /iiifpoj — microscope. 

139.  Misos,  /iicttj — misanthropy. 

140.  Mneme,  ^mtl— mnemonics. 

141.  Mono?,  fcovoj — monad. 

142.  Morphe,  ^op0ij — amorphous. 

143.  Muthos,  //uft)f — mythic. 

N. 

144.  Jsarke,  vapirj; — narcotic. 

145.  Naus,  vayj — nausea. 

146.  Neos,  vroj— neology. 

147.  Nesos,  V7,<ros—peloponnesu8. 

148.  Neuron,  vtrpov — neurology. 

149.  Notnos,  V9//OJ — anomaly. 

150.  Nosos,  wxTOf — nosology. 

0. 

151.  Ode,  atn—ode. 

152.  Odos,  Woj — exodus. 

153.  Odous,  o<5oxn>j — odontalgy. 

154.  Suffix  oirf. 

155.  Oligos,  oXiyof — oligarchy. 

156.  Onoma,  ovona—n»oi>ymous. 

157.  Optomai,  (mro/iai — optic*. 

158.  Orama,  opafia-. — diorama. 

159.  Ornis,  opviOo; — ornithology. 

160.  Orthos,  o/300f — orthodox. 

161.  Osteon,  oarrov — osteology. 

162.  Oxus,  o£uj— oxyd. 

P. 

163.  Paideia,  irai&tta— pedant. 

164.  Pan,  ?rai/,  jravroj — panacea. 

165.  Pathos,  ;ra6oj — pathetic. 


SAR 


309 


ZOO 


166.  Pente,  swre—  pentagon. 

197.  Skeptomai,  oxnmipai  —  skeptic. 

167.   Pepto,  Trcjrro)  —  peptic. 

198.  Schisma,  o*iff/*a—  «cAi>m. 

168.   Petition,  ntra\ov—  petaL 

199.  Schole,  <r.xoXt/,  school. 

1  09.   Petra,  «rpa—  petrify. 

200.  Skopeo,  (ntoirtu  —  «c»p«. 

170.   Ph.ago,  0aXw  —  esophagus. 

201.   Sitos,  c«rOf  —  parasite. 

171.   Phaino,  ipatvw  —  phase. 

202.  Sophia,  oo^ia  —  sophism. 

172.   Phiirtnakon,  (pappaKov  —  pharmacy. 

203.   Spao,  oiraw  —  spasmodic. 

17X  Pheuii,  ^/ii—  blaspheme. 

204.  Stalls,  <minj  —  system. 

174.  Phero,  0tp&)  —  metaphor. 

205.  Stello,  <r«XX«j  —  apostle. 

175.   Philos,  <t>i\o{—  philanthropy. 

206.  Stenos,  awor  —  stenographer. 

170.   Phone,  ^tuv/?  —  phonology. 

207.  Stereos,  crtptoj  —  stereometry. 

177.  Phos,  <p<a;—2>hosphate. 

208.  Stikos,  (rnxoj  —  acrcMftc. 

178.  Phrazo  —  cjoaijco  —  phrase. 

209.  Strophe,  jrp»^if  —  apostrophe. 

179.   Phren,  Qpv.v—phrenzy. 

180.   Phusis,  0ixrif  —  physics. 

T'  • 

181.   Peirao,  vtipaw  —  empiric. 

. 

182.  Plane,  *\avn—  planet. 

210.  Tapho?,  ro^of  —  epitaph. 

18:5.   Plasso,  »Xa<T<TOj—  plastic. 

211.  Taxis,  Tafij  —  tactics. 

184.   Pneo,  iwa>  —  pneumatics. 
185.   Polemos,  ir»X£/i3;  —  polemic. 

212.  Techno,  «X"j  —  technical. 
2i:i.  Tessares,  rtraaptf  —  tesselated. 

186.   Polen,  n-coXcu  —  monopoly. 
187.  Polls,  n\tf—  police. 
188.   Polus,  woXuf—  polygon. 
189.   Potamos,  irora^o;—  hippopotamus. 
190.   Pous,  irony,  iro&f  —  antipode. 

214.  Theoinai,  S»/«at  —  theatre. 
215.  Thesis,  0wif  —  thesis. 
216.  Theos,  Ocas—  theism. 
217.  Tome,  TO/IJJ  —  tome. 
218.  Tonos,  r»vof  —  tone. 

191.   Prasso,  irpajcu  —  practice. 
192.  Pro  top,  jrpurof  —  protocol. 
193.  Psuche,  i//i'^i  —  psychology. 
194.  Pur,  vvf—pyre. 

219.  Topos,  r»7roj  —  topic. 
220.  Treis,  rptif  —  <Ar««. 
221.   Tropon,  rp^roj—  trope. 
222.  Tupos,  rwr«f  —  type. 

R. 

X. 

195.  Rheo,  ^tw—  rfiarrAoea. 

223.  Xulon,  (»X»v—  xylography. 

S. 

Z. 

196.  Sarx,  <rap{  —  sarcasm. 

224.  Zoon,  fowi'  —  zoology. 

S10 

CHAP.  IV.     MISCELLANEOUS  TABLES.  PAGE 

1.  Corresponding  derivations,  ....  200 

2.  Plurals  of  words  from  Latin  and  Greek,        .          .  201 

3.  Latin  words, 202 

"     phrases,  ......  203 

4.  French  words,  207-8 

"         phrases, 209 

Italian         "  211 

5.  Abbreviations, 211 

6.  Derivations  from  classical  proper  names,      .          .  214-18 
Geographical  derivations,            ....  218-20 


PART  III. 
ENGLISH  SYNONYMS, 221-299 


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